Hasil untuk "Semantics"

Benjamin Bordais, Jean-François Raskin

Multiple-environment Markov decision processes (MEMDPs) equip an MDP with several probabilistic transition functions (one per possible environment) so that the state is observable but the environment is not. Previous work studies two semantics: (i) the universal semantics, where an adversary picks the environment; and (ii) the prior semantics, where the environment is drawn once before execution from a fixed distribution. We clarify the relation between these semantics. For parity objectives, we show that the qualitative questions, i.e. value one, coincide, and we develop a new algorithm for the general value of MEMDP with prior semantics. In particular, we show that the prior value of an MEMDP with a parity objective can be approximated to any precision with a space efficient algorithm; equivalently, the associated gap problem is decidable in PSPACE when probabilities are given in unary (and in EXPSPACE otherwise). We then prove that the universal value equals the infimum of prior values over all beliefs. This yields a new algorithm for the universal gap problem with the same complexity (PSPACE for unary probabilities, EXPSPACE in general), improving on earlier doubly-exponential-space procedures. Finally, we observe that MEMDPs under the prior semantics form an important tractable subclass of POMDPs: our algorithms exploit the fact that belief entropy never increases, and we establish that any POMDP with this property reduces effectively to a prior-MEMDP, showing that prior-MEMDPs capture a broad and practically relevant subclass of POMDPs.

Mingrui Zhu, Xiru Chen, Xin Wei et al.

Infrared and visible image fusion (IVF) aims to combine complementary information from both image modalities, producing more informative and comprehensive outputs. Recently, text-guided IVF has shown great potential due to its flexibility and versatility. However, the effective integration and utilization of textual semantic information remains insufficiently studied. To tackle these challenges, we introduce textual semantics at two levels: the mask semantic level and the text semantic level, both derived from textual descriptions extracted by large Vision-Language Models (VLMs). Building on this, we propose Textual Semantic Guidance for infrared and visible image fusion, termed TeSG, which guides the image synthesis process in a way that is optimized for downstream tasks such as detection and segmentation. Specifically, TeSG consists of three core components: a Semantic Information Generator (SIG), a Mask-Guided Cross-Attention (MGCA) module, and a Text-Driven Attentional Fusion (TDAF) module. The SIG generates mask and text semantics based on textual descriptions. The MGCA module performs initial attention-based fusion of visual features from both infrared and visible images, guided by mask semantics. Finally, the TDAF module refines the fusion process with gated attention driven by text semantics. Extensive experiments demonstrate the competitiveness of our approach, particularly in terms of performance on downstream tasks, compared to existing state-of-the-art methods.

Antonio Piccolomini d'Aragona

I deal with two approaches to proof-theoretic semantics: one based on argument structures and justifications, which I call reducibility semantics, and one based on consequence among (sets of) formulas over atomic bases, called base semantics. The latter splits in turn into a standard reading, and a variant of it put forward by Sandqvist. I prove some results which, when suitable conditions are met, permit one to shift from one approach to the other, and I draw some of the consequences of these results relative to the issue of completeness of (recursive) logical systems with respect to proof-theoretic notions of validity. This will lead me to focus on a notion of base-completeness, which I will discuss with reference to known completeness results for intuitionistic logic. The general interest of the proposed approach stems from the fact that reducibility semantics can be understood as a labelling of base semantics with proof-objects typed on (sets of) formulas for which a base semantics consequence relation holds, and which witness this very fact. Vice versa, base semantics can be understood as a type-abstraction of a reducibility semantics consequence relation obtained by removing the witness of the fact that this relation holds, and by just focusing on the input and output type of the relevant proof-object.

Maoji Ri, Yongkun Li

This paper focuses on the study of a class of fractional <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>&</mo><mi>q</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-Laplacian problems with unbalanced growth, which includes vanishing potential and a supercritical growth exponent. By employing the mountain pass theorem alongside the Truncation method, penalization method, and Moser iteration method, the main result establishes the existence of a nontrivial solution under conditions of low perturbations of supercritical nonlinearity. Furthermore, we derive <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>L</mi><mo>∞</mo></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi><mi>N</mi></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> estimates and the interior Hölder regularity of weak solutions in the context of supercritical growth.

