Hasil untuk "Social insurance. Social security. Pension"

Serhii Tsybulia, Olena Lopushniak, Andrii Kainaran

Мета роботи: вивчення історичного розвитку маскувальних малюнків засобів маскування та приховування на теренах України та їх впливу на ефективність маскування військовослужбовців. Метод дослідження: виконано огляд історичних даних з відкритих джерел, здійснено порівняльний аналіз різних маскувальних малюнків за показником різниці між монокольорами. Результати дослідження: визначено, що маскувальний малюнок ММ-14, розроблений для ЗС України, є ефективним універсальним вибором для виконання завдань у лісовій та степовій місцевостях, але поступається зразкам, які створені для конкретних територій. Теоретична цінність дослідження: підтверджена важливість необхідності адаптації маскувальних малюнків до території конкретних природних зон. Практична цінність дослідження: виконано порівняння маскувальних малюнків на дистанції понад 400 метрів з колірною палітрою певних територій. Оригінальність дослідження: вперше систематизовано історичний розвиток маскувальних малюнків в Україні. Обмеження дослідження: порівняння маскувальних малюнків виконано для дистанції понад 400 метрів. В наступних дослідженнях планується провести оцінювання ефективності маскувальних малюнків на близьких дистанціях та в гірській та урбанізованій місцевостях. Тип статті: історичний огляд з елементами порівняльного аналізу.

Mikaela Brough, Rikke Bjerg Jensen, Martin R. Albrecht

We report on an ethnographic study with members of the climate movement in the United Kingdom (UK). We conducted participant observation and interviews at protests and in various activist settings. Reporting on the findings as they relate to information security, we show that members of the UK climate movement wrestled with (i) a fundamental tension between openness and secrecy; (ii) tensions between autonomy and collective interdependence in information-security decision-making; (iii) conflicting activist ideals that shape security discourses; and (iv) pressures from different social gazes -- from each other, from people outside the movement and from their adversaries. Overall, our findings shed light on the social complexities of information-security research in activist settings and provoke methodological questions about programmes that aim to design for activists.

Vibhor Agarwal, Aravindh Raman, Nishanth Sastry et al.

The recent development of decentralised and interoperable social networks (such as the "fediverse") creates new challenges for content moderators. This is because millions of posts generated on one server can easily "spread" to another, even if the recipient server has very different moderation policies. An obvious solution would be to leverage moderation tools to automatically tag (and filter) posts that contravene moderation policies, e.g. related to toxic speech. Recent work has exploited the conversational context of a post to improve this automatic tagging, e.g. using the replies to a post to help classify if it contains toxic speech. This has shown particular potential in environments with large training sets that contain complete conversations. This, however, creates challenges in a decentralised context, as a single conversation may be fragmented across multiple servers. Thus, each server only has a partial view of an entire conversation because conversations are often federated across servers in a non-synchronized fashion. To address this, we propose a decentralised conversation-aware content moderation approach suitable for the fediverse. Our approach employs a graph deep learning model (GraphNLI) trained locally on each server. The model exploits local data to train a model that combines post and conversational information captured through random walks to detect toxicity. We evaluate our approach with data from Pleroma, a major decentralised and interoperable micro-blogging network containing 2 million conversations. Our model effectively detects toxicity on larger instances, exclusively trained using their local post information (0.8837 macro-F1). Our approach has considerable scope to improve moderation in decentralised and interoperable social networks such as Pleroma or Mastodon.

Zhizhen Zhang, Ruihong Qiu, Xiaohui Xie

On social media sharing platforms, some posts are inherently destined for popularity. Therefore, understanding the reasons behind this phenomenon and predicting popularity before post publication holds significant practical value. The previous work predominantly focuses on enhancing post content extraction for better prediction results. However, certain factors introduced by social platforms also impact post popularity, which has not been extensively studied. For instance, users are more likely to engage with posts from individuals they follow, potentially influencing the popularity of these posts. We term these factors, unrelated to the explicit attractiveness of content, as implicit social factors. Through the analysis of users' post browsing behavior (also validated in public datasets), we propose three implicit social factors related to popularity, including content relevance, user influence similarity, and user identity. To model the proposed social factors, we introduce three supervised contrastive learning tasks. For different task objectives and data types, we assign them to different encoders and control their gradient flows to achieve joint optimization. We also design corresponding sampling and augmentation algorithms to improve the effectiveness of contrastive learning. Extensive experiments on the Social Media Popularity Dataset validate the superiority of our proposed method and also confirm the important role of implicit social factors in popularity prediction. We open source the code at https://github.com/Daisy-zzz/PPCL.git.

