Hasil untuk "Science"

Eva A. M. van Dis, J. Bollen, W. Zuidema et al.

Michael Polanyi

M. Callon, J. Law, A. Rip

S. Cozzens, M. Callon, J. Law et al.

P. Thagard

K. Popper, W. W. Bartley

S. Jasanoff

D. Ross

S. Woolgar

P. Seglen

D. Kriebel, J. Tickner, P. Epstein et al.

Environmental scientists play a key role in society's responses to environmental problems, and many of the studies they perform are intended ultimately to affect policy. The precautionary principle, proposed as a new guideline in environmental decision making, has four central components: taking preventive action in the face of uncertainty; shifting the burden of proof to the proponents of an activity; exploring a wide range of alternatives to possibly harmful actions; and increasing public participation in decision making. In this paper we examine the implications of the precautionary principle for environmental scientists, whose work often involves studying highly complex, poorly understood systems, while at the same time facing conflicting pressures from those who seek to balance economic growth and environmental protection. In this complicated and contested terrain, it is useful to examine the methodologies of science and to consider ways that, without compromising integrity and objectivity, research can be more or less helpful to those who would act with precaution. We argue that a shift to more precautionary policies creates opportunities and challenges for scientists to think differently about the ways they conduct studies and communicate results. There is a complicated feedback relation between the discoveries of science and the setting of policy. While maintaining their objectivity and focus on understanding the world, environmental scientists should be aware of the policy uses of their work and of their social responsibility to do science that protects human health and the environment. The precautionary principle highlights this tight, challenging linkage between science and policy.

H. Bhadeshia

There are difficult problems in materials science where the general concepts might be understood but which are not as yet amenable to scientific treatment. We are at the same time told that good engineering has the responsibility to reach objectives in a cost and time-effective way. Any model which deals with only a small part of the required technology is therefore unlikely to be treated with respect. Neural network analysis is a form of regression or classification modelling which can help resolve these difficulties whilst striving for longer term solutions. This paper begins with an introduction to neural networks and contains a review of some applications of the technique in the context of materials science.

S. Funtowicz, J. Ravetz

W. McComas, Michael P. Clough, Hiya Almazroa

Mohamed Ahmed Mosilhy, Sadiah M A Aljeddani, Mahmoud H Abu-Moussa

This paper discusses the estimation of the discrete mixed Poisson-Erlang distribution (DMPED). Compared to many traditional discrete distributions, DMPED offers several surprising benefits, especially when examining count data with high variation and that are positively skewed. We have explored several statistical characteristics of the assumed distribution, such as moments, the moment-generating function, the failure rate function, the monotonicity of the probability mass function, and a couple of descriptive measures (central tendency and dispersion). We have used the maximum likelihood estimation technique to estimate the parameters of the DMPED. We conducted a simulation study to validate the proposed estimators. Finally, four applications related to cancer diseases have been discussed, where DMPED (especially DMPEIID) fits the number of doses required for treatment, remission times, and therapy type comparisons.

Tanvi Kale, Vijay Hegde, Nikhil V Dhurandhar

Yunhuan Li, Xiaolin Hu

Background: Chinese lung cancer patients experience various cancer-related symptoms during the course of disease, which usually occur as symptom clusters, leading to heavy symptom burden and low quality of life. Identifying symptom cluster and core symptom is conducive to developing symptom management interventions so as to improve health-related outcomes of patients with lung cancer. To investigate the symptom clusters and core symptom of Chinese patients with lung cancer. Methods: Approved by the ethics committee, a cross-sectional study was conducted at one of the most influential general hospitals in Southwest China. The MD Anderson Symptom Inventory and the revised lung cancer-specific module were utilized to collect symptom experience of patients with lung cancer. R within the RStudio platform was used to conduct descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis and network analysis. Findings: A total of 219 lung cancer patients were recruited. Four symptom clusters were identified as psychoneurological, respiratory, gastrointestinal and fatigue-related symptom clusters, which could explain 59% of the total variance. The results of the symptom severity network analysis revealed that short of breath (rc= 1.35) was the symptom with the highest closeness score among all symptoms. In the symptom clusters network, short of breath (rc= 1.35), lack of appetite (rc= 1.27), fatigue (rc= 1.04) and feeling drowsy (rc= 0.82) were the symptoms with the closeness score in the four symptom clusters, respectively. Interpretation: Chinese lung cancer patients experienced four symptom clusters among lung cancer patients, which highlighted the significance of addressing general symptoms and cancer-specific symptoms in cancer symptom cluster management. The identification of core symptoms offered health care professionals potential interventional targets in future clinical practice in symptom management among patients with lung cancer. Tailored interventions based on symptom clusters are needed to synergistically reduce the symptom burden, thereby improving patients’ outcomes.

Martin Åhlén, Suzanna Törnroth, Åsa Wikberg-Nilsson

This article introduces the Design Sensibility Approach—a sensorial and embodied process for making sense of possible futures. The approach is applied through a case study on speculative energy design in the home, conducted and adapted within a participatory workshop held at a regional art hall in Northern Sweden. It unfolds in four phases—Imagine, Make, Explore, and Reflect—across a broader timeline comprising pre-workshop, active workshop, and post-workshop stages. During the workshop, participants were invited to engage with their senses through a series of activities designed to prompt reflection on their own future energy imaginaries, which they materialized using a MakeTools kit. The results reveal three themes: emotional responses elicited from embodied experiences with energy; energy as a lifestyle; and critique of the political landscape surrounding resource extractivism in Northern Sweden. These findings inform the research question: How might the human senses be leveraged to create stronger emotional connections with future domestic energy products and systems? The article concludes by proposing concrete applications of the Design Sensibility Approach at individual, community, and governance levels, highlighting its ethical and inclusive dimensions as areas for future development.

Meihua Liu, Ning Du, Xinmiao Li et al.

Guided by the control-value theory of achievement emotions, this study examined the relations between control-value appraisals, achievement emotions and English performance in Chinese middle school students, with a focus on the predictive effects of control-value appraisals and achievement emotions and the mediating effects of achievement emotions. The participants were 347 8th graders from a middle school in north China, who took an English test and answered a battery of questionnaires on control and value appraisals, achievement emotions and background information. The major findings were: 1) perceived control significantly predicted positive emotions and negatively predicted negative emotions; perceived value significantly positively predicted positive emotions, anxiety and shame, yet inversely predicted anger and boredom; 2) neither perceived control nor value significantly predicted English performance; 3) hope and anger significantly positively while anxiety and hopelessness negatively predicted English performance; and 4) mediational modelling revealed no significant mediating effects of the achievement emotions on the relationships between perceived control and value and English performance. These findings highlight the importance of control, value and emotions in second/foreign learning as well as the complexity of the relationships between the variables. Based on these findings, suggestions for second/foreign learning and future research are discussed.

N. Brickhouse, Patricia A. Lowery, Katherine G. Schultz