According to contractualism, very roughly, an action x of type X is wrong, at least in one unified and distinct way, iff and because any principle permitting actions of type X could be reasonably rejected. According to what I will call the “Thesis,” contractualism gives an account of relational morality, specifying when A owes it to some B not to x. This paper articulates how exactly contractualism gives an account of relational morality. This articulation in turn has several notable implications. Among these implications are that contractualism generates moral requirements that are owed to no one and that, because of this, contractualism may have a harder time giving an account of relational morality than might otherwise have been thought. The overarching point is that, while it might seem a matter of definition that contractualism is an account of what we owe to each other, there is a real question whether it can be.
Valery P. Zhuravel, Sergey N. Grinyaev, Tatyana A. Parfenyuk
The article presents an analysis of the results of the international scientific conference «International problems of the New Geopolitics of the Arctic», held on November 25, 2025 at the Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences with the participation of specialists from eight countries. The paper examines the current geopolitical situation in the Arctic region against the background of geostrategic transformations caused by political tensions in Eastern Europe. The authors analyze the Russian position on the development of international cooperation in the North, characterizes the reports of foreign participants of the conference, reflecting the positions of their states on issues of Arctic security, economic development and scientific cooperation. The key contradictions between the militarization of the region and its preservation as an area of low tension have been identified in relation to the Arctic from the countries of the West and the East. New mechanisms of cooperation between Russia and the states of the Asia-Pacific region, the role of China and India as priority partners in the development of the Northern Sea Route and scientific research are considered. Special attention is paid to the issues of scientific diplomacy as a tool for maintaining dialogue in the context of political confrontation.
Perpetual peacebuilding needs inclusive, participatory, and transformative approaches. The practice of conflict approach determines the resolution and relapse of conflicts. This study focuses on the nature and experiences of conflict interventions in the Guji-Burji protracted inter-ethnic conflict. The study uses a qualitative research approach. The data were collected from primary and secondary sources through interviews, FGDs, and document analysis. As per the findings, the Guji-Burji inter-ethnic conflict is cyclical and has caused devastating human security impacts. The structural cause of the conflict lies in the failure of ethnic federalism over boundary conflict and ethnic politicization in post-1991. It is also fueled by the proliferation and illegal use of small arms, dacoity and rhetorical honor, diversion and the ethnicization of micro disputes, and an untransformative approach to conflict interventions. The conflict approaches have failed to address the parties’ positions, interests, and needs to achieve perpetual peace, which is most crucial. Besides, the intervention approaches are not inclusive, participatory, integrated, and transformative but rather partial, politicized, and ethnocentric. Therefore, it requires a transformative approach to intervention that addresses the genesis of the conflict through boundary resettlement, profound community dialogue, and unconditional forgiveness to build trust and realize sustainable peace.
El objetivo de este artículo es proponer un marco conceptual y teórico para entender las percepciones, las actitudes y los tipos de masculinidades como aspectos que pueden presentarse entre la población y la adopción de medidas en materia de población en Costa Rica durante la segunda mitad del siglo xx. La construcción de la propuesta se hizo a partir de la revisión de bibliografía secundaria. La principal reflexión es, a pesar de que en Costa Rica no hubo una política con objetivos específicos para controlar la natalidad, si se dio la creación de una serie de instituciones con objetivos en materia de población. En el actuar individual ante dichas instituciones y objetivos, mediado por el contexto y por el impulso del Estado (de todo el aparato desarrollado entre las instituciones nacionales e internacionales) se ponen en evidencia las percepciones, actitudes y roles de género, así como la influencia de actores como la iglesia católica.
