Hasil untuk "Sociology"

Michael Ekholuenetale, Joshua Oyeniyi Aransiola, Chinazo Ujuju et al.

Abstract Background Malaria remains a life-threatening disease predominantly in resource-constrained settings including Nigeria. Despite the availability of interventions to prevent, diagnose and treat malaria, children under five years remain vulnerable. Perennial malaria chemoprevention (PMC) is an effective intervention to prevent malaria in children under 24 months. However, the uptake of PMC may be affected by community acceptability of the intervention. The study explored the acceptability of PMC in Osun State, Nigeria. Methods Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were used to gather caregivers, community leaders, fathers of children less than 24 months of age and health workers’ perspectives on PMC in Osun State, Nigeria. Thematic analysis was conducted using ATLAS.ti 24. Results Participants reported acceptability of PMC delivered through expanded programme on immunization (EPI) platform. Acceptability was influenced by perceived effectiveness, child-friendliness and free health services as well as whether individuals accept conventional medicines and the delivery platform. On the other hand, lack of funds for transportation and the fear of side effects negatively affected PMC acceptability. Caregivers reported the attitudes of health workers towards the intervention influenced their acceptance or negative behaviour towards PMC. Religious leaders also accepted PMC as it did not contradict their faith. Conclusion Several factors affect acceptability of PMC. To maximize acceptance that would lead to increased uptake of PMC, programmes should identify factors within their context that influence acceptability and employ appropriate strategies to maintain high acceptability.

Nele Hellweg, Heide Glaesmer, Barbara Stelzl-Marx et al.

Background: During the post-World War II occupation of Austria, approximately 20,000–30,000 ‘children born of war’ (CBOW), also called occupation children were born through intimate contacts between Austrian women and occupation soldiers. Research on other CBOW populations indicates that CBOW mostly grow up under difficult conditions, sometimes with strong long-term mental health consequences.Objective: To examine whether comparable psychosocial consequences can be found in Austrian occupation children (AOC), a first quantitative study was carried out.Method: Child maltreatment, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and somatization, and general life satisfaction were assessed in a sample of 98 AOC using self-report instruments. Results were compared to a sample of German occupation children (GOC; N = 146).Results: High prevalence of above threshold full (10.2%) and partial (14.3%) PTSD, somatic (16.3%) and depressive (11.1%) symptomatology were found in AOC. They were at high risk of child maltreatment (e.g. emotional abuse: 53.6%), which was associated with current symptomatology. Notably, AOC tended to report high levels of general life satisfaction. No differences were found between GOC and AOC.Conclusions: Findings highlight the complex and long-term effects of developmental conditions and childhood maltreatment on mental health of CBOW, even decades later. Findings of high life satisfaction provide evidence of resilience and maturation processes across the lifespan.

Sarah Ward, Maureen McBride, Claire Bynner et al.

This is a time of intersecting crises for young people in Scotland. More than a decade of austerity, the Covid‐19 pandemic, cost‐of‐living crisis, climate emergency, and ongoing global conflict all threaten youth security and create barriers to economic and civic participation. Alongside this, youth non‐participation is often framed as an individualised moral problem, diverting focus away from its structural causes. Evidence on youth activism suggests that young people are seeking new, creative spaces and modes of expression to challenge stigma, express dissent, and challenge inequalities in their communities. With support from grassroots youth and community organisations, youth activists can build trust, critical thinking skills, and solidarity. However, the extent to which youth activism can succeed in challenging structural causes of inequality, especially in disadvantaged neighbourhoods, requires further scrutiny. We draw on Nancy Fraser’s theory of participatory parity to explore how redistribution, recognition, and representation play out in the lives of young people, and how grassroots youth and community organisations support their development as activists. Based on a research study on the barriers and enablers to youth activism in Scotland, we seek to understand how neighbourhood‐based efforts to challenge stigma and economic inequality build dignity and hope, how relationship‐building between young people and the adults in their communities can support status recognition, and how these both contribute to emergent youth political representation.

