Hasil untuk "Philosophy"

Yavuz Aslan, Orhan Koçak, Aysel Basmacı Kaya et al.

Purpose: University students often face psychological challenges, particularly loneliness and hopelessness, which are exacerbated by factors such as limited social interactions, economic uncertainty, lack of employment opportunities, and the increasing prevalence of online education. This study aims to investigate the relationships among perceived friend social support, loneliness, life satisfaction, and the sub-dimensions of hopelessness, which are positive feelings about the future and loss of motivation. Design/methodology/approach: This cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted with 420 university students who completed a series of self-reported measures, including the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale, the UCLA Loneliness Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Beck Hopelessness Scale. Findings: The findings revealed that perceived friend social support was positively associated with life satisfaction and positive future feelings and negatively associated with loneliness and loss of motivation. Both loneliness and life satisfaction individually and serially mediated the relationships between social support and the dimensions of hopelessness. Conclusion: These results highlight the crucial role of friend-based social support in alleviating loneliness and improving life satisfaction, thereby fostering optimism and preventing motivational decline among students. The findings provide valuable insights for designing interventions to enhance emotional well-being and psychological resilience among university populations.

Matthew Hunt, Ryoa Chung, Tzvetelina Tzoneva

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Saskia Denecke, Felix Strakeljahn, Antonia Bott et al.

Abstract Aetiological models of delusions propose a broad range of predictors. The extent to which these predictors explain variance in persecutory beliefs across the continuum requires systematic investigation. As part of a previous review, 51 aetiological models of delusions were identified in a systematic literature search using PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases. Omitting repetitions, 66 unique postulated predictors of delusions and persecutory delusions were extracted from these models, of which 55 met our inclusion criteria and were assessed in a cross-sectional online sample stratified by delusion severity (N = 336) using self-report and behavioural measures. Utilising machine learning (i.e., random forests with nested cross-validation), we investigated the extent to which the model-based predictors explain self-reported persecutory beliefs, identified the most relevant predictors, and investigated their specificity in explaining persecutory beliefs as opposed to delusional beliefs or psychopathological symptoms in general. The machine learning model explained 31% of the variance in persecutory beliefs, 47% of delusions in general, and 77% of general psychopathology. The ten predictors with the most influence on predicting persecutory beliefs included negative beliefs about mistrust, cognitive fusion, ostracism, threat anticipation, generalised negative other beliefs, trust, aberrant salience, hallucinations, stress, and emotion regulation difficulties. The limited explanatory power of the proposed predictors raises questions about the validity of existing models and suggests that crucial predictors specific to persecutory delusions may be missing. Our findings highlight the importance of investigating, refining, and cross-validating theoretical aetiological models to improve our understanding of the aetiology of delusions.

M. Graça Pereira, Martim Santos, Renata Magalhães et al.

University students are at increased risk of developing burnout and psychological distress from high academic workloads and performance expectations. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between psychological and lifestyle variables and academic burnout, as well as to identify burnout risk profiles in psychology students. This study used a cross-sectional design and included 274 Portuguese psychology students, the majority being undergraduates (72.6%). Participants were assessed on psychological well-being, psychological distress, difficulties in emotional regulation, type of diet, physical activity, sleep quality, and burnout. The results showed that psychological distress, difficulties in emotional regulation, and sleep quality were positively associated with burnout, while psychological well-being was negatively associated. Using machine learning algorithms, two distinct profiles were found: “Burnout Risk” and “No Risk”. A total of 62 participants were identified as belonging to the burnout risk profile, showing higher levels of distress, emotional regulation difficulties, poor psychological well-being and sleep quality, pro-inflammatory diet, and less physical activity. The accuracy of the three machine learning models—Random Forest, XGBoost, and Support Vector Machine—was 95.06%, 93.82%, and 97.53%, respectively. These results suggest the importance of health promotion within university settings, together with mental health strategies focused on adaptive psychological functioning, to prevent the risk of burnout.

