Hasil untuk "Public law"

Mbali Nkosi, Mike Nkongolo

This study examines how public perception influences the implementation and adoption of cybersecurity frameworks in South Africa. Using the PRISMA methodology, a systematic literature review was conducted across reputable scholarly databases, yielding 34 relevant sources aligned with predefined inclusion criteria. Cybersecurity, governance, trust, privacy, cybercrime, and public opinion emerged as dominant thematic clusters. Bibliometric and thematic analyses, supported by network visualisations, revealed that while trust and public sentiment affect cybersecurity policy adoption globally, these factors have minimal influence within the South African policy landscape, despite the country's high cybercrime prevalence. In response, the study proposes a trust-centric policymaking framework designed to integrate public perception as a proactive dimension of cybersecurity governance. This framework seeks to prevent trust deficits from obstructing policy effectiveness and provides guidance for restoring trust where it has eroded.

Yan Aquino, Pedro Bento, Arthur Buzelin et al.

Discord has evolved from a gaming-focused communication tool into a versatile platform supporting diverse online communities. Despite its large user base and active public servers, academic research on Discord remains limited due to data accessibility challenges. This paper introduces Discord Unveiled: A Comprehensive Dataset of Public Communication (2015-2024), the most extensive Discord public server's data to date. The dataset comprises over 2.05 billion messages from 4.74 million users across 3,167 public servers, representing approximately 10% of servers listed in Discord's Discovery feature. Spanning from Discord's launch in 2015 to the end of 2024, it offers a robust temporal and thematic framework for analyzing decentralized moderation, community governance, information dissemination, and social dynamics. Data was collected through Discord's public API, adhering to ethical guidelines and privacy standards via anonymization techniques. Organized into structured JSON files, the dataset facilitates seamless integration with computational social science methodologies. Preliminary analyses reveal significant trends in user engagement, bot utilization, and linguistic diversity, with English predominating alongside substantial representations of Spanish, French, and Portuguese. Additionally, prevalent community themes such as social, art, music, and memes highlight Discord's expansion beyond its gaming origins.

Onesmo Guti, Ophias Kurauone

Purpose: The study purpose was to do an evaluation of how forensic accounting affects the cost effectiveness of Zimbabwe’s public procurement system. Issues to do with how forensic accounting affects achieving of cost savings and optimisation of resource allocation in Zimbabwe’s public procurement system were dwelled on.   Design/Methodology/Approach: The Institutional Theory which called for a quantitative research methodology was used in this study. Data was gathered using questionnaires which were administered to 112 respondents. The respondents were obtained from government ministries, audit firms, law enforcement agents, auditors and procurement management units. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed in conjunction with descriptive statistics. Findings: The study revealed that there was a significant positive association between procurement efficacy and investigative accounting. IIFCS was also statistically significant while PFAP emerged as the strongest predictor. Most of the respondents (87.5%) reiterated that forensic accounting boosts cost savings and resource optimisation. They agreed that it enabled exposing of unfairly priced figured, bid rigging, non- cost-effective expenditure, and collusion. Implications/Originality/Value: This paper alluded that ought to end up being institutionalised. Thus, there is need to coopt forensic accounting in the Zimbabwean public procurement system.

Qi Zhang, Guang Wang, Li Lin et al.

With the advent of the era of big data, massive information, expert experience, and high-accuracy models bring great opportunities to the information cascade prediction of public emergencies. However, the involvement of specialist knowledge from various disciplines has resulted in a primarily application-specific focus (e.g., earthquakes, floods, infectious diseases) for information cascade prediction of public emergencies. The lack of a unified prediction framework poses a challenge for classifying intersectional prediction methods across different application fields. This survey paper offers a systematic classification and summary of information cascade modeling, prediction, and application. We aim to help researchers identify cutting-edge research and comprehend models and methods of information cascade prediction under public emergencies. By summarizing open issues and outlining future directions in this field, this paper has the potential to be a valuable resource for researchers conducting further studies on predicting information cascades.