Anne Melissa Potter

This article analyzes how Hamilton and 1776 address a similar historical moment to engage history about the “founding” of the United States, and how their different engagements with that history reflect the specific cultural moments in which they occur. This article asks how these musicals use the affordances of the musical to comment on controversial aspects of the “founding” that carry contemporary resonances, both in 1969 and 2015: slavery and the future of the country. The two musicals examine these key problems in American history through differences in “who” interacts with and tells these stories in the musicals. Their responses to these issues are also shaped by the political administrations and contexts in place when they were written. 1776 is more critical of the current political system than Hamilton, but both musicals disrupt traditional historical narratives through music.

Hudson Mutandwa, Shikha Vyas-Doorgapersad

Zimbabwe desperately requires financial assistance to fix existing infrastructure and build new urban water systems. This analysis suggests that PPPs may give Zimbabwe the best opportunity to overcome its problems with water infrastructure. Zimbabwe still has trouble supplying water to its cities because of a shortage of resources and deteriorating infrastructure. This situation was already confirmed by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (see 2019 reports), and PPPs could mitigate the financial challenges to assist the Zimbabwean Government. The study utilised qualitative research to gather information. Interview responses were supplemented with a literature review to thematically state responses. The results demonstrate that political backing, government accountability, economic viability, and suitable statutory, financial, technological, and institutional frameworks are the key prerequisites for implementing PPPs effectively in Zimbabwe. The study proposes that PPPs are perceived as an alternative reform strategy for improved urban water infrastructure in the country. However, PPPs must consider the implementation imperatives before being adopted and implemented. This requires an environment conducive to operating PPPs, including proper planning and meticulous implementation. If entered hurriedly, PPPs can exacerbate the problems they were implemented to rectify, thereby saving the taxpayers' hard-earned money.

Alexandra Greene, Yến Lê Espiritu, Dan Nyamangah

Recognizing refugee students, families, and communities as a source of knowledge and social change, this article offers two case studies of innovative, deliberative, and labor‐intensive practices toward meaningful social inclusion of refugee parents and students in education. The first example focuses on the multiyear effort by the Parent‐Student‐Resident Organization (PSRO) in San Diego, California, an education advocacy group organized and led by local parents to institutionalize social inclusion programs for refugees and other systemically excluded students. The second example analyzes the Refugee Teaching Institute in Merced, California, organized with the Critical Refugee Studies Collective (CRSC), to work with teachers to create a refugee‐centered curriculum. In both case studies, organizers depart from deficit models of refugee education by foregrounding student and parent empowerment and bringing together diverse stakeholders to generate and implement a shared vision for teaching and learning. Through sharing insights glimpsed from participant observation and extended conversations with participants in each case study, this article shifts the reference point in refugee education from that of school authorities to that of refugees themselves. Through reflecting on the challenges of effecting systemic change, we argue for a model of educational transformation that is ongoing, intentionally collaborative, and cumulative.

Leilasadat Mirghaderi

As social media sites are penetrating our daily lives in an ever-increasing manner, there is a need to revisit and reexplore the theoretical concepts that have gone through paradigm shifts due to the influence of these platforms. In this regard, audience labor theory, which was originally conceptualized in the context of mass media, needs to be reexamined as the divide between production and consumption is getting narrower. Users are no longer passive consumers since social media sites have reduced the cost of production and resulted in the advent of the term “prosumption.” In such a case, as production involves performing work and results in surplus-value, it needs to be investigated whether users are being exploited for the free work they provide on these platforms. From the several identified forms of digital labor, I will focus on the concept of audience labor. To this end I will focus on identifying labor strategies that Iranian Instagram influencers employ; these strategies involve exploiting their followers to perform tasks that produce fame and visibility as well as monetary gains but leave the users uncompensated for the work they have performed. By conducting content analysis of the 2,130 stories created by 71 Iranian Instagram influencers, this study will identify the strategies that these influencers use to exploit their followers.