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Political science (General)
The article compares the theoretical foundations of ethno-cultural policy in the Eurasian region.Aim. The goal set by the authors is to compare two approaches in the theory of social dynamics, on the basis of which the ethno-cultural policy of the modern states of the region — Russia (USSR) and China — is based.Tasks. Identification of fundamental differences in the geopolitical strategies developed by the theorists of Eurasianism and Chinese scientists.Methods. In the context of the implementation of this task — a comparison of the methodological foundations of real political projects in the Eurasian space, through logical analysis, differences are established in the theories of geopolitical dynamics proposed in the Eurasian concept and in Chinese science. The method of comparative analysis of ethno-cultural and ethno-economic policies in the Eurasian region of the two most influential powers allows us to conclude that alternative theoretical concepts and their paradigmatic limitations are adequate to real geopolitical processes.Results. The study showed that the concept of Eurasian geocivilization, which was formed as overcoming the limitations of the Slavophile version of Russian civilization in the context of the collapse of traditional approaches in social theory and in the context of historical collisions of the early twentieth century, had a positive potential, partially realized in the policy of the Soviet state. But the conceptual limitations imposed by the inadequate theoretical basis — the theory of civilizations existing at that time — did not allow the formation of a single Eurasian cultural space to be completed. The Eurasian unity represented by the Soviet Union was consolidated by institutional means, but it was not realized as a cultural synthesis. Chinese scientists have proposed an alternative project for the integration of the Eurasian space — the “One Belt — One Road”, which began to be implemented already in the XXI century. This project is based on Marxist theory and concepts of the second half of the twentieth century, complimentary to Marxism or being neo-Marxist.Conclusions. The incompleteness and instability of the Eurasian project in the Soviet version is a consequence of the limitations inherent in the geopolitical theory itself, which does not take into account the positive potential of Marxist theory and social concepts developed in the second half of the twentieth century. Chinese scientists use the scientific potential of Eurasianism in interpreting the Russian mentality and consider the politics of modern Russia through the prism of Eurasian connotations, but Eurasianism as a geopolitical theory, in their opinion, has not passed the test of history. Therefore, Chinese policy in the Eurasian space is based on other theoretical foundations — in addition to classical Marxism, neo-Marxist approaches. The Chinese authors conclude, in this regard, that Russia is still facing the problem of choosing a geopolitical strategy, which in turn is due to the paradigmatic uncertainty of Russian science.
A magánbiztonsági szektorban végzett legfrissebb, a foglalkoztatási adatokat is vizsgáló felmérés alapján a szektorban a 2019-es év végén 4300 társas, aktív vállalkozás működött hazánkban. A társas és az egyéni vállalkozásokban foglalkoztatottak száma túllépte a 60 ezer főt, több mint 88 ezer főnek van érvényes személy- és vagyonőri, illetve magánnyomozói igazolványa. A Személy-, Vagyonvédelmi és Magánnyomozói Szakmai Kamara 4499 tagot tart nyilván. A szektorban egyaránt megtalálhatók az alap-, közép- és felsőfokú végzettséggel rendelkező munkavállalók, akiket a hagyományos foglalkoztatás mellett gyakran valamelyik atipikus foglalkoztatási forma szerint alkalmaznak. Tanulmányomban több adatforrást elemzek online dokumentumelemzés, online résztvevő megfigyelés, szövegbányászat és szakértői megkérdezés módszerével annak érdekében, hogy egzakt képet tudjak adni a fontosabb pozíciók és foglalkoztatási formák vonatkozásában, illetve, hogy a hazai magánbiztonsági szektor innovációs potenciáljának fejlesztése és jövője szempontjából megalapozott összegző megállapításokat fogalmazhassak meg.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
Every year, tens of thousands of women from developing countries cross borders to marry men from developed countries. Men in Western Europe and the United States are looking for future partners from Russia and Eastern Europe, while men in East Asia and Australia find wives in the countries of Southeast Asia. Transnational marriage puts these women in a vulnerable position because women lack the resources, language skills, social support and legal protection in receiving countries. For more than twenty years of socio-economic, scientific, educational, cultural cooperation with the countries of the former Soviet Union, South Korea has become a recognizable and attractive brand for everyone. One of the results is an increase in transnational marriages, most often ethnic women of the CIS. The author considers the features of the international marriage of ethnic Koreans married in South Korea. A “Eurocentric” perspective on the choice of a South Korean citizen as a marriage partner for CIS girls can greatly assist Korean government and non-governmental organizations in adjusting policies to attract migrant women, as well as in implementing policies for the integration and adaptation of Russianspeaking ethnic Korean women in Korea. Key words: Interethnic marriage, CIS, historical homeland, marital migration, Koreans of the CIS.
Vladimir Putin’s regime has always drawn the attention of his international counterparts due to several reasons, among which his ability to maintain the administrative power was one of the most appealing characteristics. International mass-media has described the Kremlin leader as being an emblematic, yet intriguing character, while the global public has perceived him in various different, both negative and positive ways. The fact that Putin has a captivating personality and unshakable rhetoric is no longer a surprise to anyone. How is he managing to maintain power is a constant question that resides in the collective minds of the public worldwide. This is an attempt to link the Putin doctrine’s efficiency to the national specificity of the Russian people.
The main subject of interest of this paper is the current situation and the trend of international terrorism in the European Union, explained through security analysis of the committed terrorist attacks and their influence on the European security and stability. Also, it will be shown the measures and the activities of the anti and contrary terroristic fight against the risks and the threats from the terrorism as a result of the recent terroristic attacks. Even though on international level there isn't a common definition of the terrorism as a criminal act, the European Union and the Council of Europe through their most important documents set the concept for terrorism which has helped in the process of creating national security systems for fight against the terrorism. This paper will go through the circumstances of terrorist attacks (failed, foiled and completed) in the European Union Member States, as well as the conditions of the criminal acts through analysis of the statistical data about the court proceedings and the verdicts.
