Hasil untuk "Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)"

Tatak Setiadi

This study examines whether media salience influenced the activation of COVID-19 social restriction policies (PSBB) in Indonesia’s decentralized governance system. Media effects theories, particularly the CNN effect, suggest that intensive news coverage can exert direct pressure on policymakers, yet evidence from domestic and decentralized contexts remains limited. Using a daily dataset, this study analyzes the temporal relationship between PSBB activation, national news coverage from CNN Indonesia, and COVID-19–related Twitter (X) activity. The study employs lagged logistic regression, Granger causality tests, distributed lag models, and social network analysis to assess both temporal influence and discursive prominence. The analysis suggests that, at the level of national PSBB activation, decisions were more closely aligned with institutional dynamics and decentralized authority structures than with immediate spikes in national media coverage. However, because the models do not explicitly compare provinces or districts, the findings should not be read as a comprehensive test of decentralization across Indonesia’s regions. Instead, decentralization is used here to explain why central authorities may struggle to convert high media visibility into rapid, coordinated restrictions in a fragmented governance environment.

Ayat Mulaee, Maedeh Soleymani Dinani

Introduction The constitution, by establishing the fundamental structural and procedural principles of government, defines the supreme law of a given polity (Boudreaux & Pritchard, 1993:11). Every theory of constitutionalism presupposes that a constitution must be capable of functioning over a relatively long period of time. The notion of constitutional endurance is closely intertwined with key normative issues such as constitutional amendment. The very idea of constitutional amendment arises from the premise that no generation possesses the exclusive wisdom to bind future generations irreversibly or to design a constitution immune from failure. Consequently, there exists an inherent right to amend the constitution to remedy its deficiencies and to strengthen its principles when necessary (Hatchard, 2004:44–45).  Amendment provisions, as one of the essential pillars of constitutionalism, enable the constitutional text to evolve gradually, addressing the shortcomings of its initial design and responding to emerging challenges within the constitutional order (Albert, 2015: 656). The primary means of revising a constitution is the formal procedure explicitly set forth within the document itself. The more fundamental the proposed changes, the more essential recourse to formal procedures becomes (Assefa, 2012:103).  However, formal amendment rules often render constitutional change exceedingly difficult, and experience demonstrates that the politics of constitutional revision are highly contentious. Accordingly, most scholars acknowledge that constitutional change is not achieved exclusively through formal amendment procedures; in some instances, it occurs informally (Anderson, 2008: 59). Where the formal path to amendment proves arduous or obstructed, alternative routes become available to political actors to achieve its practical equivalent (Albert, 2014: 1062).  It may thus be argued that informal amendment practices play a significant role in reconstructing the constitution and reshaping its meaning in response to subsequent developments. The most accurate account of a constitution’s evolution must therefore consider not only formal amendments but also informal transformations. Only through this dual lens can one attain a deeper understanding of a state’s constitutionalism (Besso, 2005:84).  Recognizing the importance of informal constitutional change within the field of constitutional law, this paper explores the concept of constitutional amendment to clarify the nature, foundations, and legitimacy of informal constitutional transformation. Particular attention is devoted to the process of constitutional interpretation as a mechanism capable of functioning as a form of informal amendment. The central question addressed in this study is: despite the explicit provisions governing formal amendment in written constitutions, what are the functions and implications of informal amendment and constitutional interpretation? To answer this question, the paper adopts a descriptive–analytical approach—first examining the concept and dimensions of constitutional amendment, and then analyzing the interpretive role of the official constitutional interpreter and the processes through which informal constitutional change occurs.  