Ian Gibson

In Nepal’s public discourse, Christianity is often described as a divisive force, perhaps a plot by foreign powers to undermine the cohesion of Nepali society. In this article, I present ethnographic material from Bhaktapur suggesting that, at least with respect to family life, the social effects of conversion may often differ from this stereotypical picture. In Bhaktapur, I argue, conversion is more frequently a consequence of pre-existing conflicts within families than a source of new ones. Furthermore, in some contexts, the social, ethical, and ritual practices of Bhaktapurian churches can bring reconciliation to troubled families. In other contexts, conversion can heighten intrafamilial tensions, in particular through the commitment it brings to exclusivist theology. I explore how converts negotiate the conversion process and the tensions that precipitate and result from it, describing how familial power dynamics influence such negotiations. To give the reader a fleshed-out sense of the lived experience of Christian and part-Christian families in Bhaktapur, I give thick descriptions of the conversions of one church minister and his family, and of a church house fellowship in which post-conversion family tensions are discussed. Connecting this ethnography with wider research on Bhaktapurian Christianity, I delineate the competing forces at work in converts’ family lives. In light of the rapid growth of Christianity in Nepal, and the heated and sometimes violent nature of political responses to this, ethnographic research is urgently needed to examine not just the causes but also the longterm effects of Christian conversion; this will help to clarify whether patterns found in Bhaktapur are replicated elsewhere in the country.

Na Liu

Abstract The impact of social mobility on social relationships is a neglected area of mobility studies in China. Drawing on intensive interviews with 30 migrant families in Beijing, this research aims to investigate the effect of social mobility on the social life and interpersonal relationships of successful migrants, especially regarding family, friends, and locals. It has been shown that the economic success of the interviewees did not estrange them from kin but rather strengthened their ties and obligations toward each other. Their mode of association still followed the principle of chaxu geju. Their friendship circles, however, changed significantly. Old ties that could not move upwards at the same pace were usually left behind. Despite these significant changes, however, their social relationships beyond kin were mainly limited to rural migrants. Very few socialized with or established contacts with the local people in Beijing. The economic success of the migrants did not bring social integration. Their social adaptation was largely a process of assimilating with social groups formed by people similar to themselves rather than a process of integrating into the already established urban classes.

Minić Jelena Lj.

The goal of this paper is to call the attention of the scientific and professional communities to the importance of support and help that gifted pupils need in the process of upbringing and education as well as to the importance of organizing a teaching process based on the principle of individuation. The paper points out the significance of the early identification of the gifted pupils and also the role of the society in encouraging the development of giftedness. The question that arises is whether the societies in transition recognize giftedness as personal, family and social potentials and whether they take appropriate measures for further development and optimal education and upbringing which will result in the actualization of giftedness and reduction of failure. In order to answer these questions, a systematic and continuous work of all responsible persons is needed, as well as a broad research which would reveal the current conditions in our school system.

Beata A. Basinska, Anna M. Dåderman

Values represent people’s highest priorities and are cognitive representations of basic motivations. Work values determine what is important for employees in their work and what they want to achieve in their work. Past research shows that levels of both aspects of job-related well-being, job burnout and work engagement, are related to work values. The policing profession is associated with high engagement and a risk of burnout. There is a gap in the literature regarding the hierarchy of work values in police officers, how work values are associated with job burnout and work engagement in this group, and whether work values in police officers are sensitive to different levels of job burnout and work engagement. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine the relationships between work values and job burnout and work engagement, in a group of experienced police officers. We investigated: (a) the hierarchy of work values based on Super’s theory of career development, (b) relationships between work values and burnout and work engagement, and (c) differences between the work values in four groups (burned-out, strained, engaged, and relaxed). A group of 234 Polish police officers completed the Work Values Inventory (WVI) modeled upon Super’s theory, the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. The results show that police officers gave the highest priority to extrinsic work values. Job burnout was negatively correlated with the cognitive intrinsic work values (Creativity, Challenge, and Variety), while work engagement was positively correlated with the largest group of intrinsic work values (Creativity, Challenge, Variety, Altruism, and Achievement), as well as with the extrinsic work values (Prestige and Co-workers). The police officers showed significant differences, between levels of job burnout and work engagement, for intrinsic work values such as Variety, Challenge, and Creativity (large effects), and for Altruism and Prestige (moderate effects). The findings are discussed within the context of the Conservation of Resources theory, which explains how people invest and protect their personal resources, and how this is connected with preferred work values. We conclude that intrinsic work values are sensitive to different levels of burnout and engagement.