Ali Boussayoud, Salah Boulaaras, Ali Allahem

In this paper, using the symmetrizing operator <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msubsup><mi>δ</mi><mrow><msub><mi>e</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>e</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>l</mi></mrow></msubsup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, we derive new generating functions of the products of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mfenced separators="" open="(" close=")"><mi>p</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>q</mi></mfenced></semantics></math></inline-formula>-modified Pell numbers with various bivariate polynomials, including Mersenne and Mersenne Lucas polynomials, Fibonacci and Lucas polynomials, bivariate Pell and bivariate Pell Lucas polynomials, bivariate Jacobsthal and bivariate Jacobsthal Lucas polynomials, bivariate Vieta–Fibonacci and bivariate Vieta–Lucas polynomials, and bivariate complex Fibonacci and bivariate complex Lucas polynomials.

Hélène Margerie, Philippe Muller

In this paper, we try to define the linguistic identity of the noun excuse. After examining the definitions and glosses provided in the Oxford English Dictionary, we will suggest that the semantics of the noun relies on interlocutive (or speaker-hearer) polarization, at least in its most common interpretations (“apology” and “release of duty or obligation”). On this basis, we argue that it is possible to extend to the majority of nominal uses the hypothesis put forward in Margerie & Muller (2019) about the differences between two ritual expressions of apology and regret, i.e. excuse me and (I’m) sorry, a hypothesis which borrows from Douay & Roulland’s Théorie de la Relation Interlocutive (2014). This in turn raises the question of whether an analysis along these lines can account for less frequent uses, namely when excuse refers to a special card in the game of tarot, or in constructions like her excuse for a husband which are not even mentioned in the OED’s entries for the noun. Since excuse in such cases refers to a peripheral or marginal object or person, and implies a certain degree of fuzziness, we will first call on Antoine Culioli’s concepts of “notional domain” and “notional boundary” for explanatory purposes. However, we will then argue that an interlocutive approach might better account for the controversial or polemical nature of the semantics of excuse in the construction X IS (NOT) AN EXCUSE FOR Y. This will lead us to eventually reconsider the marginal uses in this light and thereby pave the way for a more unified analysis of the lexeme.

Cedric W. Sanjon, Yuchen Leng, Marek Hauptmann et al.

This study presents a novel transmission-based method for characterizing local structural features, including the grammage, thickness, and fiber orientation, of paper materials. Some non-destructive techniques, such as micro-computed tomography (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>-CT), microscopy, and radiation-based methods, are costly, time-consuming, and lack the ability to provide comprehensive local structural information within a single measurement. The proposed method utilizes a single light transmission measurement to assess local grammage and thickness through histogram matching with reference data obtained via <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>β</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>-radiography and profilometry. The same light transmission images are also used to determine local fiber orientation, employing image analysis techniques. The structure tensor method, which analyzes gradients of light transmission images, provides detailed insight into the local fiber orientation. The results show that thickness and grammage measurements are independent of which side of the paper is evaluated, while the fiber orientation distribution varies between the front and back sides, reflecting differences in fiber arrangement due to manufacturing processes. Various distribution functions are compared, and the Pearson Type 3, log-normal, and gamma distributions are found to most accurately describe the grammage, thickness, and fiber orientation distributions. The study includes a variety of paper types, ensuring a robust and comprehensive analysis of material behavior, and confirms that the method can effectively infer the inhomogeneous features from a single light transmission measurement.

Zhongyi Qiu, Kangyi Qiu, Hanjia Lyu et al.

Emojis have become an integral part of digital communication, enriching text by conveying emotions, tone, and intent. Existing emoji recommendation methods are primarily evaluated based on their ability to match the exact emoji a user chooses in the original text. However, they ignore the essence of users' behavior on social media in that each text can correspond to multiple reasonable emojis. To better assess a model's ability to align with such real-world emoji usage, we propose a new semantics preserving evaluation framework for emoji recommendation, which measures a model's ability to recommend emojis that maintain the semantic consistency with the user's text. To evaluate how well a model preserves semantics, we assess whether the predicted affective state, demographic profile, and attitudinal stance of the user remain unchanged. If these attributes are preserved, we consider the recommended emojis to have maintained the original semantics. The advanced abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in understanding and generating nuanced, contextually relevant output make them well-suited for handling the complexities of semantics preserving emoji recommendation. To this end, we construct a comprehensive benchmark to systematically assess the performance of six proprietary and open-source LLMs using different prompting techniques on our task. Our experiments demonstrate that GPT-4o outperforms other LLMs, achieving a semantics preservation score of 79.23%. Additionally, we conduct case studies to analyze model biases in downstream classification tasks and evaluate the diversity of the recommended emojis.

