Zachary Mann, Ningping Cao, Raymond Laflamme
et al.
Quantum metrology aims to maximize measurement precision on quantum systems, with a wide range of applications in quantum sensing. Achieving the Heisenberg limit (HL)—the fundamental precision bound set by quantum mechanics—is often hindered by noise-induced decoherence, which typically reduces achievable precision to the standard quantum limit (SQL). While quantum error correction (QEC) can recover the HL under Markovian noise, its applicability to non-Markovian noise remains less explored. In this work, we analyze a hidden Markov model (HMM) in which a quantum probe, coupled to an inaccessible environment, undergoes joint evolution described by Lindbladian dynamics, with the inaccessible degrees of freedom serving as a memory. We derive generalized Knill-Laflamme conditions for the HMM and establish three types of sufficient conditions for achieving the HL under non-Markovian noise using QEC. Additionally, we demonstrate the attainability of the SQL when these sufficient conditions are violated, by analytical solutions for special cases and numerical methods for general scenarios. Our results not only extend prior QEC frameworks for metrology but also provide new insights into precision limits under realistic noise conditions.
Due to the influence of the special coal formation environment, the distribution of minerals in coal was not uniform, especially for the Zhundong high iron coal. The impact of this uneven distribution on slagging formation during coal combustion process was still unclear. In this study, three types of Zhundong coal with varying iron contents were selected, the coal and ash characteristics of different density fractions were analyzed after density fractionation. The minerals transformation characteristics of coal ash were also calculated by Factsage. The results showed that the density distributions of the three coal samples differ significantly. HSQ and JJM was primarily concentrated in below 1.4 g/cm3 and 1.4–1.5 g/cm3 two density fractions, but the proportion of >1.6 g/cm3 fraction of JJM was higher than that of HSQ. While the mass distribution of WCW across density ranges showed minor differences. The ash characteristics also exhibited significant differences across the density fractions. As coal density increases, the Na and Ca contents decreased, whereas the Si and Al contents gradually increased, and the Fe content increased substantially. This was particularly evident in JJM coal, where the iron content in the JJM4 ash exceeded 55 %. In the ash of low-density fractions, Na and Ca mainly existed in the form of Na2SO4 and CaSO4, while they mainly existed in the form of combined with Si and Al in the ash of high-density fractions. Besides, Fe2O3 was rich in the ash of high-density fractions, especially in the JJM, which can cause severe slagging and fouling problems under reducing atmosphere. The research results contribute to a deeper understanding of the uneven deposition behavior during Zhundong high iron coal combustion process.
The article analyzes the grammatical systematicity of models of request expression in modern Russian language. The relevance is determined by the need to identify the grammatical systematicity of the use of syntactic models of different types in expressing a request in Russian speech practice. The aim of the paper is to study syntactic models of request expression in modern Russian language in the aspect of the theory of communicative-pragmatic complexes. The study is conducted on the material representing different contexts of request usage: samples from modern Russian plays by famous playwrighters – A. Vampilov, N. Lakutin, E. Shabalina and A. Yablonskaya, as well as samples from the National Corpus of the Russian Language (NCLR) are used. Research methods: systematic, comparative, functional, contextual, structural-grammatical. Special attention is paid to the phenomenon of systematicity of syntactic models. The peculiarity of expressing the request by the models of sentences on the purpose of utterance – inductive, interrogative and narrative – is shown. The authors come to the conclusion about the peculiarity of linguistic conceptualization of request in three communicative situations – everyday request, official request, request when communicating in an unfamiliar environment, which differ in their communicative role and situations of use. The regularities of use of three types of sentences on the purpose of utterance depending on communicative situations are established. It is shown that the model of inductive sentences serves as the basic and most common grammatical form of expressing a request and is usually used in the communicative situation of a household request. Due to its special communicative characteristics, this model can also be used in the situation of communication with strangers, and with the use of grammatical extensions - and in some situations of official communication. The second most frequent type - interrogative sentences - is usually used when addressing strangers; as a rule, it is accompanied by politeness markers. Models of narrative sentences are used much less frequently than sentences of the other two types; they are most often used in situations of official communication.
