Hasil untuk "Microscopy"

Elif Ercan Devrimci, İdil Gönüllü, Hande Kemaloğlu et al.

<b>Background:</b> This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of microabrasion as a surface pretreatment and to compare an experimental resin infiltrant with a commercially available system (ICON) in terms of enamel surface microhardness recovery and resin penetration depth in artificially demineralized enamel lesions. <b>Methods:</b> Forty-eight caries-free human third molars were prepared to obtain standardized enamel specimens, and artificial enamel lesions were created using a pH-cycling model. Specimens were randomly allocated into four groups (<i>n</i> = 12): experimental resin with microabrasion, experimental resin without microabrasion, ICON resin with microabrasion, and ICON resin without microabrasion. When indicated, microabrasion was performed using a 6.6% hydrochloric acid paste for a total application time of 30 s, followed by standard hydrochloric acid etching as part of the infiltration protocol. Enamel surface microhardness was measured at baseline, after demineralization, and after resin infiltration. Resin penetration depth was assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy, with six specimens per group (<i>n</i> = 6). Data were analyzed using repeated-measures mixed-effects models and one-way ANOVA (<i>p</i> < 0.05). <b>Results:</b> Resin infiltration resulted in a partial recovery of enamel surface microhardness following demineralization; however, baseline hardness values were not fully restored, and no statistically significant differences were observed among the study groups (<i>p</i> > 0.05). These findings indicate surface stabilization rather than complete mechanical or mineral restoration. The ICON resin demonstrated significantly greater penetration depth than the experimental resin. In both resin systems, microabrasion significantly increased penetration depth. <b>Conclusions:</b> Within the limitations of this in vitro study, resin infiltration primarily contributed to the stabilization of demineralized enamel surfaces rather than true remineralization or full mechanical recovery. Although microabrasion enhanced resin penetration depth, this effect should be interpreted with caution due to the potential for cumulative enamel loss. From a clinical perspective, these findings support the selective use of microabrasion to enhance resin infiltration in early enamel lesions with pronounced surface barriers, while emphasizing the need to balance penetration benefits against enamel preservation.

Michelle D. A. Lage, Gabriel T. M. Alvarenga, Décio B. F. Neto et al.

Brazil has the world’s largest reserve of niobium (~98%) which turns niobium compounds into extremely interesting materials from a strategic point of view in the country. Niobium pentoxide is an n-type semiconductor that presents interesting physical and mechanical properties. The presence of polymorphic phases on Nb2O5 powders has several implications from the scientific and application point of view. It is known that the H-phase is thermodynamically stable and can be obtained easily from amorphous Nb2O5 after heat treatment. In this work, niobic acid (Nb2O5.nH2O) produced by the Brazilian company CBMM has been used as the starting material to grow unique monoclinic P2 space group H-Nb2O5 crystals through a simple calcination route. The obtained material has been characterized by XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and micro-Raman and submitted to cyclic voltammetry measurements. The characterization results confirm that H-Nb2O5 crystallized in the monoclinic P2 space group.

Daniele Camarda, Oscar Lisi, Daniel Stec et al.

Abstract A new tardigrade taxon, Thulyphoribius melitense gen. nov. et sp. nov. is described from a population of limnic tardigrades collected in the sediment of a temporary pond in Malta. Those habitats, characterized by fluctuating environmental conditions and ephemeral water availability, provide a particularly challenging setting that can drive morphological and genetic diversity in aquatic microfauna. The new genus shows a unique combination of morphological characters, including distinctive morphologies of the peribuccal region, a short and wide ventral lamina and Pseudobiotus-type claws. Although it shares certain traits with some extant genera, the presence of unique characters combinations, precludes its assignment to any of the previously established genera. A comprehensive investigation was conducted, including morphological (using Phase-Contrast Light Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy), morphometric, and molecular analysis. In the latter context, the molecular markers 18S, 28S, COI, and ITS2 were sequenced, and the complete mitochondrial genome was obtained and characterized, offering important insights for future molecular studies of tardigrades. Phylogenetic analyses based on Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian methods, incorporating the four aforementioned molecular markers, indicate that the new genus belongs to the superfamily Isohypsibioidea, yet it does not cluster within any currently recognized extant family of tardigrades. Collectively, these findings underscore the relevance of investigating underexplored habitats and highlight the potential for discovering novel evolutionary lineages among limnic microinvertebrates that inhabit temporary ponds.