Literature Review Although several distinguished Iranian scholars—such as Habibzadeh and Mansourian, in their article “An Analysis of Constitutional Change Beyond the Formal Amendment Procedures Prescribed Therein,” and Morad Khani, in “Informal Constitutional Change: Foundations, Instances, and Approaches”—have addressed the possibility of constitutional change through means other than the formal amendment process enshrined in the constitutional text, the crucial role of constitutional interpretation in facilitating such informal change has not yet been seriously examined within domestic scholarship. Research Objective The present research seeks to understand the importance of discussions on informal constitutional change in constitutional law. It aims to examine real, yet unwritten, changes to the constitution—particularly those arising from the interpretation process, which bypasses the formal amendment procedure and cannot be justified through it—and to clarify the basis for the legitimacy of such changes. Methodology This research, by studying various domestic and international books and articles, has collected materials through library research and note-taking. It examines the subject using a descriptive-analytical method. Findings and Conclusion Although the formal amendment mechanism is a vital necessity for constitutional reform, the role of informal procedures in changing the constitution's content is so significant that they may even render formal amendment procedures irrelevant in determining the constitution's actual content. Dynamic interpretation, as a common method of adapting the constitution to contemporary developments, without formal stages or changes to the text, reveals hidden sub-textual and pre-textual layers not visible in the written document itself. This leads to informal change and amendment of the constitution. Consequently, the interpreting authority plays a crucial role in constitutionalizing procedures and institutions outside the constitution that have been created by the political branches. Interpretation is one of the informal methods of constitutional amendment, through which the interpreter links the written constitutional text to its unwritten layers. In this process, it is inevitably influenced by political practices and attempts to harmonize the text with the political realities of society. Political practices, by being reflected in the opinions and interpretations of the interpreting authority, take on a legal color and appear more justified. In the Iranian constitutional system, the Guardian Council, with the aim of ascertaining the legislator's intent and discovering the essence of the constitution, introduces unwritten aspects of the constitutional principles that are not encompassed by the explicit text. Thus, through its official interpretations and without changing the written document, this authority, by unveiling the unwritten layers of the constitution, has paved the way for its change outside the formal process stipulated in Article 177 of the constitution—that is, informally. Since, in our constitutional system, interpretation is tantamount to the constitution and holds an effect and status similar to that of the written constitutional text, the interpreting authority, by granting constitutional status to an unwritten principle or practice without engaging in the difficulties of the formal amendment process, brings about informal constitutional change through the gateway of interpretation. Given the constitutional binding nature of interpretation in the Iranian constitution, these changes become part of the constitutional system and are treated as valid and binding. Although changes that are the unconscious product of the constitution's dynamic system and subsequently gain the approval of political actors and the people can be considered valid, changes that are carried out by circumventing the difficult legal procedures call into question the wisdom of the original constitution-maker in dedicating a specific article to revision—aimed at preventing its arbitrary application and preserving the constitution's stability. Therefore, it is essential to distinguish organic interpretations, which arise from the complex interaction of forces among the different political branches of the government, from unreasonable interpretations that, by granting extra-legal and unlimited authority to certain institutions, disrupt the system of checks and balances and seriously conflict with the purpose of the text. Any change to the constitution must be labeled as legitimate and legal only after cautious and meticulous scrutiny, so that while allowing for the logical evolution of the constitution and its adaptation to conditions and the times, the endurance and integrity of the law are not undermined, and the path for any misuse is blocked. Thus, although the amendment process serves an important practical purpose—namely, changing the constitutional text whose errors have been revealed over time and through experience—the prevalence of informal amendments may, in the future, nullify their usefulness. Furthermore, it is essential that the aspects of change in the constitutional system are considered sufficiently important and fundamental to determine the true scope of the constitution. Therefore, such a phenomenon must be approached with caution.