Starch serves as the primary energy source for human activities and is utilized as a crucial raw material in various industries. However, due to limited land resources and challenging yield growth, the traditional starch-producing plants are significantly influenced by environmental conditions, which made it unable to meet the demands of population expansion. On the other hand, the traditional source of starch exhibits a relatively stable structure but faces performance limitations that fail to fully meet application requirements. Consequently, structural modifications have been often employed to effectively regulate the performance of starch. Chemical modification is a commonly employed method for controlling performance, but it can pose potential risks to food safety due to the occurrence of chemical reactions caused by limited reagents, residues of chemical auxiliary materials, generation of by-products, and the introduction of new chemical groups into starch molecules. Therefore, the traditional starch resources are inadequate to meet the demands of sustainable development. It is imperative to explore novel starch resources possessing “future characteristics”. According to their characteristics, the sources of future starch could be divided into three categories: firstly, the traditional starch source plants could be genetic breeding or gene edited to achieve directional or site-directed transformation of starch structure, making starch with special application performance; secondly, new starch resources that could overcome the limitations of land and natural environment, or are rich in starch but have not been fully developed and utilized; thirdly, new cell-free synthetic starch that does not take plants and microorganisms as carriers. This review elucidates the necessity, feasibility and development trend of future starch development, and emphasizes on the research status and characteristics of three types of future starch, taking high amylose starch, waxy starch, duckweed starch, microalgae starch, CO2 synthetic starch and polysaccharide biosynthesis starch as examples. This review will provide valuable guidance for future advancements in starch development.
Food processing and manufacture, Nutrition. Foods and food supply
Jana Oliveras, Lionel Marcon, Neus G. Bastús
et al.
Emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals are of special concern because despite their low environmental concentration, their biological activity can be intense, and they should be prevented to reach uncontrolledly to the environment. A graphene-based hybrid material decorated with Fe3O4 and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) has been prepared to effectively remove emerging pollutants as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Ibuprofen and Diclofenac present in water at low environmental concentrations by a one-step functionalization process following a novel gentle and scalable surfactant depletion approach. Following this methodology, nanoparticles are progressively deprived of their original surfactant in the presence of graphene, leading to the formation of hybrid nanostructures composed of two different types of nanoparticles well dispersed over the graphene nanosheets. Ibuprofen and Diclofenac adsorption kinetics on the composites was investigated via UV-Vis spectroscopy. The as prepared hybrid material possesses high adsorption capacity, superparamagnetic properties, photocatalytic behavior, and good water dispersibility. Thanks to incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles as in situ catalysts, the adsorption performance of composites is restored after use, which could be a promising recycling pathway for the adsorbents in wastewater treatments.
Hosein Salehi, Amir Gandomkar, Ahmad Khademolhoseini, Alirezaa Abbasi
Water streams branching from Zayandehrood in Isfahan, called Madi, are unique features of this city. Madi play a vital role in climate, agriculture, groundwater recharge, and urban flood control in Isfahan. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the madi problems of areas 1 and 3 of Isfahan in order to increase their resilience to urban floods. In this research, using the method of survey and field surveys, the madi path of Isfahan city in the central areas of the city (regions 1 and 3) was investigated and the problems that arose for the madi in different places using the positioning device. Satellite finder and receipt-recording were recorded, then problems were identified and categorized and necessary management solutions were provided to solve problems. The results showed that the length of the madi network of region one is 10921 meters (10.9 km) and the madi of Niasaram spring with 3624 meters is the longest madi of this region. Zone 3, despite having a larger area than Zone One, has less material network than Zone One. Studies on the madi problems of these two areas showed that the madi of region one have 33 types of problems, the most important of which are bed slope correction and cleaning. There are 18 problems in area three, the most important of which is dredging and cleaning. For this purpose, solutions appropriate to the problems of each madi should be considered. Organizing the green space around the madi and proper use of urban furniture and creating a space in order to benefit and use as many residents as possible around the madi is one of the most important management strategies to maintain and organize the material network in these two areas.
Extended Abstract
1-Introduction
Madi is one of the special and unique features of the urban fabric of Isfahan, and without a doubt, the madi network in the city of Isfahan is part of its main identity. The development and expansion of activities as well as fundamental changes in the structure and elements of the city, has lessen the importance of madi identity in the city of Isfahan. The extent and passage of madis among the urban fabric of Isfahan, at least from two perspectives can be very important. And the second issue is that considering the very favorable space and environment that the madis have created in the city of Isfahan, it can be expedient issue.
2-Materials and Methods
In this research, the problems and madi disorders of regions 1 and 3 of Isfahan are investigated. The required information including the position of the madi, the problem nodes and the type and location of the problem created in the madi were collected by field and GPS. To ensure the accuracy of the information collected, an expert in this case has collected data and confirmed the data. Then the problems and difficulties related to each madi were identified. Afterwards,the obtained information and harvested points were entered in GIS software. Thus, the position of the madis and their related problems were shown on the map.