Vahid Mostafapour, Mansooreh Nikoogoftar, Javad Changi Ashtiyani

ntroduction:The narrative of human disease is a story of fears and loneliness and threats that are destroyed like a plague on their lives and the frightened human being to the corner of isolation. One of the emerging diseases of the present age is a virus from the coronavirus family called Covid-19. The rapid spread of the disease is one of the most important features of the virus, and many countries around the world face major psychological, economic, religious, and political challenges. Method: The aim of this study was to identify the effects of quarantine during Covid-19 pandemic. The statistical population of the present study included Master’s degree students of Allameh Tabataba’i University in Tehran. This study was conducted with a qualitative approach and narrative analysis method. The data was collected through semi-structured narrative interviews in virtual space with 24 graduate students of Allameh Tabataba’i University in Tehran who had at least 10 days of quarantine experience and had sufficient information about the study topic. The sampling method in this study was targeted theoretical sampling. Brown and Clark’s thematic analysis method (2006) was used to analyze the data. Findings: The four main themes of fear of illness, deprivation and boredom, intellectual and practical doubts and academic and occupational concerns were extracted from the collected qualitative data. Discussion: Home quarantine is one of the control and preventive methods of the spread of infectious diseases along with other methods, but at the same time, the concerns and problems of people in home quarantine were always one of the most important challenges during the outbreak of this disease.

Ahmadali Asefi, Hossein Mohebiniya

Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between leisure physical activity and high-risk behaviors with personality mediating role in students of University of Isfahan. Method  The research method was descriptive-correlational and in terms of purpose was part of applied research that was conducted in the field. The statistical population of the study consisted of all students of University of Isfahan in the academic year 2020-2021(16,563 people) 375 people were selected as a sample by stratified sampling method using the Krejcie and Morgan’s table. A researcher-made checklist of leisure-time physical activity, high-risk behaviors, and personality questionnaires were used to collect data. The validity of the research tools and their reliability (by Cronbach's alpha test) were evaluated. Research data were collected in library and field sections. To analyze the research data, descriptive and inferential statistics was used. Finding The results showed that high-risk behaviors are less in the leisure time of active students. In addition, with increasing physical activity in leisure time, high-risk behaviors decrease. On the other hand, the more psychotic students are, the more high-risk behaviors are likely to happen. In addition, the separate relationships between leisure-time physical activity and personality with high-risk behaviors were significant. Discussion  However, the results showed that when the personality variable was included in the relationship between leisure physical activity and high-risk behaviors, the relationship between the two variables became insignificant. Therefore, in order to reduce high-risk behaviors among students, it is better for university officials to increase the possibility of students participating in leisure-time physical activities by holding extracurricular sports classes and easy access to sports facilities.

Aditya Surve, Archit Rathod, Mokshit Surana et al.

Multiagent social network simulations are an avenue that can bridge the communication gap between the public and private platforms in order to develop solutions to a complex array of issues relating to online safety. While there are significant challenges relating to the scale of multiagent simulations, efficient learning from observational and interventional data to accurately model micro and macro-level emergent effects, there are equally promising opportunities not least with the advent of large language models that provide an expressive approximation of user behavior. In this position paper, we review prior art relating to social network simulation, highlighting challenges and opportunities for future work exploring multiagent security using agent-based models of social networks

Yasuko Kawahata

Recent research has developed the Ising model from physics, especially statistical mechanics, and it plays an important role in quantum computing, especially quantum annealing and quantum Monte Carlo methods. The model has also been used in opinion dynamics as a powerful tool for simulating social interactions and opinion formation processes. Individual opinions and preferences correspond to spin states, and social pressure and communication dynamics are modeled through interactions between spins. Quantum computing makes it possible to efficiently simulate these interactions and analyze more complex social networks.Recent research has incorporated concepts from quantum information theory such as Graph State, Stabilizer State, and Surface Code (or Toric Code) into models of opinion dynamics. The incorporation of these concepts allows for a more detailed analysis of the process of opinion formation and the dynamics of social networks. The concepts lie at the intersection of graph theory and quantum theory, and the use of Graph State in opinion dynamics can represent the interdependence of opinions and networks of influence among individuals. It helps to represent the local stability of opinions and the mechanisms for correcting misunderstandings within a social network. It allows us to understand how individual opinions are subject to social pressures and cultural influences and how they change over time.Incorporating these quantum theory concepts into opinion dynamics allows for a deeper understanding of social interactions and opinion formation processes. Moreover, these concepts can provide new insights not only in the social sciences, but also in fields as diverse as political science, economics, marketing, and urban planning.