Yanina Roxana Cochetti, Anahi Granada, María Laura Arias et al.

The IR spectra of Be stars display numerous hydrogen recombination lines, constituting a great resource for obtaining information on the physical and dynamic structures of different regions within the circumstellar envelope. Nevertheless, this spectral region has not been analysed in depth, and there is a lack of synthetic spectra with which to compare observations. Therefore, we computed synthetic spectra with the HDUST code for different disc parameters. Here, we present our results on the spectral region that includes lines of the Brackett series. We discuss the dependence of the line series strengths on several parameters that describe the structure of the disc. We also compared model line profiles, fluxes, and EWs with observational data for two Be stars (MX Pup and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>π</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> Aqr). Even though the synthetic spectra adequately fit our observations of both stars and allow us to constrain the parameters of the disc, there is a discrepancy with the observed data in the EW and flux measurements, especially in the case of MX Pup. It is possible that by including Brackett lines of higher terms or adding the analysis of other series, we may be able to better constrain the parameters of the observed disc.

Mustapha Meftah, Cannelle Clavier, Alain Sarkissian et al.

Climate change is undeniably one of the most pressing and critical challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. In this context, monitoring the Earth’s Energy Imbalance (EEI) is fundamental in conjunction with greenhouse gases (GHGs) in order to comprehensively understand and address climate change. The French Uvsq-Sat NG pathfinder mission addresses this issue through the implementation of a Six-Unit CubeSat, which has dimensions of 111.3 × 36.6 × 38.8 cm in its unstowed configuration. Uvsq-Sat NG is a satellite mission spearheaded by the Laboratoire Atmosphères, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), and supported by the International Satellite Program in Research and Education (INSPIRE). The launch of this mission is planned for 2025. One of the Uvsq-Sat NG objectives is to ensure the smooth continuity of the Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) initiated via the Uvsq-Sat and Inspire-Sat satellites. Uvsq-Sat NG seeks to achieve broadband ERB measurements using state-of-the-art yet straightforward technologies. Another goal of the Uvsq-Sat NG mission is to conduct precise and comprehensive monitoring of atmospheric gas concentrations (CO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> and CH<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>4</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>) on a global scale and to investigate its correlation with Earth’s Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR). Uvsq-Sat NG carries several payloads, including Earth Radiative Sensors (ERSs) for monitoring incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation. A Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectrometer is onboard to assess GHGs’ atmospheric concentrations through observations in the wavelength range of 1200 to 2000 nm. Uvsq-Sat NG also includes a high-definition camera (NanoCam) designed to capture images of the Earth in the visible range. The NanoCam will facilitate data post-processing acquired via the spectrometer by ensuring accurate geolocation of the observed scenes. It will also offer the capability of observing the Earth’s limb, thus providing the opportunity to roughly estimate the vertical temperature profile of the atmosphere. We present here the scientific objectives of the Uvsq-Sat NG mission, along with a comprehensive overview of the CubeSat platform’s concepts and payload properties as well as the mission’s current status. Furthermore, we also describe a method for the retrieval of atmospheric gas columns (CO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, CH<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>4</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, O<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, H<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>O) from the Uvsq-Sat NG NIR Spectrometer data. The retrieval is based on spectra simulated for a range of environmental conditions (surface pressure, surface reflectance, vertical temperature profile, mixing ratios of primary gases, water vapor, other trace gases, cloud and aerosol optical depth distributions) as well as spectrometer characteristics (Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and spectral resolution from 1 to 6 nm).

Trishna Bhattacharyya, Abhijit Chatterjee, Sanat K. Das et al.