Ümit Erkan

19. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti, toplumsal ve siyasal düzenin istikrarını temin etmek amacıyla Ehl-i Sünnet inancı dışındaki çeşitli dini ve mezhebi gruplara yönelik politikalar geliştirmiştir. Bu çerçevede, Kızılbaş topluluklarına da belirli düzenlemeler ve tedbirler uygulanmıştır. Kızılbaş gruplar, dinî ayrışma ve İran etkisine bağlı bir siyasi tehdit olarak değerlendirilmiş ve özellikle II. Abdülhamid döneminde (1876-1909), Kızılbaşların inanç pratiklerini Ehl-i Sünnet inançlarına uygun hale getirmek amacıyla “tashih-i itikad” politikaları uygulanmıştır. Ancak bu politikalar, yerel direnişler ve devletin uygulama yetersizlikleri nedeniyle beklenen sonuçları verememiştir. Osmanlının mezhepsel farklılıklarla baş etme çabaları, dinî birlikteliği sağlama ve merkezi otoriteyi güçlendirme hedefleri çerçevesinde şekillense de sahadaki uygulamalar bu hedeflerle uyumlu sonuçlar doğurmamıştır. Bu araştırma, II. Abdülhamid döneminde Kızılbaşlara yönelik tashih-i itikad politikalarının ideolojik gerekçelerini, tarihsel arka planını ve toplumsal yansımalarını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, dönemin dinî ve siyasal kaygıları ile mezhepsel farklılıklar arasındaki ilişki, tarihî belgeler üzerinden analiz edilmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti’nin farklı inanç gruplarına yönelik din-siyaset politikalarının uygulanış biçimleri ve bu politikaların toplumsal etkileri ele alınarak, mezhepsel farklılıkların yönetimi konusundaki tarihsel deneyimler ortaya konmuştur. Osmanlı Devleti’nin farklı inanç gruplarıyla ilişkilerini anlamak açısından özgün bir katkı sunulmuştur. Kızılbaş gruplara yönelik politikaların mezhepsel ayrışmayı nasıl etkilediği ve dönemin toplumsal yapısı üzerindeki yansımaları, arşiv belgeleri ve tarihsel veriler ışığında değerlendirilmiştir. Osmanlı tarih yazımı İslam Mezhepleri Tarihi perspektifinden ele alınarak, bu döneme dair dinî ve siyasal politikalara vurgu yapılmıştır. Osmanlı arşiv belgeleri, resmî yazışmalar ve İslam Mezhepleri Tarihi ve diğer ilim dallarına ait araştırmalar temel alınarak değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Tarihî belge analizi ve nitel yöntemlerin bir araya getirilmesiyle, Kızılbaş gruplara yönelik tashih-i itikad politikaları, tarihî ve sosyolojik bağlamda değerlendirilmiştir. İslam Mezhepleri Tarihi yazıcılığının ilkeleri doğrultusunda, Kızılbaşların inanç yapıları, toplumsal konumları ve Osmanlı bürokrasisinin bu gruplara yaklaşımı analiz edilmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti, Kızılbaşlara yönelik politikalarında Ehl-i Sünnet inancını tahkim etmeyi amaçlamıştır. Eğitim reformları, cami-mescit inşası, din görevlilerinin istihdamı ve dinî risalelerin hazırlanması gibi adımlar bu hedeflerin gerçekleştirilmesi için temel araçlar olarak öne çıkmıştır. Ancak, dedelerin toplumsal etkisi, yerel direnç ve devletin uygulama yetersizlikleri bu politikaların başarısını sınırlamıştır. Eğitim kurumlarının yetersizliği, imam ve müderris eksikliği gibi yapısal sorunlar, tashih-i itikad çabalarının etkisini azaltmıştır. Ayrıca, Kızılbaş grupların tarihî, kültürel ve coğrafi farklılıklarının dikkate alınmaması, bu politikaların toplumsal kabul görmesini zorlaştırmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, tashih-i itikad politikalarının yalnızca dinî bir çaba değil, aynı zamanda İran etkisi, misyoner faaliyetler ve mezhepsel ayrışma gibi siyasi tehditlere karşı bir strateji olarak uygulandığını göstermektedir. Bu politikaların sert müdahalelerle şekillendirilmesi, mezhep gerilimlerini azaltmak yerine artırmış, Kızılbaşların devlete karşı daha dirençli bir duruş sergilemesine yol açmıştır. Eğitimsizlik ve dinî bilgi eksikliği gibi nedenlerle şekillenen toplumsal sorunlar, mezhepsel ayrışmanın derinleşmesine katkı sağlamıştır. Sonuç olarak, Osmanlı Devleti’nin 19. yüzyıldaki tashih-i itikad politikaları, mezhepsel farklılıkları kontrol altına almayı ve toplumsal düzeni korumayı amaçlamış; ancak yerel dinamiklerin ve toplumsal gerçekliklerin göz ardı edilmesi, bu çabaların başarısını sınırlamıştır.