Atreyee Sen, Rubina Jasani

Academic discussions of women and the eruption of urban riots in India focus on a range of women’s testimonies. From this perspective, Hindu women who belong to prominent and powerful right-wing organisations demonstrate religious and physical prowess, while minority and unprotected Muslim women are victims during outbreaks of communal violence. This article aims, if not to undermine, but to unsettle these gendered binaries in women’s experiences as victims or perpetrators of urban violence. We suggest that poor women on both sides of exclusionary propaganda and nationalistic discourses experience the actual violent eruption of hostilities as personal suffering and collective loss. Our analysis highlights how these experiences are intimately related to women’s domestic and family relations, bereavement, mobility, their peripheral socio-economic position, anxieties about the integrity of female bodies, etc., over and above women’s disillusionment with the state, secular and faith-based organisations.

Aminatul Maula, Eko Prasojo

This study assessed interactive governance of regulatory reform in the implementation of integrated permit processing in the Investment Agency and One Stop Services (DPMPTSP). Interaction/coordination among regulatory reform actors in the integrated units was plagued by problems. Improvement in interactive governance was adopted to solve the problems in the regulatory reforms of processing building construction permits. The research was based on qualitative research design. Used Data collection techniques included in-depth interviews and desk research. Results showed that regulatory reforms in the processing of building construction permits in DPMPTSP, DKI Jakarta is influenced by rigidity of regulations, weak institutional functions, and inconsistency in central government policies. Weak institutionalization of interactive governance is the major obstacle that has hampered the implementation of regulatory reform in the building construction permits processing. Recommended course of action include strengthening institutional capacity, improving policy consistency between the central government and DKI Jakarta administration, and creating avenues that strengthen coordination and interaction among relevant actors

Caroline Hughes

Muhammad Nafi'

Judul buku ini menghentak, Indonesia Bergeraki bergerak, mungkin saja kita akan tersentak oleh sekian banyak masalah yang mendera negara kita. Membaca buku ini seperti membuka brankas yang berisi masalah-masalah yang sedang mendera Indonesia dewasa ini. Para penulis berusaha memberikan tafsiran dan penjelasan mengenai berbagai gejala, sekaligus memberikan sebentuk saran untuk megatasinya. Dari masalah ekonomi, politik, agraria, sampai perburuhan. llham, misalnya, menulis tentang masalah klasik negeri ini, yakni soal teror dan kerukunan dalam masyarakat (Bab 5). Ia mulai dengan konsep Samuel Huntington tentang benturan peradaban. Seturut dengan konsep ini, Ilham menyatakan bahwa persoalan kultural, seperti etnis dan agarna, lah yang akan menjadi biang pertikaian antar warga di Indonesia, selain soal ideologi dan ekonomi. Fenomena konflik bersenjata di Aceh dan Papua adaIah contohnya. Menurutnya, kebijakan desentralisasi kebijakan pasta Orde Baru menjadi faktor penting. Daerah-daerah yang dulunya sepenuhnya terkontrol oleh pusat, sekarang mendapatkan angin segar untuk menentukan nasibnya sendiri. Konflik kepentingan dan etnis dalam tiap daerah menjadi tak terelakkan dan wajib diantisipasi oleh pemerintah pusat.

Redaksi Redaksi

Remunerasi di Kemenkeu Harus Ditinjau Ulang, headline news ini merupakan berita yang ramai dibicarakan belakangan ini, ternyata penyebab korupsi yang selalu didengung-dengungkan akibat kecilnya gaji Pegawai Negeri Sipil tidak lagi dapat dijadikan alasan untuk kasus korupsi Gayus, dikarenakan Gayus merupakan salahsatu Pegawai di Direktorat Jenderal Pajak yang notabene sudah menerapkan sistem Remunerasi untuk sistem penggajiannya. Tapi kenyataannya proses Remunerasi yang baru berjalan seumur jagung sudah “dinodai” oleh oknum-oknum yang tidak bertanggungjawab. Sehingga masyarakat serta kalangan profesional dan praktisi meragukan sistem Remunerasi yang ada sekarang ini

