Hasil untuk "Philosophy. Psychology. Religion"

Wei Xia, Yu Qing, Yuchen Fan

Abstract: Objective: The innovative behavior of university teachers is crucial for enhancing the overall education and teaching level of universities. This study aims to explore the influencing factors and potential mechanisms of university teachers’ innovative behavior. Methods: The Psychological Empowerment Scale, Innovative Behavior Scale, Organizational Identity Scale, and Knowledge Sharing Scale were administered to 661 Chinese college teachers. SPSS 25.0 was used for analysis, and the Bootstrap method was used to test the significance level of the mediating effect. Results: It is stated that the relationship between psychological empowerment and innovative behavior is influenced by the mediating effects of organizational identity and knowledge sharing, as well as the bidirectional chain mediation effect between organizational identity and knowledge sharing. Conclusion: This finding provides a reference for policymakers and educators in formulating intervention measures targeting the innovative behavior of university teachers.

Minou Goetze, Sebastian Clajus, Stephan Stricker

The present study investigates the psychological and behavioral implications of integrating AI into debt collection practices using data from eleven European countries. Drawing on a large-scale experimental design (n = 3514) comparing human versus AI-mediated communication, we examine effects on consumers' social preferences (fairness, trust, reciprocity, efficiency) and social emotions (stigma, empathy). Participants perceive human interactions as more fair and more likely to elicit reciprocity, while AI-mediated communication is viewed as more efficient; no differences emerge in trust. Human contact elicits greater empathy, but also stronger feelings of stigma. Exploratory analyses reveal notable variation between gender, age groups, and cultural contexts. In general, the findings suggest that AI-mediated communication can improve efficiency and reduce stigma without diminishing trust, but should be used carefully in situations that require high empathy or increased sensitivity to fairness. The study advances our understanding of how AI influences the psychological dynamics in sensitive financial interactions and informs the design of communication strategies that balance technological effectiveness with interpersonal awareness.

Jian Xiong, Jingbo Zhou, Zihan Zhou et al.

Latent learning, classically theorized by Tolman, shows that biological agents (e.g., rats) can acquire internal representations of their environment without rewards, enabling rapid adaptation once rewards are introduced. In contrast, from a cognitive science perspective, reward learning remains overly dependent on external feedback, limiting flexibility and generalization. Although recent advances in the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), such as OpenAI-o1 and DeepSeek-R1, mark a significant breakthrough, these models still rely primarily on reward-centric reinforcement learning paradigms. Whether and how the well-established phenomenon of latent learning in psychology can inform or emerge within LLMs' training remains largely unexplored. In this work, we present novel findings from our experiments that LLMs also exhibit the latent learning dynamics. During an initial phase of unrewarded exploration, LLMs display modest performance improvements, as this phase allows LLMs to organize task-relevant knowledge without being constrained by reward-driven biases, and performance is further enhanced once rewards are introduced. LLMs post-trained under this two-stage exploration regime ultimately achieve higher competence than those post-trained with reward-based reinforcement learning throughout. Beyond these empirical observations, we also provide theoretical analyses for our experiments explaining why unrewarded exploration yields performance gains, offering a mechanistic account of these dynamics. Specifically, we conducted extensive experiments across multiple model families and diverse task domains to establish the existence of the latent learning dynamics in LLMs.

Clara Strasser Ceballos, Anna-Carolina Haensch

In 2021, psychological violence was the most prevalent form of intimate partner violence (IPV) suffered by women in Mexico. The consequences of psychological IPV can include low self-esteem, depression, and even potential suicide. It is, therefore, crucial to identify the most relevant risk and protective factors of psychological IPV against women in Mexico. To this end, we adopt an ecological approach and analyze the role of a wide range of factors across four interrelated levels: Individual, relationship, community, and societal. We construct a multidimensional data set with 61,205 observations and 59 variables by integrating nationally representative data from the 2021 Mexican Survey on the Dynamics of Household Relationships with nine additional sources. For model estimation and factor selection, we combine model-based boosting with stability selection. Our findings reveal that women who were exposed to violence in childhood and whose partners were exposed to violence in childhood face a heightened risk of psychological IPV. These findings highlight the critical yet often overlooked role of childhood violence exposure for psychological IPV risk. Additionally, we confirm the role of three protective factors previously identified by Torres Munguía and Martínez-Zarzoso (2022) using 2016 data, now validated with 2021 data: women who had their first sex later in life and under consent, who have autonomy in decision-making regarding their professional life and use of economic resources, and who live in a household where housework is done only by male members face a lower risk of suffering psychological IPV.