Raquel Martinez-Serra, Suji Lee, Igor Kraev et al.

Abstract Long-lasting synaptic changes enable memory storage and regulate recall in the brain. Our previous work established that generation of multi-innervated dendritic spines (MISs), spines with typically two excitatory presynaptic inputs, underlies hippocampal memory formation in aged, but not young mice. The identification of MIS generation was done by ultrastructural analysis in hippocampal CA1 stratum radiatum 24 h after contextual fear conditioning (CFC). However, our analysis did not consider multi-spine boutons (MSBs), which were recently shown to increase in complexity (complex MSBs are pre-synaptic boutons connecting with more than two post-synapses) at a later time point after CFC in young age. Therefore, we re-analyzed our three-dimensional electron microscopy images and show that, unexpectedly, MSB complexity, decreases in CA1 stratum radiatum 24 h after CFC. The decrease in MSB complexity occurred both in young and aged mice, indicating that aging has no impact on this synaptic change. Considering that complex MSBs link the activity of multiple postsynaptic neurons, we suggest that after CFC a decrease in MSB complexity may be required for specific memory recall.

Seyit Çağlar

In this comprehensive study, we meticulously fabricated Al-30Sm2O3-XGd2O3 (X = 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15) composites through a series of tests and analyses to determine the composites' mechanical, physical, corrosion, and radiation shielding properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used for microstructural analysis. The main objective of the research is to investigate the effects of Gd2O3 reinforcement on the mechanical properties (hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance) and radiation shielding performances of the composites. MCNP6.2 simulations evaluated thermal, fast neutron, and gamma-ray attenuation properties, while mechanical properties were analyzed by hardness, wear, and corrosion tests. XRD analyses showed no intermetallic phase was formed, while SEM-EDX analyses revealed that the composites were homogeneous and had a partial increase in void ratio with Gd2O3 reinforcement. Gd2O3 reinforcement increased the hardness and wear resistance of the composites, but a slight decrease in relative density was observed. The highest hardness and wear resistance were obtained at 15% Gd2O3 reinforcement. The corrosion rate decreased with Gd2O3 reinforcement, while an increase in corrosion rate was observed in the composite containing 15% Gd2O3. MCNP6.2 simulations showed that Gd2O3 reinforcement increased the thermal neutron macroscopic cross-section and linear attenuation coefficient while decreasing the fast neutron macroscopic cross-section.

Anne M. Beukers, Carolien S. E. Bulte, Ruben J. Bosch et al.

Abstract Background Acute microcirculatory perfusion disturbances and organ edema are important factors leading to organ dysfunction during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Priming of the CPB system with crystalloid or colloid fluids, which inevitably leads to hemodilution, could contribute to this effect. However, there is yet no optimal evidence-based strategy for this type of priming. Hence, we will investigate different priming strategies to reduce hemodilution and preserve microcirculatory perfusion. Methods The PRIME study is a single-center double-blind randomized trial. Patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery with CPB will be randomized into three groups of prime fluid strategy: (1) gelofusine with crystalloid, (2) albumin with crystalloid, or (3) crystalloid and retrograde autologous priming. We aim to include 30 patients, 10 patients in each arm. The primary outcome is the change in microcirculatory perfusion. Secondary outcomes include colloid oncotic pressure; albumin; hematocrit; electrolytes; fluid balance and requirements; transfusion rates; and endothelial-, glycocalyx-, inflammatory- and renal injury markers. Sublingual microcirculatory perfusion will be measured using non-invasive sidestream dark field video microscopy. Microcirculatory and blood measurements will be performed at five consecutive time points during surgery up to 24 h after admission to the intensive care unit. Discussion PRIME is the first study to assess the effect of different prime fluid strategies on microcirculatory perfusion in cardiac surgery with CPB. If the results suggest that a specific crystalloid or colloid prime fluid strategy better preserves microcirculatory perfusion during on-pump cardiac surgery, the current study may help to find the optimal pump priming in cardiac surgery. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05647057. Registered on 04/25/2023. ClinicalTrials.gov PRS: Record Summary NCT05647057, all items can be found in the protocol.