Julie Jiang, Emilio Ferrara

The proliferation of social network data has unlocked unprecedented opportunities for extensive, data-driven exploration of human behavior. The structural intricacies of social networks offer insights into various computational social science issues, particularly concerning social influence and information diffusion. However, modeling large-scale social network data comes with computational challenges. Though large language models make it easier than ever to model textual content, any advanced network representation methods struggle with scalability and efficient deployment to out-of-sample users. In response, we introduce a novel approach tailored for modeling social network data in user detection tasks. This innovative method integrates localized social network interactions with the capabilities of large language models. Operating under the premise of social network homophily, which posits that socially connected users share similarities, our approach is designed to address these challenges. We conduct a thorough evaluation of our method across seven real-world social network datasets, spanning a diverse range of topics and detection tasks, showcasing its applicability to advance research in computational social science.

Fatma Karakuş Kaçmaz

This study focuses on revealing the relationship between global climate change (GCC) and the discipline of social policy on the axis of social reality. The focus of the study is qualitative research carried out within the framework of nature-based work (those who make their living from nature) in the Mediterranean climate of Turkey to make the dimensions of the GCC in social reality comprehensible. Within the scope of the study, in-depth interviews were conducted with those who have been making a living directly from nature for long enough to assess climatic changes. In line with the Interpretive Approach adopted in the research, the Constructivist Design Theory was preferred to understand the interaction between the GCC and human beings within the scope of social policy, in the ordinary course of life and in-depth. The findings show that GCC increases production costs in works directly dependent on nature. Due to the increases in production costs, GCC threatens the potential of works directly dependent on nature as a livelihood. On the one hand, this impoverishes those who work directly depending on nature. On the other hand, it interrupts the handover of this work to future generations. According to this research, which aims to explore the relationship between the phenomenon of GCC and the discipline of social policy, the impoverishing cycle caused by GCC makes it necessary for GCC to be a ‘new’ topic in the field of social policy. This cycle also makes effective social policy practices necessary in dealing with GCC.

Yaşar Tınar

From the very beginning of history, many people need help. During the assessment, the priority is to care for the elderly population who need help. Therefore, while services for the elderly (assistance, care, etc.) were provided by the family, which was one of the actors of social policy in the first periods of history, today services for the elderly are provided by the state, local governments and the private sector in a more institutional way, together with the family. Especially after the industrial revolution, the role and function of local governments in aid and care has gained importance due to the excessive immigration of cities, the increase in population and the increase in social demands and needs. This study aimed to present the services available for elderly residents in Vienna and Europe. The results of this study can be used as a basis for studies considering the elderly population. The study setting should have the highest number of Austrians. Therefore, the city of Vienna was accepted as the study sample. In addition to all other services, the Vienna Social Fund is a social service education provider in Vienna, which focused on the care of the elderly dwelling in institutions.

Junxian Wang, Wesley P. Chan, Pamela Carreno-Medrano et al.

Recent protocols and metrics for training and evaluating autonomous robot navigation through crowds are inconsistent due to diversified definitions of "social behavior". This makes it difficult, if not impossible, to effectively compare published navigation algorithms. Furthermore, with the lack of a good evaluation protocol, resulting algorithms may fail to generalize, due to lack of diversity in training. To address these gaps, this paper facilitates a more comprehensive evaluation and objective comparison of crowd navigation algorithms by proposing a consistent set of metrics that accounts for both efficiency and social conformity, and a systematic protocol comprising multiple crowd navigation scenarios of varying complexity for evaluation. We tested four state-of-the-art algorithms under this protocol. Results revealed that some state-of-the-art algorithms have much challenge in generalizing, and using our protocol for training, we were able to improve the algorithm's performance. We demonstrate that the set of proposed metrics provides more insight and effectively differentiates the performance of these algorithms with respect to efficiency and social conformity.

Pengrong Chen, Lunhui Shang

Sustainability is an urgent issue in the basic endowment insurance system in China. The advancement of the national pooling and the transfer of collection responsibility from the social security department to the taxation department are the policy measures taken to ensure the sustainable development of the endowment insurance system. In this circumstance, this paper discusses the solvency of the national pooling account fund of basic endowment insurance when the enterprise contribution rate drops to 16% by constructing an improved theoretical actuarial model. The conclusion shows that under the national pooling mode of peeling off historical debt and personal account, even if the contribution rate drops to 16%, the basic endowment insurance fund in China will still have strong solvency in the long run. In addition, due to the transfer of the collection responsibility of the basic endowment insurance, the proportion of the actual number of payers to the number of in-service insured will gradually increase to 100%, and the calculation results in this paper show that the bankruptcy scope of China’s basic pension insurance funds will be postponed to the year of 2113. This study enriches the relevant literature and solves a policy concern in the reform of China’s basic endowment insurance system: Does reduction of contribution rate affect the sustainability of the basic endowment insurance system?