Mustafa Berkay Aydın

MKE Ankaragücü İstanbul’da kurulmuş ve daha sonra Ankara’ya taşınmış bir futbol kulübüdür. Kulübün İstanbul’dan Ankara’ya taşınması Kurtuluş Savaşı’na dayanır. İmalat-ı Harbiye işçileri, öğrencileri ve ustaları tarafından kurulmuş bir futbol kulübü olarak Ankaragücü, 1920’lerden sonra Ankara’da hem sosyal hem de kültürel anlamda etkili bir temsil oluşturmayı başarmıştır. Ankaragücü kitlesel taraftarlarıyla yıllar boyunca Ankara’daki en fazla ilgi çeken kulüp unvanına sahiptir. Basit biçimde kulübün kısıtlı sportif başarılarıyla açıklanamayacak olan bu büyük destek, Ankaragücü’nün tarihinden, işçi takımı oluşundan ve kentle olan ilişkisinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Kulüp, kentin farklı bölgelerini de kapsayacak biçimde ‘eski Ankara’ ve ‘yeni öteki Ankara’nın tarihsel ve kitlesel desteğini elde etmeyi başarmıştır. Çalışma, kulübün tarihsel süreçleri ve kentle olan ilişkisinin yanı sıra, taraftarların kent, kulüp ve aidiyetleri üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Derinlemesine görüşmelere ek olarak, Ankara ve kulüp genel temaları etrafında bir odak grup çalışması yürütülmüştür. Kulübün Ankara’da üstlendiği rolü ve temsilini vurgulamanın yanında çalışma aynı zamanda taraftarların gözünden Ankara’yı keşfetmeye dönük bir çabayı da içermektedir

Nooshin Zarei, Aliyar Ahmadi

Background: There is a shift worldwide towards a diet that is high in processed foods and low in fiber, leading to a corresponding increase in degenerative diseases. These diseases are interrelated with lifestyles and especially with diets. The aim of this study was to investigate the eating habit differences between two generations of mothers and daughters and their tendency towards modern foods. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, the data were gathered using structured questionnaires. The sample of the study includes 618 women in Shiraz City (309 mothers and 309 daughters) selected through stratified random sampling. Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS software . Results: In the mothers‟ generation, around 80% showed a traditional nutritional pattern while in the young generation more than 50% had a modern or close to modern pattern of nutrition (P ≤ 0.05). The findings confirmed a significant difference in dietary habits among the two generations. For both generations, nutrition pattern was significantly different in terms of social class, weight control, education, using mass communication,  and physical activities (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Iran is currently experiencing a nutrition transition. The current inappropriate habits in the lifestyles of the girls‟ in Shiraz are a health threat for them, and it will increase the risk of non-communicable diseases. Therefore, policy makers have to set new agenda to increase the nutritional knowledge of the population.

Nuno de Almeida Alves, Pedro Abrantes, Carla F. Rodrigues et al.

A conceção do futuro das sociedades contemporâneas como sociedades da informação e do conhecimento trouxe uma revolução tecnológica às escolas. No entanto, a disseminação da tecnologia não obteve ainda correspondência no plano dos usos das TIC em sala de aulas, nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem no ensino secundário. Com base num inquérito realizado a 324 professores de 12 escolas disseminadas pelo país verificamos como as TIC são ainda incipientemente utilizadas nas salas de aulas, reforçando uma abordagem conservadora do ensino. Esta tendência central encerra, no entanto, uma grande diversidade de situações, de acordo com as diferenças entre os recursos tecnológicos nas escolas e com as representações e competências dos docentes.

André de Oliveira T. Carrasco

Este texto apresenta um relato elaborado a partir de um trabalho de campo, no qual foram visitadas e analisadas algumas experiências arquitetônicas e urbanísticas desenvolvidas ao longo da Cuenca Matanza - Riachuelo, região periférica de Buenos Aires.