3- Results and Discussion
In Zone 1, there are 33 types of madi problems. Of these problems, 18 are related to bed slope correction, cleaning, as the most common among the existing problems. Dredging, bed slope correction, and cleaning are in the next category with 15 frequencies. 23 cases of problems in the madis of this area are related to bed slope correction, cleaning, and dredging. Each of these three is raised along with another problem and is seen in different forms, but from there in 23 types of Problems mentioned These three types of problems are also mentioned, so they are the main problem of this madi. In other cases, it is necessary to organize the green space or irrigation network. There are generally 14 types of problems in Area 3. Of these, the highest number is related to the dredging problem, cleaning with 18 items and then correcting the slope of the bed, cleaning with 11 items. In this area, along with 11 cases, the problem of dredging and cleaning is seen and is considered as a problem in this area. A comparison between the madis of Zone 1 and 3 shows that the madis of Zone 1 have more problems. These two areas in 5 types of problems including bed slope correction - cleaning; Landscaping - correction of bed slope; Dredging - correction of bed slope; Dredging - cleaning; Dredging - Organizing green space are common to each other. Except in the dredging-cleaning problem which is more frequent in region 3, in other problems of region 1 it is more frequent than in region 3. For a more detailed analysis of the madis and their role in each neighborhood and region, for each madi, a boundary with 3 ranges was drawn. The first range included a madi area of 20 meters and its scale is limited to direct access to the madi. The second area includes a 50-meter area, which includes alleys and residential units. The third area is drawn with a space of 100 meters and includes the scale of the neighborhood.
4- Conclusion
Considering that the madi has a vital role in the systematic connection between the internal elements of the neighborhoods and the neighborhoods in which the madi flows have a desirable structure and skeleton, in contrast to the neighborhoods where the madi do not have the connection and coherence between the elements of the neighborhood; Therefore, organizing the madis and solving their existing problems is effective in improving the structure of the neighborhood and the connection of its elements. For this purpose, solutions appropriate to the problems of each madi should be considered. Zones three and one, considering that the main problem was related to dredging and cleaning, requires that dredging and cleaning of all madis in these two areas be done and measures be taken to maintain the health of the environment around the madis. For example, collect garbage and prevent garbage from being dumped into madis. Dredging madis is done to prevent the growth of insects and animals. Also, by organizing the green space around the madis and proper use of urban furniture, a space can be created in order to benefit and use the residents around the madis as much as possible. By providing sufficient lighting for the night, it is possible to use the green space and the environment around the madi at all times. In general, considering that madi is part of the identity of the city of Isfahan and they are very important from a physical and functional point of view, it is necessary to provide a suitable ground for their preservation and continuity by maintaining and organizing the madi network.
The digitalisation of the building process is increasingly present on the world scene. The methodology that leads to 3D models of construction projects and buildings is called BIM (Building Information Modelling). This methodology has the great advantage of associating different types of information (spatial, temporal, structural, etc.) with the three-dimensional model, thus making it possible to create an information system that can be shared between the various stakeholders involved in the design and construction process of a building. The BIM model also becomes the basis for the development of the so-called Digital Twins, models that integrate information on the use of the building over time and provide important analysis tools for maintenance planning.
The surveying methodologies for the creation of BIM most widely used today are photogrammetry and laser scanner surveying. In both cases, the product of the survey are point clouds, i.e. sets of measured points that contain information on the position of the surveyed elements and possibly their colour. Point clouds are an extremely suitable product for BIM, as they are already three-dimensional and can be queried.
However, in the case of large buildings or environments with special features, surveys with traditional static lasers (on tripods) can require long time.
For this reason, in recent years, the world of topographic surveying has adopted innovative instruments that allow data to be acquired in motion, thus reducing scanning and processing times, the SLAM laser scanners. Stonex has developed a solution that combines precise sensors with a robust SLAM algorithm to produce clean, and accurate point clouds easily usable for BIM creation: the new SLAM X120GO laser scanner.
This system features a 360° rotating LiDAR head capable of generating a point cloud coverage of 360° x 270°. In combination with IMU data and the SLAM algorithm, it is able to obtain high-precision threedimensional point cloud data of the surrounding environment without light and GPS. Equipped with three 5MP cameras to generate a horizontal 200°FOV and vertical 100°FOV, it can synchronously obtain texture information and produce colour point clouds and partial panoramic images. Both features are very useful in the BIM authoring phase.