Alina Wernick

This chapter explores the role of patent protection in algorithmic surveillance and whether ordre public exceptions from patentability should apply to such patents, due to their potential to enable human rights violations. It concludes that in most cases, it is undesirable to exclude algorithmic surveillance patents from patentability, as the patent system is ill-equipped to evaluate the impacts of the exploitation of such technologies. Furthermore, the disclosure of such patents has positive externalities from the societal perspective by opening the black box of surveillance for public scrutiny.

Qihua Zhang, Maria Hilse, Wesley Auker et al.

Tin telluride (SnTe) is an IV-VI semiconductor with a topological crystalline insulator band structure, high thermoelectric performance, and in-plane ferroelectricity. Despite its many applications, there has been little work focused on understanding the growth mechanisms of SnTe thin films. In this manuscript, we investigate the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) synthesis of SnTe (111) thin films on InP (111)A substrates. We explore the effect of substrate temperature, Te:Sn flux ratio, and growth rate on the film quality. Using a substrate temperature of 340 °C, a Te:Sn flux ratio of 3, and a growth rate of 0.48 Å/s, fully coalesced and single crystalline SnTe (111) epitaxial layers with x-ray rocking curve full-width-at-half-maxima (FWHM) of 0.09° and root-mean-square surface roughness as low as 0.2 nm have been obtained. Despite the 7.5% lattice mismatch between the SnTe (111) film and the InP (111)A substrate, reciprocal space mapping indicates that the 15 nm SnTe layer is fully relaxed. We show that a periodic interfacial misfit (IMF) dislocation array forms at the SnTe/InP heterointerface, where each IMF dislocation is separated by 14 InP lattice sites/13 SnTe lattice sites, providing rapid strain relaxation and yielding the high quality SnTe layer. This is the first report of an IMF array forming in a rock-salt on zinc-blende material system and at an IV-VI on III-V heterointerface, and highlights the potential for SnTe as a buffer layer for epitaxial telluride film growth. This work represents an important milestone in enabling the heterointegration between IV-VI and III-V semiconductors to create multifunctional devices.

Katalina Barreiro Santana

En esta entrevista la Dra. Katalina Barreiro sostiene que el crimen organizado y sus delitos conexos han sido factores que han exacerbado la violencia y criminalidad. Este fenómeno se manifiesta en la apropiación de rutas, servicios y territorios por parte de los grupos irregulares; los cuales, a su vez, infiltran las estructuras de las economías legales mediante el lavado de activos. Nuestra entrevistada subraya la carencia de políticas estandarizadas a escala global para castigar este delito, así como la existencia de naciones en las que tal tipo penal no figura en sus marcos legislativos. Plantea otros elementos para la discusión, como la ausencia del rol de los mecanismos de integración latinoamericanos en asuntos de seguridad, la cooperación fronteriza entre Colombia y Ecuador, los desafíos del presidente Noboa frente al crimen transnacional, las vulnerabilidades de los sistemas informáticos frente a los ciberataques y la postura de la política exterior ecuatoriana frente a los conflictos geopolíticos de Rusia-Ucrania o Israel-Hamás