Profiles of aerosols and cloud layers have been investigated over a high-altitude urban atmosphere in the eastern Himalayas in India, for the first time, using a Raman LIDAR. The study was conducted post-monsoon season over Darjeeling (latitude 27°01<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>′</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> N longitude 88°36<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>′</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> E, 2200 masl), a tourist destination in north-eastern India. In addition to the aerosols and cloud characterization and atmospheric boundary layer detection, the profile of the water vapor mixing ratio has also been analyzed. Effects of atmospheric dynamics have been studied using the vertical profiles of the normalized standard deviation of RCS along with the water vapor mixing ratio. The aerosol optical characteristics below and above the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) region were studied separately, along with the interrelation of their optical and microphysical properties with synoptic meteorological parameters. The backscatter coefficient and the extinction coefficient were found in the range from <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>7.15</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> m<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> sr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>3.01</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> m<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> sr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> and from <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>1.02</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> m<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>2.28</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> m<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, respectively. The LIDAR ratio varies between 3.9 to 78.39 sr over all altitudes. The variation of the linear depolarization ratio from 0.19 to 0.32 indicates the dominance, of non-spherical particles. The periodicity observed in different parameters may be indicative of atmospheric wave phenomena. Cloud parameters, such as scattering coefficients, top and bottom height, and optical depth for different cloud phases, have been evaluated. A co-located Micro Rain Radar has been used with LIDAR for cloud life cycle study.

Manisha Islam, Monica Ciomaga Hatnean, Geetha Balakrishnan et al.

<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Mn</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>Al</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>Ge</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>12</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is a member of the garnet family of compounds, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>A</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>B</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>(<i>C</i>O<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>4</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>)<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, whose magnetic properties are affected by a high degree of geometrical frustration. The magnetic frustration is at the origin of the intriguing magnetic properties that these materials exhibit, such as a long range <i>hidden order</i> derived from multipoles formed from 10-spin loops in the gadolinium gallium garnet, Gd<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Ga<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>5</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>12</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>. <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Mn</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>Al</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>Ge</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>12</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> garnet is isostructural to the thoroughly investigated Gd garnets, Gd<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Ga<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>5</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>12</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> and Gd<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>3</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Al<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>5</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>O<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>12</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Moreover, in <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Mn</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>Al</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>Ge</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>12</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, the Heisenberg-like Mn<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> magnetic ions (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>L</mi><mo>=</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> 0) are also arranged in corner sharing triangles that form a hyperkagomé structure. The identical crystallographic structures and similar Heisenberg-like behaviour of the magnetic ions make manganese aluminium germanium garnet the closest compound to the gadolinium garnets in its magnetic properties. Here, we report, for the first time, the growth of a large, high quality single crystal of the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Mn</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>Al</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>Ge</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>12</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> garnet by the floating zone method. X-ray diffraction techniques were used to characterise and confirm the high crystalline quality of the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>Mn</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>Al</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>Ge</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mn>12</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> crystal boule. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal an antiferromagnetic ordering of the Mn<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> ions below <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi></msub><mo>=</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> 6.5 K. The high quality of the single crystal obtained makes it ideal for detailed investigations of the magnetic properties of the system, especially using neutron scattering techniques.

Dea Pujić, Nikola Tomašević, Marko Batić

Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) considers different approaches for disaggregating energy consumption in residential, tertiary, and industrial buildings to enable smart grid services. The main feature of NILM is that it can break down the bulk electricity demand, as recorded by conventional smart meters, into the consumption of individual appliances without the need for additional meters or sensors. Furthermore, NILM can identify when an appliance is in use and estimate its real-time consumption based on its unique consumption patterns. However, NILM is based on machine learning methods and its performance is dependent on the quality of the training data for each appliance. Therefore, a common problem with NILM systems is that they may not generalize well to new environments where the appliances are unknown, which hinders their widespread adoption and more significant contributions to emerging smart grid services. The main goal of the presented research is to apply a domain adversarial neural network (DANN) approach to improve the generalization of NILM systems. The proposed semi-supervised algorithm utilizes both labeled and unlabeled data and was tested on data from publicly available REDD and UK-DALE datasets. The results show a <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> improvement in generalization performance on highly uncorrelated data, indicating the potential for real-world applications.

Guillaume Baudart, Louis Mandel, Christine Tasson

Synchronous languages are now a standard industry tool for critical embedded systems. Designers write high-level specifications by composing streams of values using block diagrams. These languages have been extended with Bayesian reasoning to program state-space models which compute a stream of distributions given a stream of observations. However, the semantics of probabilistic models is only defined for scheduled equations -- a significant limitation compared to dataflow synchronous languages and block diagrams which do not require any ordering. In this paper we propose two schedule agnostic semantics for a probabilistic synchronous language. The key idea is to interpret probabilistic expressions as a stream of un-normalized density functions which maps random variable values to a result and positive score. The co-iterative semantics interprets programs as state machines and equations are computed using a fixpoint operator. The relational semantics directly manipulates streams and is thus a better fit to reason about program equivalence. We use the relational semantics to prove the correctness of a program transformation required to run an optimized inference algorithm for state-space models with constant parameters.