With a range of 120 m, the X120GO is suitable for working both indoors and outdoors, even in challenging environments, allowing the survey of an entire building to be completed with a single instrument.
The X120GO has an integrated structure that makes it easy to move around the scanning environment. Thanks to the GOapp Android application, you can manage the scanner and observe the creation of the point cloud in real time. Once the start button is pressed, the X120GO can begin operations immediately, making data acquisition efficient and convenient.
During data acquisition, the X120GO is also able to collect control point coordinates, which can then be combined with known points to georeference scans.
In the past decade, Indonesia's Special Region of Yogyakarta has attracted steadily more visitors annually. However, this growth also degrades the quality of the tourism environment and nature's health due to irresponsible behaviors. The region's tourist attractions, including nature-based, cultural heritage sites, and city/urban destinations, are some of the most popular destinations in the country. This work compares the behavior of tourists toward the environment in nature-based, cultural heritage, and urban tourism destinations. This conceptual framework draws from the Knowledge-Belief-Norm to understand domestic tourists' norm-driven, environmentally responsible behavior. A random survey of 346 domestic tourists in Indonesia (nature-based = 118, cultural heritage = 107, and urban = 121) demonstrated that the model explains 30% of the environmentally responsible behavior intention variance. The structural equation model shows the linear relationship between environmental knowledge, new environmental paradigm, awareness of the consequences of their actions, personal responsibility, normative behavior, and environmentally responsible behavior. Biospheric value also was found to contribute to the model. However, differences among groups were validated in the relationship of this study model. The study provides original insight into the development and implication of Knowledge-Belief-Norms in the context of domestic tourism. It established the moderating role of types of destination. It provides a practical insight into reducing the environmental impact of tourists' activities for tourism managers and policymakers when designing effective strategies and campaigns. It also gives direction for future research on the relevant topic.
The Paper provides a general theoretical description of the interpretation of law as a special legal form of activity of state bodies, in particular, its concepts, features and types are revealed. It was noted that in the activities of the competent state bodies, the official interpretation receives a legal form. Interpretive legal form is a complex, multifaceted, penetrating all basic forms of creation and implementation of law, the work of competent public authorities and their officials to clarify and explain the content and goals of legal norms. It is characterized by general features of legal forms of activity, including: regulation by material and procedural rules of law, the ability to lead to legally significant consequences, connection with the consideration of legal cases, limitation and specificity of the subject composition, legal manipulation nature, formality (documentation). For the vast majority of public authorities, regardless of belonging to one or another subsystem, the interpretive form of activity is not the main one, and even more so, a prerogative. Rather, it is given an auxiliary, secondary role to ensure the optimal functioning of this body in conditions of legal certainty. It is actually an authentic normative interpretation, when the content of the norm is interpreted by the body that established it, that is, the author of the norm. In this case, interpretative powers are derived from normative ones. However, for some public authorities, interpretation activity is one of the priority legal forms; in this case, we are talking about a legal normative interpretation. Like other legal forms of state activity, the interpretive form has a procedural nature. Intellectual-volitional actions, taking into account the sequential nature of their implementation, can be divided into the stage of official interpretation. At the same time, a significant similarity between the stages of law-making and the stages of interpretation of legal norms was noted. The normative basis of legal interpretation activity needs significant improvement and detailing in order to avoid misunderstandings and abuses during its implementation.
The research deals with one of the most important topics in the field of studying Russian as a foreign language - the diversity of the Russian language media environment. The purpose of the study is to determine its status in Russian-speaking media environment professional journalistic speech, that is its communicative status. The work analyses Russian-language publications of the traditional print press, radio, television, and materials presented in the communicative environment of the Internet: sites of various publishing houses, publics on social networks, blogs, etc. The paper is based on descriptive and comparative analysis. For the first time the content of the concept professional journalistic speech is revealed in the linguistic aspect. The main feature defining the ontology of media speech is the utility - direct involvement in general social life. Media text in its existence is always associated with the time of its publication, has specific coordinates of the social space-time, is created for here and for now. It is this feature of media speech that determines all its lexical and grammatical parameters. The media environment is presented as a space for everyday social communication. It is accompanied by the communicative space of everyday interpersonal communication - conversational speech. The latter thanks to Internet communication technologies actively invades the media speech space. Media speech actively interacts with colloquial speech. The research has shown that professional journalistic speech has always been a systemic element of the media environment, which manifests itself in a wide variety of forms. Numerous private enterprises are adapting professional journalistic speech products to their needs. The media communication environment is open, and in its borders, the printed form of colloquial speech is emerging. The space of non-professional media speech is also emerging - certain types of blogs, news feed Yandex-Zen. In the media sphere, the share of oral speech is constantly increasing. Because of the general trend towards personalization of the general information and analytical stream, the volume of author broadcasting increases. In this situation professional oral journalism requires special attention in the aspect of its non-verbal components of communication. Specialization in author broadcasting needs the technology of teaching Russian oral speech with increased attention to non-verbal components that have a pronounced national identity. The research prospects are primarily associated with dynamically developing local Russian-language speech media systems as verbal and polycode, as their composition is constantly being updated.
Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
It’s one thing to issue a clarion cry (or multiple clarion cries), and yet another thing to be heard. The world
scientists’ warnings about the direness of our climate predicament have offered detailed, authoritative information
about the condition of the planet, but they fall short in the critical area of poignancy. The recent warnings are not
the first of their kind—prominent climate scientists have been issuing such documents for decades. And yet even as
scientists’ knowledge of planetary systems has become more refined, their attentiveness to the language of
warning—and what works and what doesn’t—has not progressed noticeably. Psychologists, communication
specialists, and humanities scholars in various disciplines (creative writing, literary studies, philosophy) have long
noted that humans are vulnerable to psychic numbing when inundated with abstract information, particularly
when this information concerns large-scale phenomena—this includes global climate change. While recognizing the
importance of the world scientists’ efforts to evoke an “emergency response,” this article attempts to warn against
warnings that do not heed the psychological realities of how the human mind processes data. It is important to
calibrate warnings to the sensitivities and insensitivities of human readers. The public cannot heed what it cannot
hear
Environmental protection, Special types of environment
The environmental humanities are suffused with a sense of urgency. As geoscientists sound the alarm about human
treatment of the Earth, likewise environmental humanists seek to trigger the “conversation of humankind” that
seems scarcely to be happening outside universities. This essay ponders the future of the environmental humanities,
and specifically their relationship to the geosciences whose messages animate much current humanistic inquiry. It
cautions against a too-hasty acceptance of the notion of a “global environmental crisis.” It argues for forms of
interdisciplinary work that give humanists parity-of-esteem with geoscientists. And it suggests that a modified
paradigm of global environmental assessment might be a viable vehicle for greater humanistic influence in the
global public sphere. Throughout, humanists must somehow balance trust in geoscience with a critical stance
towards its core messages about a changing Earth system. This stance is anchored on the ground of democracy, the
necessary political basis for any legitimate decisions about humanity’s future on Earth. Steering the environmental
humanities will be a major challenge given the need for humanists to retain academic freedom yet cooperate in
order to exert influence outside the academic domain.
Environmental protection, Special types of environment
In recent years, the relationship between human happiness and the natural environment has become the object of considerable research, debate and contention. In this essay I first discuss two powerful concepts with distinctly different national, cultural and disciplinary origins, namely E. O. Wilson’s concept of biophilia and the Bhutanese concept of Gross National Happiness, which have both stirred considerable debate and contributed to shifting contemporary thinking about happiness in a more ecocentered direction. Subsequently I present a “eudaimonic” (happiness-oriented) reading of a significantly older literary text—the French writer Jean Giono’s novel Joy of Man’s Desiring (1935)—that contests the dominant happiness ideologies of the twentieth century but resonates strongly with still-emerging twenty-first-century paradigms of understanding. The essay’s discussions are chosen, organized and prioritized to highlight the multidisciplinary and transnational nature of the new green discourse on happiness, and to exemplify how literary and cultural studies may contribute to this. Focusing on happiness, I suggest, offers an alternative and potentially productive way to engage with questions of environmental crisis and human-natural relationships more generally.
Environmental protection, Special types of environment
F. A. Romaniuk, V. Yu. Rumiantsev, I. A. Novash
et al.