Shoja Ahmadvand , Ahmad Reza Bordbar

A controversial concept, state is a single denominator with diverse and multifaceted models, as well as a contentious phenomenon with numerous problems in meaning, concept and application. While some see the state as a phenomenon that dates back to the sixteenth century, others cite the state as a special form of government; therefore, in this sense, every social order requires the state. In ancient Iran, the concept of government and governance will only mean with the concept of a prince, as the institution of the prince in the Iranian thought is the ideal king. The present study seeks to examine the nature of government in ancient Iran as the first center of dynamism and emergence of government in the human world. In this study, the main question is on what basis was the nature of government in ancient Iran during the Achaemenid era? After answering the question, it is hypothesized that the nature of government in ancient Iran was based on Iranian ideology of an ideal king based on religious and moral purity, since Iranian morality and spirit were based on Zoroaster teachings and the Achaemenid kings represented their attributes of heavenly monarchy. This hypothesis has been processed by a historical sociology approach and an analysis of the nature of state during the Achaemenid period in a descriptive-analytic method.

Delyash N. Muzraeva

The publication examines texts devoted to the cult of the goddess Tara, the latter being revered by all Mongolic peoples which is evidenced by field materials collected between 2013 and 2016 in Uvs and Khovd Provinces of Mongolia. One such religious text from the personal collection of Midjid Lama (Midjidorzh), the abbot of Namirin Khiid (Ömnӧgovi Sum, Uvs Province, Mongolia), serves as a vivid confirmation. The work publishes an Oirat-language manuscript entitled ‘The Hymn to the Green Tara’ (Oir. Noγōn Dāre ekeyin maqtāl orošiboi) with transliteration, commented translation, and facsimile of the original source. This is one of the prayer texts once used in ceremonial honoring of the goddess Tara. The article also discusses similar texts in Mongolian and Tibetan languages.

Hussein Masoudnia , Peyman Sheykh Mahmoudi

Rentier governments have suffered in their economic and political aspects because of their high dependence on rentier revenues. In political terms, these governments have an authoritarian and non-democratic nature due to the separation of their sources of income from society. In the economic aspect, their obvious feature is a single product, an inflationary economy with unemployment and a deficit. The study seeks to address the economic and political pathology of Kuwait by studying the case of Kuwait as a rentier state. At the Kuwaiti economy, efforts have been made to diversify its single-product economy away from economic diversification, but still a significant part of its economy is derived from oil revenues. In the political aspect, the main feature of this government is the lack of tax and non-representation, The Kuwaiti government has suffered from fiscal deficits, inflation, and unemployment, due to its dependence on oil revenues, which tended to gradually shift towards an economically importing, vulnerable consumerism which pushes it towards an authoritarian and non-democratic state, as its governors with financial support seek to buy political and postpone democracy. With the continuation of such crises, it appears that the Kuwaiti government will face the obvious political and economic challenges in the future.

D. Ubushieva

The article considers some little-known manuscript songs of the Bagatsokhurovsky Jangar epic cycle contained in the Archive of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts (Russian Academy of Sciences), Scientific Archive of the Russian Geographical Society, and Manuscript Collection of the Faculty of Asian and African Studies (St. Petersburg State University). The textological analysis of the little-known manuscripts never to have been introduced into wide scientific discourse shows those are ‘clean manuscript copies’, i. e., copies of somewhat ‘field manuscripts’ authored by different researchers.

E. Bakaeva

The article discusses the development of ethnic trends in Kalmykia’s entrepreneurial public catering system. It suggests that the current demand for ethnic elements is determined by the topical issues of national revival, tourism development, and competitive activities in general. The factors actually lead to certain borrowings from national cuisines of related peoples and somewhat mythologization of ethnic culture aimed to satisfy wants of the consumer through attempts to delineate links between subethnic peculiarities — including economic and cultural ones — and products inherent to the modem globalized food culture. Such modernization manifests itself in the idea to attach new meanings that could thus create new ‘memorable functions of the dish’.