Sara M. Grimes, Andrew Feenberg

Cet article élabore une nouvelle structure pour permettre d’étudier les jeux (games) comme des lieux de rationalisation sociale, en appliquant la théorie critique de la technologie de Feenberg. Nous commencerons en argumentant que si les jeux (games) sont des systèmes de rationalité sociale, ils doivent être considérés comme étant apparentés à d’autres systèmes modernes, comme les marchés capitalistes et les organisations bureaucratiques. Nous présenterons ensuite une conceptualisation du jeu (play) comme un processus par lequel l’attention du joueur est détournée de l’action indifférenciée de la vie quotidienne vers une sphère différenciée d’activités ludiques. Cette approche révèlera combien l’expérience du jeu (play) change lorsqu’elle est rationalisée par la médiation technologique, et comment une normalisation généralisée se produit quand les jeux (games) deviennent des pratiques sociales à grande échelle. Nous proposerons donc une théorie de la rationalisation du jeu (ludification) décrivant les composants clés des jeux socialement rationalisés ; une théorie que nous appliquerons alors à l’exemple spécifique des jeux en ligne massivement multijoueurs (MMOG, pour Massively Multiplayer Online Games).

Sonia Arribas

Paul Dekker

El pensamiento sobre la sociedad civil siempre ha estado caracterizado por una doble referencia hacia las relaciones sociales existentes y hacia los ideales sociales. La principal hipótesis de numerosas investigaciones sobre la sociedad civil es que una floreciente esfera que lleva este nombre es el portador del ideal de una sociedad más civilizada. Este artículo empieza con una pequeña discusión sobre el trasfondo histórico y los debates públicos en torno a la sociedad civil, y continúa con un planteamiento más analítico del concepto como designación de un orden social asociacional y una esfera de la sociedad dominada por las asociaciones voluntarias. Más adelante nos centramos en esta esfera describiendo sus caracteres nacionales en Europa y analizando las reivindicaciones de sus beneficios civilizadores: la formación de capital social y de discurso público. Encontramos muy pocas evidencias para tales reivindicaciones y por ello profundizamos en el desarrollo de la sociedad moderna occidental, una sociedad en la que las asociaciones voluntarias se han convertido en menos relevantes, mientras que otras esferas de la sociedad, en particular los ensanchados márgenes de la sociedad civil, son más importantes para el desarrollo de una sociedad más civilizada. The thinking about civil society has always been characterized by the double reference to existing social relations and to societal ideals. The basic hypothesis of much civil society research is that a flourishing sphere with this name is the carrier of the ideal of more civilized society. This article starts with a brief discussion of the historical background and public debates about civil society, and continues with a more analytic approach of the concept as designation of an associational social order and a sphere of society dominated by voluntary associations. We further focus on this sphere, describe its national patterns in Europe and analyze claims of its civilizing benefits: the formation of social capital and public discourse. We find very limited evidence for the claims and look deeper into developments of modern western society, which have made voluntary associations less important and other spheres of society, in particular the broader margins of civil society, more important for the development of a more civilized society.

Romi Mulyadi H.

The study is conducted to analyze the causal relationship between financial sector development and economic volatility in Indonesia during the period of 1983.2-2000.4. The study uses three kinds of variables as proxies to the financial sector development. Whereas in order to measure economic volatility, the study uses standard deviation of GDP growth derived from Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity model (GARCH). The causality test is done using Granger-causality test. If the estimated variables are not stationary, yet cointegrated, thus the causality test will be in Error Correction Model (ECM). If the estimated variables are neither stationary nor cointegrated, thus the causality test will use all variables in the ffirst difference. The result shows that there is a Granger-causality in the short run from financial development to the economic volatility when the ratio of broad money and the ratio of banking credit to GDP are used. Meanwhile, when the ratio of demand deposit to narrow money is used, there is no granger-causality relationship between financial sector development and economic volatility. Keywords: GARCH, financial sector development, economic volatility, granger causality.

Verónica Valenzuela