ساره اليوسف, فوزي زويد

غالباً ما تستقبل مكة المكرمة على مدار العام العدد الكبير من المسلمين من أنحاء العالم لأداء مناسك الحج والعمرة والزيارة حيث يقدر عددهم بالملايين أثناء موسم الحج ورمضان. أثناء هذه الزياة، يحرص العدد الكبير من الحجاج والمعتمرين على جودة الخدمة المقدمة وشراء مبيعات السلع التذكارية والهدايا. لذا، تركز هذه الدراسة البحثية على اختبار أثر الإدارة اللوجستية في تحسين جودة الخدمة المقدمة للحجاج من خلال مبيعات السلع التذكارية والهدايا أثناء موسم الحج والعمرة. تم استخدام الاسلوب الوصفي التحليلي لجمع البيانات من مجتمع الدراسة المكون من (181) فرداً. وقد بلغت عدد الاستبانات الصالحة للتحليل واختبار فرضيات الدراسة (151) مشاركاً. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى نتائج كان من أهمها: أنّ هناك مستوى مرتفع لتصورات العاملين في المنشأت التجارية للإدارة اللوجستية وجودة الخدمة، ومبيعات السلع التذكارية والهدايا أثناء موسم الحج والعمرة. وأنّ هناك أثر هام للإدارة اللوجستية في تحسين جودة الخدمة المقدمة للحجاج ومبيعات السلع التذكارية والهدايا. كما أن هناك أثر هام لمبيعات السلع التذكارية والهدايا في تحسين جودة الخدمة المقدمة للحجاج، ووجود أثر هام للإدارة اللوجستية من خلال مبيعات السلع التذكارية والهدايا كمتغير وسيط في تحسين جودة الخدمة المقدمة للحجاج. قدمت الدراسة التوصية الاتية: أولاً، ضرورة الحفاظ على مستوى الادارة اللوجستية وجودة الخدمة المقدمة للحجاج للمنشأت التجارية وتطويرهما بكامل محاورهما بما يضمن صياغة استراتيجية واضحة، والقدرة على المنافسة، والتكيف والاستجابة للتغيرات البيئية، ورضا الحجاج وذلك من خلال تعزيز الاهتمام بالإدارة اللوجستية، ومبيعات السلع التذكارية والهدايا أثناء موسم الحج والعمرة، وبحث جميع العوامل التي تساهم في تحسين جودة الخدمة المقدمة للحجاج.

Rym Fassi-Fihri

Cet article propose de retracer la méthodologie comparative utilisée dans le cadre du travail de thèse sur les droits et libertés du numérique comme droits fondamentaux en voie d’élaboration. Il s’agit de justifier l’opportunité du recours à la méthode comparative, de préciser les enjeux de la comparaison ainsi que ses apports. Tout d’abord, l’article met en lumière l’intérêt d’une recherche comparative s’agissant des droits et libertés du numérique. Bien que l’analyse du degré d’autonomie de ces droits eût été concevable dans l’ordre juridique français exclusivement, une telle recherche n’aurait présenté qu’un intérêt limité dans la mesure où l’objet de la recherche se rapporte au numérique qui a une dimension ubiquitaire. Ensuite, l’article fait état de la méthode et des enjeux de la comparaison. La comparaison voit ses modalités déterminées par les enjeux de la recherche qui consistent à démontrer l’autonomisation progressive des droits et libertés du numérique en France et aux États-Unis. Enfin sont présentés les apports de la comparaison. Cette dernière a notamment contribué à la réflexion sur la systématisation des droits et libertés du numérique en une nouvelle catégorie de droits fondamentaux.

Ashiqur Rahman, Hamed Alhoori

While social media plays a vital role in communication nowadays, misinformation and trolls can easily take over the conversation and steer public opinion on these platforms. We saw the effect of misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic when public health officials faced significant push-back while trying to motivate the public to vaccinate. To tackle the current and any future threats in emergencies and motivate the public towards a common goal, it is essential to understand how public motivation shifts and which topics resonate among the general population. In this study, we proposed an interactive visualization tool to inspect and analyze the topics that resonated among Twitter-sphere during the COVID-19 pandemic and understand the key factors that shifted public stance for vaccination. This tool can easily be generalized for any scenario for visual analysis and to increase the transparency of social media data for researchers and the general population alike.

Verena Biener, Snehanjali Kalamkar, John J Dudley et al.