Lara Moreno, Endzhe Matykina, Kiryl A. Yasakau et al.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of alloy processing and composition as well as the pH control and testing medium on the in vitro corrosion performance of MgZnCa systems for biodegradable implants. The grain size and secondary phases were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Scanning kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) was used to analyze the Volta potential values of the second phases. The corrosion performance of the three alloys was evaluated by electrochemical and hydrogen evolution methods in α-MEM with and without organic species (i.e. complete and inorganic α-MEM). Two strategies were followed to evaluate the influence of the pH on the corrosion behavior: daily solution replacement and CO2 flow based pH control. For all the materials, the organic medium accelerates the corrosion process. Constant pH maintained by CO2 flow through the medium results in considerably higher corrosion rates for all alloys. The impact of pH is lesser on the as-cast alloys due to the barrier effect of the secondary phases, particularly pronounced in the Mg1Zn1Ca alloy which showed the lowest corrosion rate. The wrought Mg0.5Zn0.2Ca alloy that lacks the refined secondary phase network and exhibits high number of twins undergoes accelerated uniform corrosion under constant pH conditions.

Yanyu Xiong, Nantao Li, Congnyu Che et al.

In recent years, the biosensor research community has made rapid progress in the development of nanostructured materials capable of amplifying the interaction between light and biological matter. A common objective is to concentrate the electromagnetic energy associated with light into nanometer-scale volumes that, in many cases, can extend below the conventional Abbé diffraction limit. Dating back to the first application of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for label-free detection of biomolecular interactions, resonant optical structures, including waveguides, ring resonators, and photonic crystals, have proven to be effective conduits for a wide range of optical enhancement effects that include enhanced excitation of photon emitters (such as quantum dots, organic dyes, and fluorescent proteins), enhanced extraction from photon emitters, enhanced optical absorption, and enhanced optical scattering (such as from Raman-scatterers and nanoparticles). The application of photonic metamaterials as a means for enhancing contrast in microscopy is a recent technological development. Through their ability to generate surface-localized and resonantly enhanced electromagnetic fields, photonic metamaterials are an effective surface for magnifying absorption, photon emission, and scattering associated with biological materials while an imaging system records spatial and temporal patterns. By replacing the conventional glass microscope slide with a photonic metamaterial, new forms of contrast and enhanced signal-to-noise are obtained for applications that include cancer diagnostics, infectious disease diagnostics, cell membrane imaging, biomolecular interaction analysis, and drug discovery. This paper will review the current state of the art in which photonic metamaterial surfaces are utilized in the context of microscopy.

Nushin Hosano, Zahra Moosavi-Nejad, Makoto Satoh et al.

Antigens associated with tumors have proven valuable in cancer immunotherapy. Their insufficient expression in the majority of tumors, however, limits their potential value as therapeutic markers. Aiming for a noninvasive approach applicable in clinical practice, we investigated the possibility of using focused shock waves to induce membrane expression of hidden intracellular tumor markers. Here, we studied the in vitro effect of a thousand focused shock waves at 16 MPa overpressure on the membrane expression of a cytosolic glycosphingolipid, monosialosyl-galactosyl-globoside (MSGG). Double-staining flow cytometry with propidium-iodide and monoclonal antibody RM1 revealed an immediate increase in MSGG expression on renal carcinoma cells (18% ± 0.5%) that reached its peak value (20.73% ± 0.4%) within one hour after the shock waves. The results of immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the incorporation of MSGG into newly formed cytosolic vesicles and their integration with the cell membrane. Based on the enzymatic nature of MSGG production that is not controlled directly by genes, the immediate upregulation of MSGG membrane expression implies that a chain of mechanochemical events affecting subcellular structures are responsible for the shock-wave-induced antigenic modification. Physically unmasking hidden tumor antigens and enhancing their expression by focused shock waves presents a potential noninvasive method of boosting tumor immunogenicity as a theranostic strategy in cancer immunotherapy.

Mehwish Naz, Sehrish Jabeen, Nafisa Gull et al.

Nanofibers mats of chitosan (CTS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/halloysite nanoclay and drug loaded CTS/PVA/halloysite nanoclay//3-glycidyoxypropyl trimethoxysilane were fabricated using the electrospinning method. Electrospun nanofiber samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). FTIR confirmed the chemical and physical bonding among ingredients such as CTS, PVA, nanoclay and crosslinker in the nanofibers. SEM images showed the development of uniform nanofibers. The average nanofiber diameter was observed in the range of 50–200 nm. Antimicrobial activity was examined against E. coli and S. aurus bacteria. The results obtained indicated that all nanofiber samples showed significant antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria. TGA results indicated that the thermal stability of nanofibers increased with the addition of the crosslinker. The drug release was studied in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution (pH 7.4) at 37°C and was released from nanofibers in 2.5 h. Hence, these prepared nanofibers can be used in medication where the drug is required for a long duration.