Xinxin Sheng, Kaixin Liang, Kai Li et al.

AimThis research sought to identify the association between sports participation and resilience in children and adolescents as a means to enhance mental health.MethodsA comprehensive survey was carried out, encompassing primary, middle, and high school students from chosen educational institutions. The analytical sample comprised 67,281 students of school age. Sports participation and resilience were evaluated using validated assessment tools, while relevant covariates, such as sex and school grade, were assessed through self-reported questionnaires. Generalized Linear Models were applied to ascertain the association between sports participation and resilience for the entire sample, and separately for subgroups divided by gender or school grade, after controlling for covariates.ResultsAmong the 67,281 school students, males constituted 51.9% of the sample. Approximately 47.1% of the entire sample reported no sports participation, and the average resilience score was 24.7. The regression model analysis revealed that, in the entire sample, increased in sports participation was linked to higher resilience scores (odds ratio [OR] for 1–3 times per month: 1.20, 95%CI: 1.16–1.24; OR for 1–2 times per week: 1.38, 95%CI: 1.33–1.43; OR for 3 times or more per week: 1.72, 95%CI: 1.65–1.79). Analyses stratified by gender and school grade indicated that sports participation was consistently associated with greater resilience.ConclusionThis study provides cross-sectional evidence supporting the positive association between sports participation and the resilience of children and adolescents, underscoring the potential of encouraging sports participation as a strategy for promoting mental health resilience. The findings presented herein should be subject to further confirmation or refutation in future research endeavors.

Arnaud Laurin-Landry, Maryvonne Merri

In this article, we put into action a new conceptualization of self-talk using the methods of analysis developed in a previous article. To this end, we analyze the cue word “En Avant” (forward) that William, an Olympic mogul-skiing champion, says to himself when he does a double twisting backflip on the first jump of a mogul run. The description of the different properties of the cue word "Forward" led us to propose three effects: 1) the cue word brings out a language function within a motor activity, 2) the cue word supports the deployment of the different possible actions and carry out the choice of the right action, 3) the cue word allows live feedback on the action. The discussion in this article shows how the effects of the cue word do not exist per se, they exist through the dialectical relationship between the athlete and the word, and are the product of a development.

Diana Ekor OFANA

In this paper, I argue for an Afro-communitarian account of personhood that considers the value of complementarity as a necessary part of human existence. The reason for conceptualizing personhood as a complementary enterprise is to dispel the understanding of gender that sustains gender inequality. I aim to explore the logic that characterizes complementary personhood as a specific kind of Afro-communitarian personhood that can account for gender complementarity. I argue that the universalized idea of patriarchy and gender, as construed within Western feminist theorizing, cannot account for every society as these concepts differ from culture to culture. In this paper, I use complementary personhood as a lens through which a fluid understanding of gender and gender relations can be drawn against the backdrop of the hierarchy and binary opposition that undergird most Western interrogations of the concepts of gender and patriarchy. To do so, I present an overview of what complementary personhood entails. The preceding elucidation would become the basis for understanding the Afro-centric notion of gender relation. I then tease out an Afro-centric triangle of gender relations using the Ezumezu logical system as its background logic.