Olga A. Solopova, Natalya N. Koshkarova, Igor V. Sibiriakov

The paper studies the evolution of the image of Chelyabinsk in the 20th century British media discourse. The research proves relevant as it involves both linguistic and historical analyses; it aims at retrospective study of the evolution of the image of the foreign city in British media discourse over a large time span. A wide range of methods is employed in the study: comparative, diachronic, cognitive-matrix, cognitive-discursive methods, source study, and content analysis. The source of the data is a digitized archive of British historical media texts. The authors fixed nine variations of the city name. The frequency of modeling the image of Chelyabinsk is dissimilar: it is rather high at the beginning of the century, declines in the second decade, reaches its minimum in 1921-1930, and rises again in the subsequent decades, which is explained by the interest of the British media to industrialization and the events of World War II. Most of the newspapers and magazines that modelled the image of Chelyabinsk were published in the capitals and large industrial centres, which is explained by the peculiarities of British print media, a higher level of education of large cities residents, and Britains economic interests in Russia / the Soviet Union. The significant difference in the images of Chelyabinsk across the time is in their emotive load: negative images of the beginning of the century are contrasted to positive images generated in the latest time span.

Steven van Terwingen, Ben Ebel, Noah Nachtigall et al.

The heteroditopic molecule HacacMePz combines a Pearson hard acetylacetone donor site with a softer trimethylpyrazole and shows site selectivity towards the coinage metal cations. The coordination of the N donor function was achieved towards Ag^I and Au^I, leading to the salt [Ag(HacacMePz)₂]PF₆ (<b>1</b>) and the neutral complex [AuCl(HacacMePz)] (<b>2</b>). In either case, linear coordination about the coinage metal cation is observed. Interestingly, both complexes crystallize in space group <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>a</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> with similar cell parameters. The two solids do not qualify as isostructural, albeit being closely related in real and reciprocal space. To probe the ligand’s ability for the envisaged synthesis of bimetallic coordination polymers, the mixed-metal Cu^II/Au^I complex [Cu(acacMePzAuCl)₂] (<b>3</b>) was obtained. In this mixed-metal oligomer, the central Cu^II cation adopts a square planar coordination environment with two O,O^′-coordinated acacMePz⁻ ligands, whose softer N donor sites are saturated with a AuCl moiety.

Sumedh B. Thool, Yogesh J. Bagul, Ramkrishna M. Dhaigude et al.

We establish new simple bounds for the quotients of inverse trigonometric and inverse hyperbolic functions such as <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mfrac><mrow><msup><mo form="prefix">sin</mo><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mi>x</mi></mrow><mrow><msup><mo form="prefix">sinh</mo><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mfrac><mrow><msup><mo form="prefix">tanh</mo><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mi>x</mi></mrow><mrow><msup><mo form="prefix">tan</mo><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac></semantics></math></inline-formula>. The main results provide polynomial bounds using even quadratic functions and exponential bounds under the form <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></msup><mo>.</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> Graph validation is also performed.

The urgency of the article is due to new requirements for the structure and content of a dictionary entry in the theory of modern lexicography and the need to increase the semantic capacity of the interpretation of meaning by including restrictive information. At the same time, the issue of restrictive components in lexicographic practice has not been finally resolved; however, many modern ideas can already be traced in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V. I. Dahl. The methodology of the study is based on the analysis of various types of fragments of a dictionary entry, presenting lexicographically significant information that cannot be deduced directly from the lexical semantics, but is significant for the correct use of the word. The article highlights the types of restrictive components presented in the dictionary. Language restrictions can be due to the language system, norm or usus. Restrictions by the system fix special types of bound meanings and reflect the reasons for the appearance of such meanings as means of secondary nomination. Restrictions by the norm fix the existence of stylistically colored meanings and set the conditions for their use. Among the systemic restrictions of Dahl’s dictionary, there are morphological restrictions, which fix the obligatory forms of syntagmatically related words by means of generalizing pronouns; syntactic restrictions accompanying syntactically bound meanings with an indication of the corresponding conditions of use; lexical restrictions outlining a list of context partners, in combination with which the interpreted meaning is realized. Restrictions of the object- logical content of a word do not affect the change in meaning in terms of marking or dependence; they fully depend on the process of categorization, by the peculiarities of delimitating certain areas of reality by this language. The extra-linguistic factor underlies the restrictions of the situational context, which verbalize information of an encyclopedic nature in the dictionary: historical, social, cultural, ideological. Restrictions of pragmatic nature are represented in the dictionary by a wide variety of emotional-expressive and functional-stylistic marks, as well as marks and comments that characterize the social differentiation of the language. A special place is occupied by restrictions that translate communicatively meaningful information about the asymmetry of social roles.