The technique is proposed to improve the performance of the measuring element of microprocessor-based protection and its implementation is considered at the software level. Two factors mainly influence on the performance of the measuring elements of microprocessorbased protection of electrical installations. The first one is associated with the appearance of aperiodic and harmonic components in the measured signals due to transients and nonlinearity of the electrical installation elements, and the second–with the inertia of information processing algorithms, in particular–with analog and digital filtering. This leads to the fact that the signal determining time at the output of the measuring element is delayed to unacceptable values that in some cases makes the high-speed protection of electrical equipment ineffective. To solve this problem, it is proposed to form the output signal of the measuring element in the form of special equivalent signals, which are a function of the pre-calculated correction factor and orthogonal components of the controlled signal. In the MatLab-Simulink dynamic modeling environment a mathematical model of the developed measuring element has been implemented, as well as a model of the elements of the power system. Checking the functioning of the model of the measuring element was carried out with the use of 2 types of test effects, viz. a sinusoidal signal with a frequency of 50 Hz (idealized effect), as well as a signal close to the real secondary current of the current transformer in case of short circuit. Computational experiments carried out in relation to the current measuring element using harmonic and close-to-real test effects made it possible to reveal a significant (up to 2 times) increase in the performance of the proposed measuring element as compared to existing ones based on the implementation of the discrete Fourier transform.
The overview study is based on 121 foreign research papers dated 1986–2018. It focuses on studies conducted in the Euro-American sociocultural environment. The overview study is concerned with the manifestations of students’ indiscipline especially in primary and secondary schools. The study is divided into five parts. The first part shows why it is difficult to define student indiscipline and how varied the terminology is. In addition, different types of students’ indiscipline are characterized. The second part summarizes factors influencing student’s indiscipline. They include: special characteristics of the students themselves, their classmates, teachers, the entire class, interactions between the teacher and the class; special characteristics of the respective school, school district, students’ family background, educational system of the respective country and its school policies. The third part of the study offers an overview of methods used to identify students’ indiscipline (examples of qualitative, quantitative and mixed approach). The fourth part discusses the consequences of students’ indiscipline, namely the impact of classroom misbehavior on teachers, classmates and their learning, the overall instruction and its results, classroom climate, school climate and the entire country. The fifth and final part presents three conceptual approaches aimed at helping solve classroom misbehavior: the historically oldest approach is based on the teacher, i.e. the system of punishments and rewards; the second approach centers around the student, his or her self-control and self-regulation and auto-regulation; and the final approach is built on a group of students, communication between the students and their teachers regarding appropriate classroom behavior, group decision-making and peer pressure on misbehaving classmates. The study points out that mere repression or elimination of classroom misbehavior is not enough, as it is necessary to, at the same time, develop also positive classroom behavior.
Alexander N. Fedorov, Nikolay F. Vasilyev, Yaroslav I. Torgovkin
et al.
The history of permafrost landscape map compilation is related to the study of ecological problems with permafrost. Permafrost-landscape studies are now widely used in geocryological mapping. Permafrost-landscape classifications and mapping are necessary for studying the trends in development of the natural environment in northern and high-altitude permafrost regions. The cryogenic factor in the permafrost zone plays a leading role in the differentiation of landscapes, so it must be considered during classification construction. In this study, a map’s special content was developed using publications about Yakutian nature, archive sources from academic institutes, the interpretation of satellite images, and special field studies. Overlays of 20 types of terrain, identified by geological and geomorphological features, and 36 types of plant groupings, allowed the systematization of permafrost temperature and active layer thickness in 145 landscape units with relatively homogeneous permafrost-landscape conditions in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. This map serves as a basis for applied thematic maps related to the assessment and forecast of permafrost changes during climate warming and anthropogenic impacts.
The subject of this article is increased growth of the city construction with high-rise buildings of different functions. It is possible to distinguish two periods: the period of the differentiated participation of representatives from various fields of knowledge, characterized by traditional approaches and methods of each of the fields of science, and the period of integration of cross-disciplinary research, characterized by general understanding of the city as the complicated system. With respect to the system approach it is possible to distinguish several levels of hierarchy of the subsystems forming the urban environment, which provides the implementation of needs of a person and requirements of the state economy for the effective development of natural wealth and human resources. Chambers or groups of chambers, which are functionally connected depending on the way of their use in the daily cycle of multifunctional architectural – planning complex maintenance, are subdivided into four groups; each of them correspond to a special type of accumulation and movement of human flows. The analysis of movement dynamics of «entrance-exit» human flows in buildings of various types is presented. The given regularities of time dynamics of the urban population attendance of enterprise of various groups are described in the article. The lack of the aforesaid dependences, as well as the lack of necessary input data results in the inefficient project solutions, their adjustment during the maintenance requires considerable economic-and-organizational costs otherwise it is impossible in practice.