Jade Cristine Trindade Martins, Carlos Barbosa Alves de Souza

O ensino de mando para pessoas com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) tem sido tema frequente de investigações analítico-comportamentais. Algumas revisões conceituais e sistemáticas sobre o ensino de mando foram realizadas, mas elas apresentam limitações que o presente estudo buscou superar. A presente revisão sistemática analisou estudos experimentais sobre o ensino de mandos para pessoas com TEA buscando identificar: (a) características dos participantes, ambientes experimentais, variáveis independente (VI) e dependente (VD), e resultados obtidos; e (b) investigar possíveis relações entre as categorias analisadas. Uma busca nas bases de dados SCOPUS, Web of Science e PUBMED utilizando o termo “mand*”, combinado com os termos “autism”, “developmental disabilit*” ou “intellectual disabilit*”, resultou, após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão/exclusão, na identificação de 176 artigos publicados até setembro de 2020. A maioria dos estudos foi realizada em escolas, com crianças com repertório verbal pré-existente. As VIS e VDS mais comuns foram reforçamento diferencial e fornecimento de ajuda e manipulação da operação motivadora para o ensino de mando por item/informação, e treino de comunicação funcional para redução de comportamentos-problema. A maioria dos procedimentos de ensino mostrou-se pelo menos parcialmente eficaz para todas as VDS avaliadas, sendo importante a realização de análises mais detalhadas da variação desses resultados com relação aos repertórios pré-intervenções dos participantes. Sugere-se a necessidade de mais investigações com pessoas com comportamento verbal ausente ou limitado, e em jovens e adultos com TEA.

Piotr Roszak

In his commentary on the Letter to the Hebrews (cap. IV), St. Thomas considers the rest of God after the work of creation (see Gen 2:2), treating it not as a deistic withdrawal of the Creator, but a productive quiescence. According to the Biblical Thomism, God’s action is not something abstract for us, but constitutes the principle – exemplar – of Christian action. Therefore this paper will firstly present multiple senses of the rest (triplex requies) of created beings, then the correct understanding of God’s action during creatio continua, in order to reflect on what the Christian’s “restful” life consists in. St. Paul urged the disciples of Christ “to be restful” (ut quieti sitis, cf. 1 Thess 4:11). 

Xueli Cai, Guo Li, Qinxia Liu et al.

According to the conflict monitoring hypothesis, conflict monitoring and inhibitory control in cognitive control mainly cause activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and control-related prefrontal cortex (PFC) in many cognitive tasks. However, the role of brain regions in the default mode network (DMN) in cognitive control during category induction tasks is unclear. To test the role of the ACC, PFC, and subregions of the DMN elicited by cognitive control during category induction, a modified category induction task was performed using simultaneous fMRI scanning. The results showed that the left middle frontal gyrus (BA9) and bilateral dorsal ACC/medial frontal gyrus (BA8/32) were sensitive to whether conflict information (with/without) appears, but not to the level of conflict. In addition, the bilateral ventral ACC (BA32), especially the right vACC, a part of the DMN, showed significant deactivation with an increase in cognitive effort depending on working memory. These findings not only offer further evidence for the important role of the dorsolateral PFC and dorsal ACC in cognitive control during categorization but also support the functional distinction of the dorsal/ventral ACC in the category induction task.