LITAO ZHAO

China's quest to have world-class universities has entered a new phase since 2015, with the 'Double World-Class Project' replacing the '985 Project' and the '211 Project' launched in the 1990s. The transition from World-Class 1.0 to World-Class 2.0 provides a good window onto changes in China's policymaking. The prevailing literature has identifi ed broad trends such as institutionalization, decentralization and expanded participation. While this paper fi nds evidence in support of the prevailing literature, it also challenges the thesis of institutionalization, decentralization and expanded participation. The celebrated evolution from 'hierarchical governance' to 'network governance' or from 'consultation' to 'deliberation' in China's policymaking, however desirable, is premature—especially for multibillion, high-stakes policy initiatives such as the 'Double World-Class Project'.

Rem Samnang, Hay Chanthol

As the second most populous province in Cambodia, Battambang also exhibits an increasing number of urban poor areas. This research focuses on the economic situation of slum areas in Battambang and how people in slum areas are affected by climate change. This research report describes socioeconomics of people living in slum areas in 4 villages in Battambang City. An investigation will be made on motivation of moving to slum areas, access to water, access to sanitation, access to electricity, transport and delivery, access to health care, access to education, security of tenure, cost of living in slum, literacy, and access to finance. We also explore the policy of the public sector toward climate change in Cambodia.

Arief Akhyat

Proses kolonialisasi pada akhir abad XIX dan awal abad XX bukan hanya rnenimbulkan persoalan internal di kalangan pemerintahan Hindia-Belanda, tetapi jugs berdampakpada proses aplikasi kebijakan dengan dalih Etis". Periode 1870-1930-an adalah merupakan periode dalam sejarah politik pembangunan Indonesia yang sangat penting untuk melihat betapa krusialga proses kolonialisme di Indonesia. Pertama, bahwa mekanisme kebijakan lebih diarahkan sebagai bentuk recovering pembangunan akibat Kebijakan Tanam Paksa 1830-1870. Kedua, bahwa dalam praktiknya, kebijakan yang digulirkan justru sangat pradoks pada tingkat publik. Munculnya berbagai ketegangan sosial, ekonomi bahkan politik (Colonial Strained) bersamaan proses pembangunan pada awal abad )0( memberikan nuansa lain. Artinya antara kebjakanpublik (public policies) dengan ranah publik (public spaces) belum menjadi konstruksi kebijakan kolonial secara menyeluruh dan sangat bias kolonial.

B. Guelpa

B. Koo

B. Dube, Proceed Manatsa

Piyush Roy

One may wonder why a film on the politics of development in an Indian city is called Shanghai. The trigger for the film apparently was one of ex- Maharashtra Chief Minister and Indian National Congress Party leader Vilasrao Deshmukh’s 2004 pre-election clarion pledges to make ‘Mumbai the next Shanghai’ – a futuristic city imagery defined by higher high rises, swankier malls, cleaner (poor free!) environs and clogs free infrastructure... In brief, a builder’s playing ground or a capitalist’s paradise! It was an effectively rhyming, pro-development regional slogan attempting a one-up on Bhartiya Janata Party’s national level ‘Indian Shining’ campaign of the 2000s. ‘Shanghai’ since, courtesy the voluble sloganeering in favour of, and against the idea in Mumbai’s media space, has been consciously transformed from a proper noun to an adjective of aspiration in the psyche of Mumbaikars (the residents of Mumbai), which Dibakar Bannerjee’s latest film dissects, spoofs and critiques...(cont'd)

Anne Booth

The paper examines the development of China's economic ties with Southeast Asia over the last two decades, culminating in the inauguration of the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) in 2010. Particular reference is made to China's trade ties with Indonesia. Although two-way trade between China and Indonesia has grown rapidly since 2000, Indonesian exports to China are dominated by primary products, while imports from China are dominated by manufactures. While this pattern might reflect short-term comparative advantage in both economies, it is causing some concern in Indonesia. The paper assesses these concerns, and possible political reactions.