Recent commercial off-the-shelf virtual and augmented reality devices have been promoted as tools for knowledge work and research findings show how this kind of work can benefit from the affordances of extended reality (XR). One major advantage that XR can provide is the enlarged display space that can be used to display virtual screens which is a feature already readily available in many commercial devices. This could be especially helpful in mobile contexts, in which users might not have access to their optimal physical work setup. Such situations often occur in a public setting, for example when working on a train while traveling to a business meeting. At the same time, the use of XR devices is still uncommon in public, which might impact both users and bystanders. Hence, there is a need to better understand the implications of using XR devices for work in public both on the user itself, as well as on bystanders. We report the results of a study in a university cafeteria in which participants used three different systems. In one setup they only used a laptop with a single screen, in a second setup, they combined the laptop with an optical see-through AR headset, and in the third, they combined the laptop with an immersive VR headset. In addition, we also collected 231 responses from bystanders through a questionnaire. The combined results indicate that (1) users feel safer if they can see their physical surroundings; (2) current use of XR in public makes users stand out; and (3) prior XR experience can influence how users feel when using XR in public.

Walter Arévalo Ramírez, Andrés Rousset Siri

In this essay, we analyze how different actors contribute to compliance with the advisory jurisdiction of the Inter-American human rights system. The essay briefly reviews the discussion around the binding force of, and compliance with, advisory opinions. It then analyzes how the holdings in advisory opinions issued by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR or Court) over the last forty years have had a notable impact on states and how different interstate actors, including the executive, the legislature, the national judiciary, and local regulatory bodies, ensure compliance.

Edi Saputra Hasibuan

Success is not something that can be said or can be achieved easily, there is a benchmark that makes something successful, so for the National Police of course this can be seen through the level of public satisfaction with their performance, changes in handling models, progress in the law enforcement system, and improvement in the quality of resources, as well as several other factors. The emergence of the Precision program by the Chief of the National Police General Listyo Sigit is an illustration and a real example that this institution continues to transform consistently towards a better direction, of course this is not an easy matter, because every effort will find obstacles in it, the existence of this Precision program also aims to make the performance of the National Police more optimal for the community, for that this research tries to highlight how this Precision program has a real impact on the community and  The National Police themselves, of course, and see the results of a hard work in order to realize a humane civilian police.

Andrzej Uhl

Although it is broadly agreed within jurisprudence that wrongful convictions should be avoided even at the cost of effective prosecution, such a view has been losing popularity globally with the general public, who increasingly prioritise the punishment of the guilty over the non-punishment of the innocent. This study attempts to extend the limited research into public opinion on the trade-off between wrongful convictions and erroneous acquittals. A representative sample of German ISSP (German edition of International Social Survey Program) respondents is employed to test a set of hypotheses regarding preference for either error of justice. The aversion to punishment of an innocent person was particularly strong among west German respondents and respondents with high educational attainment, while no distinct preference was established for social groups marked by a high fear of crime or at risk of wrongful conviction. At odds with codified rules on evidence and procedural safeguards, legalists, who advocate unconditional adherence to the law, would often rather see the innocent condemned than the guilty acquitted. These findings are subsequently compared with studies conducted in other jurisdictions and discussed in consideration of the social and cultural norms of contemporary German society. The results can fill a research gap by explaining aspects that shape the readiness to sacrifice the freedom of a potentially criminal other to protect the remainder of society against perceived threats.