Mareike Daeglau, Stephan Getzmann, Moritz Bender et al.

Interactive communication (IC), i.e., the reciprocal exchange of information between two or more interactive partners, is a fundamental part of human nature. As such, it has been studied across multiple scientific disciplines with different goals and methods. This article provides a cross-disciplinary primer on contemporary IC that integrates psychological mechanisms with acoustic and media-technological constraints across theory, measurement, and applications. First, we outline theoretical frameworks that account for verbal, nonverbal and multimodal aspects of IC, including distinctions between face-to-face and computer-mediated communication. Second, we summarize key methodological approaches, including behavioral, cognitive, and experiential measures of communicative synchrony and acoustic signal quality. Third, we discuss selected applications, i.e. assistive listening technologies, conversational agents, alongside ethical considerations. Taken together, this review highlights how human capacities and technical systems jointly shape IC, consolidating concepts, findings, and challenges that have often been discussed in separate lines of research.

Hao Lu, Yanchi Gu, Haoyuan Huang et al.

The integration of Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) with Large Language Models (LLMs) has demonstrated significant success in structured, problem-oriented tasks. However, applying these methods to open-ended dialogues, such as those in psychological counseling, presents unique challenges. Unlike tasks with objective correctness, success in therapeutic conversations depends on subjective factors like empathetic engagement, ethical adherence, and alignment with human preferences, for which strict "correctness" criteria are ill-defined. Existing result-oriented MCTS approaches can therefore produce misaligned responses. To address this, we introduce MCTSr-Zero, an MCTS framework designed for open-ended, human-centric dialogues. Its core innovation is "domain alignment", which shifts the MCTS search objective from predefined end-states towards conversational trajectories that conform to target domain principles (e.g., empathy in counseling). Furthermore, MCTSr-Zero incorporates "Regeneration" and "Meta-Prompt Adaptation" mechanisms to substantially broaden exploration by allowing the MCTS to consider fundamentally different initial dialogue strategies. We evaluate MCTSr-Zero in psychological counseling by generating multi-turn dialogue data, which is used to fine-tune an LLM, PsyLLM. We also introduce PsyEval, a benchmark for assessing multi-turn psychological counseling dialogues. Experiments demonstrate that PsyLLM achieves state-of-the-art performance on PsyEval and other relevant metrics, validating MCTSr-Zero's effectiveness in generating high-quality, principle-aligned conversational data for human-centric domains and addressing the LLM challenge of consistently adhering to complex psychological standards.

Siyi Cao, Linping Zhong, Chao Wang

Previous studies have shown that enhanced student assessment literacy can lead to improvements in academic performance in EFL (English as a Foreign Language) writing. Additionally, psychological factors such as self-efficacy, achievement motivation, and writing anxiety significantly influence EFL writing outcomes. However, the relationship between student writing assessment literacy (SWAL) and these psychological factors remains unclear. The present study aims to explore how SWAL affects psychological factors in the Chinese EFL context. Data were collected from 103 Chinese undergraduate EFL students using four questionnaires: the Student Writing Assessment Literacy Scale (SWAL), the Self-Efficacy for Writing Scale (SEWS), the Achievement Goal Questionnaire (AGQ), and the Second Language Writing Anxiety Inventory (SLWAI). Ordinal logistic regression was employed to analyze the data. The results indicated that higher levels of SWAL were positively associated with writing self-efficacy and achievement motivation, while negatively related to writing anxiety. These findings have significant pedagogical implications for second language (L2) writing instructions, emphasizing the importance of integrating SWAL training into writing instruction to enhance students' writing experiences and outcomes.

Zhiyang Qi, Takumasa Kaneko, Keiko Takamizo et al.

Generating psychological counseling responses with language models relies heavily on high-quality datasets. Crowdsourced data collection methods require strict worker training, and data from real-world counseling environments may raise privacy and ethical concerns. While recent studies have explored using large language models (LLMs) to augment psychological counseling dialogue datasets, the resulting data often suffers from limited diversity and authenticity. To address these limitations, this study adopts a role-playing approach where trained counselors simulate counselor-client interactions, ensuring high-quality dialogues while mitigating privacy risks. Using this method, we construct KokoroChat, a Japanese psychological counseling dialogue dataset comprising 6,589 long-form dialogues, each accompanied by comprehensive client feedback. Experimental results demonstrate that fine-tuning open-source LLMs with KokoroChat improves both the quality of generated counseling responses and the automatic evaluation of counseling dialogues. The KokoroChat dataset is available at https://github.com/UEC-InabaLab/KokoroChat.