Review for a monograph Farkhutdinov I. Z. “American Doctrine of Preventive Military Strike from Monroe to Trump: International Legal Aspects”. M. : EURASNIIPP, 2017. 338 p.The monograph of the prominent Russian expert in the field of international law, Insur Zabirovich Farkhutdinov “The American Doctrine of Military Strike from Monroe to Trump: International Legal Aspects” sparked a lively scientific discussion around the problem of the use of force in the modern international system. On the one hand, to preserve the global legal order, it is absolutely necessary to intervene internationally in the political situation where human rights are violated, on the other hand, the unjustified use of force creates the threat of escalating political instability and undermines international security. It seems reasonable to conclude that the Monroe Doctrine was created as a political instrument to protect the US from interference by foreign governments in the internal affairs of America, but became a means of spreading national sovereignty to spaces with an international regime and the territory of other countries.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
Abstract Collaborative stakeholder influence and open budget actions are important elements in governance in order to promote social development (Ansell and Gash, 2008). However, it is important to clarify how to measure these supposedly independent elements. The aim of the article is to identify ways to measure the influence of collaborative stakeholders and open budget actions. The methodological aspects focus on data collection through interviews and content analysis. The conclusion is that the number of civil society organizations and the presence of social councils and their operational components are relevant measures of collaborative stakeholder influence and open budget actions, respectively. In addition, this article highlights the relevance of integrating collaborative stakeholder influences with open budget actions. Finally, a research agenda is proposed.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
This article analyzes the value chain of high-tech products in Asia and the role of this phenomenon in the further consolidation of trade blocs and alliances in the region. The presence of these chains and their gradual transition from a vertically integrated model to a system of horizontal linkages and interdependence leads to the formation of mechanisms of economic de-facto integration (so-called regionalization process). The East Asian region has demonstrated unprecedented high rates of economic growth in recent decades. The countries are actively developing mechanisms of multilateral cooperation, involving partners from across the Asia-Pacific region. Particular features of a new regional architecture of economic relations are becoming more tangible, and the essential element of this architecture is the intra-regional integration. The author presents an assessment of further developments of the Regional comprehensive economic partnership (RCEP) using the structural-functional approach and analytical instruments of the international political economy, The creation of this trade block will help less advanced countries of ASEAN to accelerate economic growth and improve the conditions for integration into global value chains. For advanced economies, participation in the RCEP seems controversial, because production chains have well-established formats within the framework of ASEAN +. The political standoff between Washington and Beijing has an impact on dynamics of regional integration. The split among the East Asian countries was galvanized by the Trans-Pacific Partnership Project (TTP), because TPP has objectives that are very similar to those of RCEP (trade liberalization and economic integration). The author concludes that the extension of this partnership in the ASEAN countries can seriously complicate the operation RVEP and enhance the impact of political factors on economic cooperation. In this case, the value of production and supply chains of high-tech products will decline, which may affect the economic cooperation in the region as a whole.
O regime internacional para os refugiados, consolidado pela Convenção de 1951, tem sido também construído a partir de realidades regionais que envolvem imigração forçada. O Processo de Cartagena representa a resposta das Américas para a mobilidade humana na condição forçada. Apesar disso, em um cenário internacional, a proteção de refugiados depende rigorosamente da vontade política dos Estados, de modo que se faz necessário avaliar as respostas brasileiras ao intensificado fluxo de pessoas que passaram a ingressar no Brasil como solicitantes de refúgio e diante de um cenário de pouco comprometimento global com a proteção internacional da pessoa do imigrante forçado. É nesse contexto que o presente artigo apresenta uma análise da agenda brasileira para a imigração forçada a partir do Processo de Cartagena e do contexto global de respostas de Estado relativas à essa imigração.
International relations, Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
This article assesses the state of research on political clientelism by examining two collections of recent articles on that subject. It finds that the collections include many descriptions of change in the nature of patron-client relationships as well as some models of political systems containing clientelist components and some two-case comparisons. But the collections contain no reports on attempts to test hypotheses concerning clientelism in a systematic fashion. This is explained in large part by the nature of patron-client relationships and other dyadic structures: They are amorphous, latent, elusive, and ubiquitous, and have certain problems of conception and explanation. The systematic testing of hypotheses will require ways to measure dyadic structures. Such measurement should first be carried out at the middle or institutional level of political systems. It is suggested that dyads may be identified and measured most easily if they are conceived as addenda attached to institutionalized relationships or structures.