Mohammed Imran, Ariful Rahaman, Soumen Pal

The hollow glass microsphere (HGM)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/epoxy composite foam are fabricated by solution casting of functionalized CNT and functionalized HGM-epoxy dispersion. Five weight ratio configurations (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt%) of functionalized–HGMs were considered and compared with 0.1 wt% CNT/epoxy to investigate the effects of hollow micro sphere enrichment. This study investigate the effect of hollow glass microspheres (HGM) on the compressive strength and storage modulus of CNT modified epoxy resin. The results revealed that the incorporation of HGM improved the damping performance evidently and broadened damping temperature range. TEM image of the composite show a better dispersion of CNTs in epoxy matrix. SEM micrographs of composite foams are investigated to determine structure development and CNTs, HGM dispersion, with regard to experimental results, especially compression test.

Xiaoli Fan, Ruoting Men, Haoran Wang et al.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is characterized by massive immune cell-mediated hepatocyte destruction. Glucocorticoids, particularly methylprednisolone (MP), are the most effective treatment for AIH; however, the mechanism underlying the effects of glucocorticoid treatment has not been fully elucidated. The present study explored the effects of MP on damaged hepatocytes in mice with concanavalin A (ConA)−induced experimental autoimmune hepatitis (EAH). C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: a normal control group (injected with normal saline), a ConA (20 mg/kg) group, and a ConA + MP (3.12 mg/kg) group. The serum levels of liver enzymes, cytokines, activated T cells, and apoptosis− and autophagy−associated marker proteins were determined 12 h after ConA injection. Human hepatocyte cell line LO2 was used to verify the effects of ConA and MP in vitro. MP treatment significantly decreased inflammatory reactions in the serum and liver tissues and activated the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway to inhibit apoptosis and autophagy in hepatocytes in vivo. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed fewer autophagosomes in the MP-treated group than in the ConA-treated group. MP treatment obviously suppressed apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) loss in hepatocytes in vitro. Furthermore, ConA treatment increased the levels of LC3-II, p62/SQSTM1, and Beclin-1, while bafilomycin A1 did not augment the levels of LC3-II. MP treatment decreased the levels of LC3-II, p62/SQSTM1, and Beclin-1 and upregulated the levels of phosphorylated (p)-Akt and p-mTOR. In conclusion, MP ameliorated mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and autophagy dysfunction in ConA-induced hepatocyte injury in vivo and in vitro via the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Yong Hwan Ahn, Ye Young Rhee, Suck Chei Choi et al.

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy for cancer screening was performed in a 55-year-old woman as part of a health screening program, and revealed a depressed lesion approximately 20 mm in diameter in the lesser curvature of the mid-gastric body. Several biopsy specimens were collected as the lesion resembled early gastric cancer; however, histopathologic evaluation revealed chronic active gastritis with an ulcer and amorphous eosinophilic material deposition. Congo red staining identified amyloid proteins, and apple-green birefringence was shown using polarized light microscopy. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the presence of kappa and lambda chain-positive plasma cells. There was no evidence of underlying plasma cell dyscrasia or amyloid deposition in other segments of the gastrointestinal tract. Echocardiography and computed tomography of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis did not show any significant findings. Thus, the patient was diagnosed with localized gastric amyloidosis with kappa and lambda light chain coexpression.

吕安明

The die steel 4Cr5MoSiV1 was produced with the path of hot metal + scrap→100 t EAF→double LF→ double VD→ round billet continuous casting (section Φ 500 mm)→ step reheating furnace→ 950 rolling mill,in the special steel division new district of Shandong Steel. There are defects in the detection of individual batches die steel 4Cr5MoSiV1. By using the ultrasonic testing to locate the defect location, and analyzing with the way of Metallographic analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) , finally confirmed the center defect and the rolling compression ratio small are the main reasons of the testing substandard batch of steel 4Cr5MoSiV1, and the corresponding improved measures are put forward.