Олена Штепа

The aim of the article was to establish the nature of the relationship between the types of resourcefulness of a personality based on empirical data. Methods. In the empirical study, the psychological survey methods were used, as well as mathematical and statistical methods of correlation, classification, discriminant, multifactorial, significative, comparative analysis. The empirical study is implemented in the Nelson's model, which makes it possible to describe the phenomenon under study under given conditions. Research results. The indicators of comparability based on the results of the multivariate test of signification and comparative analysis using the Schef- fe's test justified are: value of oneself, freedom, responsibility. It should be noted that the empirical argumentation of hardiness as an indicator of comparability and a vector for positioning resource types is weak. Personality resourcefulness is different from other types resourcefulness in terms of the smallest share of representation in the volume of generalized resourcefulness and in the secondary importance of semantic significance. Resource richness is the least, and psychological resource is the most operationalized of the type from resourcefulness. Psychological capital is the most clearly expressed type of resourcefulness. Conclusions. In the manifestation of the types of resourcefulness of the personality, the experience of overcoming difficult life situations is revealed, at the same time, the main thing is the experience of independent choice according to conscience, the freedom to take advantage of the opportunity to choose and responsibility for its consequences. Therefore, we conclude that the positioning of the types of psychological resourcefulness in the coordinates of "against-and- owing to" is carried out, to a large extent, owing to the individual's reliance on the ethical choice. Empirical comparison of types of resourcefulness according to reasonable indicators allows us to determine the nature of their relationship as a constellation - an ordered matrix of interrelated valuable issues. The applied significance of the positioning of types of resourcefulness lies in the opening possibility of predicting a change in the type of resourcefulness of a personality when choosing freedom and responsibility, as well as maintaining of him internal dialogue with conscience.

Mahdieh Shahrabi Farahani

The Arbaeen Religious Event, one of the world's largest tourism events, contains immaterial beliefs that have created such a movement in the world and are not based solely on a limited material view. The aim of this study was to investigate the identification of the esoteric truth of the tourist's spiritual perception in the development of religious tourism of the Arbaeen event, in a qualitative manner and in the method of description and analysis. This research was conducted by semi-structured interview with twenty-nine tourists who have attended the Arbaeen event at least once, during the summer of 1398. The results of the research indicate that the esoteric and inner truth of the tourist's existence refers to the feeling of being close to the Creator of the universe, the feeling of connection and closeness, the feeling of peace, the feeling of high human values and the feeling of returning to oneself and the lost inner self.Therefore, the spiritual perception of the tourist is a key element in the formation of such a religious cloud that requires a deeper look at the qualitative development of the Arbaeen religious event cloud.

Nukh Khozain, Mumaisaroh

Abstrak: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Dengan menggunakan dua variabel dalam penelitian ini ada dua variabel, yaitu variabel bebas (independent) dan variabel terikat (dependent). Tempat yang dipilih oleh peneliti untuk melaksanakan penelitian ini adalah MI Islamiyah Ngarum yang beralamatkan di desa Ngarum Kec. Sekaran, Kab. Lamongan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini yaitu peserta didik kelas IV MI Islamiyah Ngarum. Menurut data dari hasil observasi, diketahui bahwa jumlah peserta didik kelas IV MI Islamiyah Ngarum sebanyak 20 Peserta didik. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan observasi, tes serta dokumentasi dalam teknik pengumpulan data. Alat ukur atau instrumen yang baik harus memenuhi dua syarat yaitu validitas dan reliabilitas. Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa media video sangat efektif dalam peningkatan hasil belajar peserta didik. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan dari hasil analisis dependent sample t-test yang telah dilakukan. Dari analisis tersebut didapat t_hitung sebesar -6,254 sedangkan t_tabel sebesar 2,09302, karena t_hitung>t_tabel (nilai minus diabaikan). Maka dari itu H_0 ditolak sedangkan H_a diterima dan kesimpulannya adalah media video model efektif terhadap peningkatan hasil belajar peserta didik.

Alberto A. Alegre, Pablo A. Zumaeta

It is proposed that the problem of the mind-brain relationship can be overcome by a non-classical materialistic model of personality based on the information defined as a special form of negentropy with a structure and activity, which in five intra-individual categories, organizes all and each of the levels of the personality, and, in an extra-individual category organizes the society. This concept of information leads to a monistic view of the universe and turns into conceptions of society, personality, consciousness, and mental activity based on a theoretical framework that explains the nature of the social individual.