Rayssa Brandao, Hosein Foroutan

With the current COVID-19 pandemic being spread all over the world, lockdown measures are being implemented, making air pollution levels go down in several countries. In this context, the air quality changes in the highly populated and trafficked Brazilian states of São Paulo (SP) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ) were addressed using a combination of satellite and ground-based daily data analysis. We explored nitrogen dioxide (NO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and fine particulate matter (PM<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2.5</mn></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>) daily levels for the month of May from 2015–2020. Daily measurements of NO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> column concentrations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard NASA’s Aura satellite were analyzed and decreases of 42% and 49.6% were found for SP and RJ, respectively, during the year 2020 compared to the 2015–2019 average. Besides NO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> column retrievals, ground-based data measured by the Brazilian States Environmental Institutions were analyzed and correlated with satellite retrievals. Correlation coefficients between year-to-year changes in satellite column and ground-based concentrations were 77% and 53% in SP and RJ, respectively. Ground-based data showed 13.3% and 18.8% decrease in NO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> levels for SP and RJ, respectively, in 2020 compared to 2019. In SP, no significant change in PM<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2.5</mn></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> was observed in 2020 compared to 2019. To further isolate the effect of emissions reduction due to the lockdown, meteorological data and number of wildfire hotspots were analyzed. NO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> concentrations showed negative and positive correlations with wind speed and temperature, respectively. PM<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2.5</mn></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> concentration distributions suggested an influence by the wildfires in the southeast region of the country. Synergistic analyses of satellite retrievals, surface level concentrations, and weather data provide a more complete picture of changes to pollutant levels.

Vladimir Kanovei, Vassily Lyubetsky

Models of set theory are defined, in which nonconstructible reals first appear on a given level of the projective hierarchy. Our main results are as follows. Suppose that <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>. Then: 1. If it holds in the constructible universe <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> that <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>⊆</mo> <mi>ω</mi> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>∉</mo> <msubsup> <mi>Σ</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> <mo>∪</mo> <msubsup> <mi>Π</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>, then there is a generic extension of <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> in which <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> but still <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>∉</mo> <msubsup> <mi>Σ</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> <mo>∪</mo> <msubsup> <mi>Π</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>, and moreover, any set <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>⊆</mo> <mi>ω</mi> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msubsup> <mi>Σ</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>, is constructible and <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msubsup> <mi>Σ</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> in <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>. 2. There exists a generic extension <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> in which it is true that there is a nonconstructible <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> set <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>⊆</mo> <mi>ω</mi> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>, but all <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msubsup> <mi>Σ</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> sets <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>⊆</mo> <mi>ω</mi> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> are constructible and even <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msubsup> <mi>Σ</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> in <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>, and in addition, <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold">V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi> <mo>[</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> in the extension. 3. There exists an generic extension of <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> in which there is a nonconstructible <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msubsup> <mi>Σ</mi> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> set <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>⊆</mo> <mi>ω</mi> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>, but all <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> sets <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>⊆</mo> <mi>ω</mi> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> are constructible and <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> in <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>. Thus, nonconstructible reals (here subsets of <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi>ω</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>) can first appear at a given lightface projective class strictly higher than <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msubsup> <mi>Σ</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>, in an appropriate generic extension of <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>. The lower limit <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msubsup> <mi>Σ</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> is motivated by the Shoenfield absoluteness theorem, which implies that all <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <msubsup> <mi>Σ</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> sets <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>⊆</mo> <mi>ω</mi> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> are constructible. Our methods are based on almost-disjoint forcing. We add a sufficient number of generic reals to <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi mathvariant="bold">L</mi> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>, which are very similar at a given projective level <i>n</i> but discernible at the next level <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>.