Ana Nieto-Carracedo, Consuelo Gómez-Iñiguez, Leticia A. Tamayo et al.

Emotional intelligence has been associated with academic achievement, which entails that improving emotional intelligence could lead to better academic achievement. However, the mechanisms of this relationship are not well known. This paper focuses on assessing relevant factors associated with academic achievement (emotional well-being, motivation, and learning strategies) as potential mediators of this link. A cross-sectional study with a sample of 96 high school students was conducted. They were assessed using the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test, the Psychological Well-being Questionnaire, the Learning Strategies and Motivation Questionnaire, and their final grades. Results of a serial mediation analysis revealed that emotional intelligence is not directly associated with academic achievement but through mediating factors. Serial indirect effects show that emotionally intelligent students have higher levels of emotional well-being, which predicts better learning strategies and is, in turn, associated with academic achievement. Emotional intelligence also predicts greater motivation and better learning strategies (without the mediation of emotional well-being), which is ultimately also associated with academic achievement. Theoretical and instructional implications are discussed.

Elham Khalili-Basseri, Homeira Soleimannejad, Maryam Safara et al.

سابقه و هدف: ویژگی‌های عاطفی، شناختی و رفتاری نقش اساسی در کیفیت زندگی پرستاران دارد؛ بنابراین مطالعۀ حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش سلامت معنوی و سبک‌های مقابله‌ای در پیش‌بینی کیفیت زندگی پرستاران انجام شده است. روش کار: روش پژوهش حاضر توصیفی - همبستگی است. جامعۀ پژوهش تمامی پرستاران زن متأهل شاغل در مراکز درمانی دولتی و خصوصی شهر تهران در شش‌ماهۀ دوم سال 1401 بودند که 409 نفر به‌روش نمونه‌گیری دردسترس و از طریق شبکه‌های اجتماعی وارد مطالعه شدند. ابراز گردآوری اطلاعات پرسش‌نامه‌های سلامت معنوی پالوتزین و الیسون، سبک‌های مقابلۀ کالزبیک و همکاران و کیفیت زندگی سازمان بهداشت جهانی بود. تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون همبستگی پیرسون و رگرسیون چندگانه به‌شیوۀ هم‌زمان و با نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخۀ 24 انجام شد. در این پژوهش همۀ موارد اخلاقی رعایت شده است و مؤلفان مقاله تضاد منافعی گزارش نکرده‌اند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد همبستگی بین سلامت معنوی و راهبرد مسئله‌مدار با کیفیت زندگی پرستاران مثبت؛ اما همبستگی بین راهبرد اجتنابی و راهبرد هیجان‌مدار با کیفیت زندگی پرستاران منفی بود (۰۱/0>P). همچنین مؤلفه‌های سلامت معنوی ۹/۱۳% و سبک‌های مقابله‌ای 1/25% از واريانس کیفیت زندگی را تبيين ­کردند. نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های پژوهش اهمیت سبک‌های مقابله‌ای را که یکی از سازه‌های مهم فردی است و سلامت معنوی که یکی از سازه‌های مهم معنوی در بهبود کیفیت زندگی پرستاران است، نشان می‌‌دهد.

S. Di Luozzo, A. Fronzetti Colladon, M. M. Schiraldi

The current study proposes an innovative methodology for the profiling of psychological traits of Operations Management (OM) and Supply Chain Management (SCM) professionals. We use innovative methods and tools of text mining and social network analysis to map the demand for relevant skills from a set of job descriptions, with a focus on psychological characteristics. The proposed approach aims to evaluate the market demand for specific traits by combining relevant psychological constructs, text mining techniques, and an innovative measure, namely, the Semantic Brand Score. We apply the proposed methodology to a dataset of job descriptions for OM and SCM professionals, with the objective of providing a mapping of their relevant required skills, including psychological characteristics. In addition, the analysis is then detailed by considering the region of the organization that issues the job description, its organizational size, and the seniority level of the open position in order to understand their nuances. Finally, topic modeling is used to examine key components and their relative significance in job descriptions. By employing a novel methodology and considering contextual factors, we provide an innovative understanding of the attitudinal traits that differentiate professionals. This research contributes to talent management, recruitment practices, and professional development initiatives, since it provides new figures and perspectives to improve the effectiveness and success of Operations Management and Supply Chain Management professionals.