Rafał Tuzimek

Cel artykułu. Celem opracowania jest ocena wpływu pandemii COVID-19 na aktywność polskich przedsiębiorstw w zakresie dokonywania transakcji fuzji i przejęć, zarówno występujących po stronie kupującej, jak i poszukujących inwestora. Metodyka. Badanie zostało przeprowadzone w formie ankietowej na próbie 111 przedsiębiorstw działających w sektorze przemysłowym, a jego wyniki zestawiono z liczbą transakcji zawartych w okresie 2017–2022. Wyniki/Rezultaty badania. Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 był odczuwalny dla większości ankietowanych podmiotów, jednak skala oddziaływania była istotnie różna pomiędzy potencjalnymi nabywcami, a podmiotami sprzedawanymi, które to podmioty deklarowały większy negatywny wpływ pandemii na działalność. Intencja do sprzedaży przedsiębiorstwa była motywowana skutkami wybuchu pandemii COVID-19 tylko w 22% przypadków. Spółki prowadzące aktywną politykę akwizycyjną w większości przypadków oceniały swoją sytuację finansową jako stabilną, podczas, gdy problemy finansowe przedsiębiorstwa były wymieniane jako jeden z motywów rozważanej sprzedaży w około 20% przypadków. Warto zwrócić uwagę, iż w przypadku wielu przedsiębiorstw wybuch pandemii nie spowodował zmiany we wcześniej przyjętej strategii, którą utrzymało 54% spółek planujących akwizycje i 35% spółek poszukujących inwestora. Wybuch pandemii spowodował, iż znaczna część podmiotów rozważających zakup przedsiębiorstwa oczekiwała spadku wycen oraz pojawienia się okazji inwestycyjnych. Zjawisko to nie było obserwowane wśród sprzedających, co mogło świadczyć o okresowym wystąpieniu różnicy w oczekiwaniach cenowych między stronami transakcji. Analiza liczby transakcji ex post pozwala wysnuć wniosek, iż ryzyka identyfikowane w początkowej fazie pandemii nie wpłynęły negatywnie na rynek fuzji i przejęć w Polsce, a po początkowym spowolnieniu spowodowanym lockdownem oraz niepewnością gospodarczą, polski rynek M&A powrócił do trendów wzrostowych obserwowanych przed wybuchem pandemii COVID-19.

Yuri Nakayama, Yuka Takedomi, Towa Suda et al.

Vaccines are promising tools to control the spread of COVID-19. An effective vaccination campaign requires government policies and community engagement, sharing experiences for social support, and voicing concerns to vaccine safety and efficiency. The increasing use of online social platforms allows us to trace large-scale communication and infer public opinion in real-time. We collected more than 100 million vaccine-related tweets posted by 8 million users and used the Latent Dirichlet Allocation model to perform automated topic modeling of tweet texts during the vaccination campaign in Japan. We identified 15 topics grouped into 4 themes on Personal issue, Breaking news, Politics, and Conspiracy and humour. The evolution of the popularity of themes revealed a shift in public opinion, initially sharing the attention over personal issues (individual aspect), collecting information from the news (knowledge acquisition), and government criticisms, towards personal experiences once confidence in the vaccination campaign was established. An interrupted time series regression analysis showed that the Tokyo Olympic Games affected public opinion more than other critical events but not the course of the vaccination. Public opinion on politics was significantly affected by various events, positively shifting the attention in the early stages of the vaccination campaign and negatively later. Tweets about personal issues were mostly retweeted when the vaccination reached the younger population. The associations between the vaccination campaign stages and tweet themes suggest that the public engagement in the social platform contributed to speedup vaccine uptake by reducing anxiety via social learning and support.

Saadia Nasir, Walter J. Smith, Thomas E. Beechem et al.

Bi$_2$Se$_3$ is a widely studied 3D topological insulator having potential applications in optics, electronics, and spintronics. When the thickness of these films decrease to less than approximately 6 nm, the top and bottom surface states couple, resulting in the opening of a small gap at the Dirac point. In the 2D limit, Bi$_2$Se$_3$ may exhibit quantum spin Hall states. However, growing coalesced ultra-thin Bi$_2$Se$_3$ films with a controllable thickness and typical triangular domain morphology in the few nanometer range is challenging. Here, we explore the growth of Bi$_2$Se$_3$ films having thickness down to 4 nm on sapphire substrates using molecular beam epitaxy that were then characterized with Hall measurements, atomic force microscopy, and Raman imaging. We find that substrate pre-treatment -- growing and decomposing a few layers of \BiSe before the actual deposition -- is critical to obtaining a completely coalesced film. In addition, higher growth rates and lower substrate temperatures led to improvement in surface roughness, in contrast to what is observed for conventional epitaxy. Overall, coalesced ultra-thin Bi$_2$Se$_3$ films with lower surface roughness enables thickness-dependent studies across the transition from a 3D-topological insulator to one with gapped surface states in the 2D regime.