Luis Gerena Carrillo

En este trabajo se trata de mostrar que en el libro II de las Vidas de los filósofos ilustres, Diógenes Laercio establece los rasgos que distinguen como tales a los principales socráticos menores (Jenofonte, Esquines Aristipo y Euclides). De acuerdo con esto, se sostiene que para Laercio los socráticos son aquellos que escribieron diálogos socráticos, pero principalmente quienes elaboraron una propuesta de vida buena a partir de su relación con Sócrates y, en este sentido, sustentada en supuestos filosóficos que se pueden considerar socráticos, especialmente el supuesto de que el conocimiento es el bien. Esta lectura de Laercio es importante porque nos permite pensar a los socráticos como un movimiento con rasgos comunes, que desarrolla la ética, la cual, según Laercio, introduce Sócrates como una disciplina distinta de la física y la dialéctica, pero que constituye una nueva forma de filosofía: una cuyo problema es cómo vivir bien, pero que elabora sus propuestas a partir del diálogo y la confrontación, entendiéndose esto por conocimiento.   Palabras clave: Sócrates, socratismo, filosofía socrática   The Socrates of Diogenes Laertius. Lives of Eminent Philosophers (book II) This paper aims is to show that in book II of the Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Diogenes Laertius establishes the distinctive traits of the minor Socratics (Xenophon, Aeschines, Aristippus and Euclid). Accordingly for Laertius, the socratics wrote socratic dialogues, and mainly those who made a proposal of a good life from their relation with Socrates and based on philosophical suppositions that can be considered Socratic, specially that the knowledge is good. This interpretation of Laertius is important because we think of the Socratics as a movement with common traits, that developed the ethics, which according to Laertius, Socrates introduced as a distinct discipline of physics and dialectic, but it is a new form of philosophy: one in which the problem is how to live well, but it makes its proposals through dialogue and confrontation, understanding these as knowledge. Keywords: Socrates, Socratism, Socratic Philosophy

Paula Del Valle Carro, Fabiana Zúñiga Montero, Raquel Hernández Méndez

El Trastorno Bipolar implica cambios emocionales, conductuales y cognitivos los cuales varían desde dos polos extremos; la manía y la depresión. Estos polos son llamados episodios y pueden presentarse en distinta intensidad, duración y repetición. Los episodios maniacos se caracterizan por euforia, un aumento de energía, irritabilidad y falta de atención; entre otras. Por otra parte los episodios depresivos se ven ligados a la tristeza, cansancio, sentimientos de vacío interno e incluso pensamientos suicidas. La bipolaridad es bastante compleja en la cotidianidad; complicando por ello la convivencia familiar sobretodo cuando es un o una adolescente quien lo presenta. El presente manual comprende una revisión bibliográfica enfocada en brindar, en un lenguaje sencillo, múltiples herramientas cognitivas y prácticas a familiares de adolescentes que presentan este trastorno. Primero se brinda una explicación del mismo y sus posibles síntomas; además se detallan herramientas con las cuales los familiares pueden apoyar al adolescente para manejar la intensidad, duración e incluso presencia de los distintos episodios; por ejemplo realizar deporte, el dormir bien, una alimentación correcta y el manejo del estrés entre otras. Finalmente, se detalla la importancia del autocuidado de los familiares de personas con este trastorno.

Robert B. Todd

Mimí Marinovic

Se expone una investigación sobre la vida, los procesos creativos y actitudes ante los sueños de veinte destacados pintores chilenos. Participaron en una experiencia destinada a incrementar su creatividad mediante la realización de diarios de sueños con bocetos y una obra basada en ellos. Los resultados indican que la mayoría exhibió una actitud positiva ante su infancia. Quienes experimentaron pérdidas importantes de seres queridos encuentran compensación en su actividad artística. Los juegos infantiles, las habilidades visuales y la curiosidad fueron factores relevantes en su vocación. Se detectó una estrecha vinculación con las obras creadas. La autoevaluación de la experiencia reveló en la mitad de ellos un incremento de su creatividad, especialmente en la originalidad. Las mujeres obtuvieron cifras por sobre el promedio, especialmente en fertilidad de ideas y originalidad.

Aleksy Petrani

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