Igor Stamenović

Рад анализира садржај буле папе Николе V (1447–1455) упућене 24. октобра 1453. године српском деспоту Ђурђу Бранковићу (1427–1456). Текст буле стављен је у шири контекст антиосманске крсташке политике папства и његових савезника након османског заузимања Константинопоља 1453. године. Крсташки планови који су тада разматрани укључивали су и простор Српске деспотовине. Контакти деспота са папством и са напуљским краљем Алфонсом V Арагонским (1442–1458) у раду се посматрају као део јединственог процеса чији је крајњи циљ био придруживање српског деспота крсташком табору. Последица тих преговора је и издавање анализиране буле, чији садржај аутор сагледава из перспективе интереса папства и интереса Српске деспотовине. Предмет проучавања је и начин на који су верске тензије између фрањевачких мисионара и православних на граничном простору између краљевине Босне, краљевине Угарске и Српске деспотовине утицале на садржај буле и на њена каснија тумачења. Такође, рад пружа увид у коришћење црквене уније као средства у преговорима папства и деспотовине, дајући допринос разумевању сложеног и променљивог односа деспота Ђурђа према овом питању.

Zoltán Somhegyi

In this study I investigate several questions related to adaptive restoration, i.e. when a functioning piece of architecture operates with a different purpose to its original one, as well as the role of aesthetics in re-purposing, and the importance of the special forms of experience such a conversion provides. The questions connected to these architectural projects are not only theoretically inspiring, leading to diverse and broad fields of research in architecture, art and aesthetics, but are also crucial on a practical level, and hence require caution and precise consideration, given the impact the final results of such projects may have, as well as in terms of the effect and efficiency of the new space. Creative and adaptive re-purpose, modification or complete change of function can have wonderful potential, as well as, obviously, presenting serious hazards to avoid. What is equally important, however, is that this will also contribute to a strengthening of awareness of architecture and its aesthetic qualities, hence further promoting the idea of safeguarding and care of edifices and of tangible heritage.

Ahmet Çakmak, Fikrullah Çakmak, Hüsnü Aydeniz

Çalışmanın amacı, ilahiyat/İslami ilimler fakültelerinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin din-bilim ilişkisine yönelik yaklaşımlarının belirlenmesi için hazırlanan bir din-bilim ilişkisi tutum ölçeği geliştirmektir. Din-bilim ilişkisi din, bilim ve felsefesinin en önemli kesişim noktalarından birini oluşturmaktadır. Modern dönemde bu ilişkinin sorgulanmasına dair tartışmalar farklı unsurların etkisiyle oldukça ileri boyutlara ulaşmıştır. Son yıllarda ülkemizde bu durumun yoğunlaştığı çevrelerden biri de ilahiyat/İslami ilimler fakülteleridir. Özellikle Bu fakültelerin öğrencileri açısından meselenin farklı boyutlarıyla ele alınması önem arz etmektedir. Ancak çalışmalar ağırlıklı olarak teorik boyutta yürütülmekte olup, nicel boyutların eksik kaldığı söylenebilir. Bu açıdan makale alanda yapılan ilk örnek konumundadır. Ölçek sorularının oluşturulmasında, din-bilim ilişkisine yönelik ortaya konan en kapsamlı çalışmalardan biri olan Ian G. Barbour’un dörtlü tipolojisi esas alınmıştır. Özellikle bu tipolojideki çatışma, ayrışma ve uzlaşma yaklaşımları belirleyici olmuştur. Üç farklı çalışma grubu oluşturulmuş ve Atatürk Üniversitesi İlahiyat fakültesinde öğrenim görmekte olan toplam 594 öğrenci ile çalışılmıştır. Ölçeğin geliştirilmesinde karma yöntem araştırmalarından keşfedici sıralı desen kullanılmış olup, dört adım bulunmaktadır. İlk adımda araştırmacılar tarafından maddeler yazılmış ve alan uzmanlarının görüşleri alınarak düzeltmeler yapılmıştır. İkinci adımda madde analizi için uygulama yapılmış, üçüncü adımda açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) için uygulama yapılmış, dördüncü ve son adımda doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre ölçeğin çatışma/ayrışma ve uzlaşma diye isimlendirilen iki alt boyuttan oluşan bir ölçek geliştirilmiştir. Ölçeğinin güvenirliği iç tutarlılık (cronbach alpha) yöntemi ile analiz edilmiş ve her bir alt boyutu için cronbach alpha değerleri çatışma alt boyutu için .90, uzlaşma alt boyu için de .77 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bu sonuçlar ölçeğin her bir alt boyutunun güvenilir olduğuna işaret etmektedir.