Moseli Mots'oehli, Yao Chao Yang

In cities around the world, locating public parking lots with vacant parking spots is a major problem, costing commuters time and adding to traffic congestion. This work illustrates how a dataset of Geo-tagged images from a mobile phone camera, can be used in navigating to the most convenient public parking lot in Johannesburg with an available parking space, detected by a neural network powered-public camera. The images are used to fine-tune a Detectron2 model pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset to demonstrate detection and segmentation of vacant parking spots, we then add the parking lot's corresponding longitude and latitude coordinates to recommend the most convenient parking lot to the driver based on the Haversine distance and number of available parking spots. Using the VGG Image Annotation (VIA) we use images from an expanding dataset of images, and annotate these with polygon outlines of the four different types of objects of interest: cars, open parking spots, people, and car number plates. We use the segmentation model to ensure number plates can be occluded in production for car registration anonymity purposes. We get an 89% and 82% intersection over union cover score on cars and parking spaces respectively. This work has the potential to help reduce the amount of time commuters spend searching for free public parking, hence easing traffic congestion in and around shopping complexes and other public places, and maximize people's utility with respect to driving on public roads.

Michelle Rezky, Aji Lukman Ibrahim

There are often cases where irresponsible individuals create social media accounts using other people's personal identities as if the account is the original account of the person whose identity is being used, hereinafter referred to as fake social media accounts. Such actions can be threatened with Article 35 jo. Article 51 paragraph (1) of Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE Law). The type of research used by the author in this study is prescriptive normative law research with a statute approach and a case approach. In Verdict Number 1739/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Jkt.Brt, the defendant was declared guilty of committing a crime under Article 28 paragraph (1) jo. Article 45A paragraph (1) ITE Law. Not only fulfilling the elements in Article 28 paragraph (1) of the ITE Law, but the defendant also fulfilled the elements in Article 35 of the ITE Law. However, the defendant was not found guilty of a criminal offense under Article 35 of the ITE Law, even though Article 35 of the ITE Law was one of the prosecutor's indictments. Based on this research, the defendant was not found guilty of a criminal offense under Article 35 of the ITE Law because  the form of the indictment in Verdict Number 1739/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Jkt.Brt is less precise. The form of indictment used by the public prosecutor is an Alternative Indictment where ideally the public prosecutor ought to use Cumulative Indictment on a concursus realis crime that the defendant committed.

سوزي محمد

يعتبر مفهوم تمکين العاملين هو أحد المفاهيم الإدارية الحديثة فى الفکر الإدارى الذي تستند إليه الکثير من المنظمات المعاصرة من أجل إطلاق القوة الکامنة لدي الأفراد، أن تمکين العاملين لا يمکن أن يتم دون إيمان من المديرين بأهميته وفوائده فغالباً ما يحتاج الأمر إلى تنمية الأفراد ورفع قدراتهم ومهاراتهم لحل المشکلات الإدارية وتطوير الأساليب والطرق التي يمکن الاستعانة بها ومن بينها، مهارة حل المشکلات Skills Problem Solving ومواجهة المواقف ومنحهم الفرص للمبادأة وتقبّل التحدي. وتهدف الباحثة من هذا البحث إلى معرفة أثر تطبيق سياسة تمکين العاملين بالمنظمة کأحد المفاهيم الحديثة للتطوير التنظيمى على أداء العاملين بالمنظمة وإبراز مدى أهمية تطبيق تلک السياسة فى قطاع الخدمات الصحية بالدولة وطبقاً لهذا المدخل نظر الباحثون إلى التمکين على أنه مجموعة من الممارسات الإدارية المتعلقة بتفويض ونقل السلطة من المستويات الإدارية الأعلى إلى المستويات الإدارية الأقل مع التدعيم المستمر بالمعلومات والموارد إلى هذه المستويات ، ولقد أُطلق على هذا الأسلوب بمدخل العلاقات لأنه ينظر إلى السلطة کعلاقة بين الأفراد فى المجتمع فيتقلّدها مجموعة من الأفراد ويمارسونها على أفراد آخرين، وأولئک الأفراد الذين يمتلّکون السلطة هم الذين يستطيعون إنجاز الأهداف المطلوبة .