Victoriia Koverga

Сьогодні ступінь відповідності кадрового потенціалу потребам Збройних Сил України характеризує ефективність функціонування системи кадрового забезпечення щодо реалізації її цільової функції. У той же час кадрове забезпечення розглядається як одна із найважливіших функцій держави щодо управління створенням і підтриманням у готовності сил і засобів системи забезпечення її воєнної безпеки. Вирішальним фактором формування кадрової політики є забезпечення національних інтересів держави. Сучасна система кадрового забезпечення Збройних Сил України в процесі своєї життєдіяльності достатньо часто стикається з проблемою оцінювання ефективності її функціонування, а також відсутності практичної можливості побачити результат роботи системи за визначений період з метою прийняття обґрунтованих управлінських рішень. Основним критерієм роботи будь-якої системи кадрового забезпечення є рівень досягнутого кадрового потенціалу окремого військового формування або Збройних Сил в цілому, за яким можна оцінити відповідність отриманих фактичних результатів роботи системи кадрового забезпечення запланованим (очікуваним) результатам. В статті запропоновано ряд практичних рекомендацій щодо оцінювання ефективності кадрового забезпечення Збройних Сил України за критерієм реалізованого кадрового потенціалу з урахуванням фактору достатності фінансування розвитку системи кадрового забезпечення в цілому. Розроблені рекомендації дозволять спеціалістам оборонного планування та кадрового забезпечення: оцінювати результати функціонування існуючих систем (органів) комплектування ЗС України та обґрунтовувати рішення щодо вибору найбільш ефективних (раціональних) варіантів за цільовим та воєнно-економічним критерієм; здійснювати обґрунтований вибір раціональних варіантів структур систем (органів) комплектування Збройних Сил України в цілому з урахуванням перспектив їх розвитку та обсягів необхідного фінансування; підвищити достовірність очікуваних результатів ефективності кадрового забезпечення Збройних Сил України.

Ігор Воронченко

Фундаментом національної безпеки України, а також однією з її найважливіших функцій є забезпечення її економічної безпеки, що можливе лише за умов захищеності національних інтересів України від будь-якого силового тиску та зазіхань із застосуванням воєнної сили. Тому серед головних передумов забезпечення національної безпеки та подальшого економічного розвитку України величину ролі її воєнної безпеки слід розглядати поряд з економічною, а за певних обставин перша може набувати навіть пріоритетного значення. У Збройних Силах України продовжується робота щодо підвищення ефективності оборонного планування та управління оборонними ресурсами. Розвиток будь-яких збройних сил визначається комплексом економічних, політичних, науково-технічних та інших факторів, які між собою тісно взаємопов’язані. Рівень розвитку збройних сил значною мірою залежить від обсягів ресурсів, що виділяються на забезпечення оборонних потреб. Тому як ресурси держави обмежені, то проблема знаходження доцільної частки ресурсів, які потрібно виділяти на потреби оборони, є завжди однією із найбільш актуальних в процесі розвитку збройних сил. Одним із ключових моментів ефективного планування застосування збройних сил за відповідним сценарієм є вірне, обґрунтоване визначення обсягів необхідних оборонних ресурсів (людських, матеріально-технічних, фінансових). У статті сформовано систему поглядів щодо воєнно-економічної проблематики планування розвитку Збройних Сил України як основного елементу забезпечення її національної безпеки, а також визначено ряд несприятливих і сприятливих факторів впливу оборонних витрат на розвиток національної економіки держави та рівень її національної безпеки.

Jaehyuk Park, Bogdan State, Monica Bhole et al.

Due to their essential role as places for socialization, "third places" - social places where people casually visit and communicate with friends and neighbors - have been studied by a wide range of fields including network science, sociology, geography, urban planning, and regional studies. However, the lack of a large-scale census on third places kept researchers from systematic investigations. Here we provide a systematic nationwide investigation of third places and their social networks, by using Facebook pages. Our analysis reveals a large degree of geographic heterogeneity in the distribution of the types of third places, which is highly correlated with baseline demographics and county characteristics. Certain types of pages like "Places of Worship" demonstrate a large degree of clustering suggesting community preference or potential complementarities to concentration. We also found that the social networks of different types of social place differ in important ways: The social networks of 'Restaurants' and 'Indoor Recreation' pages are more likely to be tight-knit communities of pre-existing friendships whereas 'Places of Worship' and 'Community Amenities' page categories are more likely to bridge new friendship ties. We believe that this study can serve as an important milestone for future studies on the systematic comparative study of social spaces and their social relationships.