Fuhai An, Jingyi Yu, Linjin Xi

This study is aimed at investigating the relationship between perceived teacher support and learning engagement and exploring the mediation role played by technology acceptance and learning motivation. It adopted a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach, with sampling 467 students from four middle schools in eastern China. The research findings showed that perceived teacher support is significantly associated with learning engagement. Learning motivation plays a mediating role in the relationship between perceived teacher support and learning engagement. There is the chain mediating effect of technology acceptance and learning motivation on the relationship between perceived teacher support and learning engagement. All of these are of great importance for the teachers in the middle schools, as they help to increase students’ engagement with learning activities considering the background of the deep integration of information technology and education teaching.

Betsi Siti Nurhidayah, Mungin Eddy Wibowo, Edy Purwanto

Self-Confidence is a person's belief in all aspects of the advantages he has and that belief makes him feel able to achieve various goals in his life. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of CBT group counseling with symbolic modeling techniques and role play techniques on increasing students' self-confidence. This study used a pretest and multiple posttest designs. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 21 experimental subjects who were placed into three groups randomly so that each group consisted of seven students. The results of the mixed repeated measure ANOVA test showed that the CBT group counseling with symbolic modeling and role play techniques was effective in increasing students' self-confidence. This study found that the combination of symbolic modeling techniques and role play techniques shows interesting implications, so the implications of using this combination of techniques in group counseling practice are recommended in the implementation of CBT counseling.

Harisatunisa Harisatunisa

Higher number of students recruitment in Islamic Education Institutions is one indicator of an institution quality. Islamic educational institutions are currently required to be able to promote their institutions to expand the students’ recruitment. This paper aims to describe the implication of brand image in the promotion of Islamic educational institutions on student recruitment. The method used in this paper is literature review. Books, articles, websites, laws relating to brand image, brand management, higher education and marketing management are collected, read, compared, and analyzed to identify the roles of brand image in promoting the Islamic educational institutions. The results of this study indicate that there are three implications of brand image in the promotion of Islamic educational institutions on student recruitment: brand image is strengthening the position of Islamic educational institutions, brand image is illustrating the effectiveness of the institution, and the brand image can be used as a reference in designing the institution identity.

Misha Perepelitsa

In this paper we extend the analysis of an agent-based model for adaptive trading, called asynchronous stochastic price pump (ASPP) introduced by Perepelitsa and Timofeyev (2019), to the model with heterogeneous distribution of psychological parameters of speculative optimism and pessimism across the population of traders. We show that the new model has a range of qualitatively different dynamics when the correlation between those factors ranges from low negative to large positive values. A statistical parameter estimation suggests a heterogeneous ASPP with negative correlation as a model of price variations of Bitcoin.

Ahmed Izzidien, David Stillwell

Fairness is a principal social value that can be observed in civilisations around the world. A manifestation of this is in social agreements, often described in texts, such as contracts. Yet, despite the prevalence of such, a fairness metric for texts describing a social act remains wanting. To address this, we take a step back to consider the problem based on first principals. Instead of using rules or templates, we utilise social psychology literature to determine the principal factors that humans use when making a fairness assessment. We then attempt to digitise these using word embeddings into a multi-dimensioned sentence level fairness perceptions vector to serve as an approximation for these fairness perceptions. The method leverages a pro-social bias within word embeddings, for which we obtain an F1= 81.0. A second approach, using PCA and ML based on the said fairness approximation vector produces an F1 score of 86.2. We detail improvements that can be made in the methodology to incorporate the projection of sentence embedding on to a subspace representation of fairness.

Maneet Singh, Rishemjit Kaur, Akiko Matsuo et al.

Moral psychology is a domain that deals with moral identity, appraisals and emotions. Previous work has primarily focused on moral development and the associated role of culture. Knowing that language is an inherent element of a culture, we used the social media platform Twitter to compare moral behaviors of Japanese tweets with English tweets. The five basic moral foundations, i.e., Care, Fairness, Ingroup, Authority and Purity, along with the associated emotional valence were compared between English and Japanese tweets. The tweets from Japanese users depicted relatively higher Fairness, Ingroup, and Purity, whereas English tweets expressed more positive emotions for all moral dimensions. Considering moral similarities in connecting users on social media, we quantified homophily concerning different moral dimensions using our proposed method. The moral dimensions Care, Authority and Purity for English and Ingroup, Authority and Purity for Japanese depicted homophily on Twitter. Overall, our study uncovers the underlying cultural differences with respect to moral behavior in English- and Japanese-speaking users.