Addisu Melese, Habtamu Demelash

Abstract Background Except individual studies with varying prevalence rates, there are no national prevalence studies conducted in prison settings in Ethiopia. Appropriate estimates of the disease is essential to formulate health service plans most fitted for prisoners. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to pool the results of individual studies and estimate the prevalence of tuberculosis among prisoners in Ethiopia. Methods MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochran library, and Google scholar databases were searched for potential studies on the prevalence of tuberculosis among prisoners in Ethiopia. A total of 177 titles were identified and 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. Descriptive and quantitative data of the included studies were presented in tables and forest plots. Potential sources of heterogeneity across studies were assessed using the Cochrane’s Q and I2 tests. The MetaXL (version 5.3) was employed to compute the pooled prevalence of TB using the random effect model and 95% confidence interval. Result Based on the ten studies included in the meta-analysis, about 4086 prisoners were infected with tuberculosis (TB). The pooled prevalence of TB among prisoners was therefore 8.33% (95% CI; 6.28%–10.63%) and the pooled point prevalence was estimated at 888 per 100,000 prison population (95% CI; 531–1333). The prevalence of TB using microscopy alone was 6.59% (95% CI: 3.96–9.50%) whereas the prevalence of TB when microscopy is combined with either culture or molecular tests was 8.57% (95% CI: 4.94–12.6%). Conclusion The pooled prevalence of tuberculosis among prisoners in Ethiopia is expectedly high. This high prevalence could explain the spread of TB within prisons and between prisoners and varies communities. Thus; attention should be given to prison settings to prevent the transmission and emergence of drug resistance TB both in inmates and general population. Further studies covering large scale prison population are needed to design effective diagnostic, treatment and preventive methods.

Bajarang Laxman Shinde, Laxman Appa Dhale, Venkat S. Suryavanshi et al.

Chromium doped Ni-Cu-Zn nano ferrites with chemical formula Ni0.2Cu0.2Zn0.6Fe2-xCrxO4 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) were prepared by using sol-gel auto combustion method. The prepared precursors of Chromium substituted Ni-Cu-Zn ferrites were sintered at 500 0C for 4h. Compositional stoichiometry were confirmed from EDAX patterns. The XRD data revealed that the all samples possess a single phase cubic spinel structure. The Lattice constant, X-ray density, hopping lengths and crystallite size determined from XRD data decreases with increase in Cr3+ concentration. The IR spectra show two major absorption bands, high frequency band ν1 ≈ 600 cm-1 and low frequency band ν2 ≈ 450 cm-1 attributed to the stretching vibration of tetrahedral and octahedral sites respectively. The surface morphology of the prepared samples was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Morphology.

Sergio Sarnataro, Andrea M Chiariello, Andrea Esposito et al.

New Hi-C technologies have revealed that chromosomes have a complex network of spatial contacts in the cell nucleus of higher organisms, whose organisation is only partially understood. Here, we investigate the structure of such a network in human GM12878 cells, to derive a large scale picture of nuclear architecture. We find that the intensity of intra-chromosomal interactions is power-law distributed. Inter-chromosomal interactions are two orders of magnitude weaker and exponentially distributed, yet they are not randomly arranged along the genomic sequence. Intra-chromosomal contacts broadly occur between epigenomically homologous regions, whereas inter-chromosomal contacts are especially associated with regions rich in highly expressed genes. Overall, genomic contacts in the nucleus appear to be structured as a network of networks where a set of strongly individual chromosomal units, as envisaged in the 'chromosomal territory' scenario derived from microscopy, interact with each other via on average weaker, yet far from random and functionally important interactions.

Monika Špeldová

Pochybná svědectví pana Leeuwenhoeka: mikroskopy, analogie a dobří sousedé Abstrakt: Tato studie se věnuje rané fázi mikroskopického zkoumání přírody Antoni van Leeuwenhoeka (1632-1723), které představil ve své korespondenci členům Royal Society. Studie se zaměřuje na období od navázání styku s Royal Society (1673) až do roku 1680, kdy byl Leeuwenhoek zvolen členem společnosti. Z metodologického hlediska studie uplatňuje na Leeuwenhoekovy dopisy členům Royal Society přístup, který představili autoři Steven Shapin a Simon Schaffer v knize Leviathan and the Air-Pump (1985). Pokouší se zjistit, jestli se v Leeuwenhoekových dopisech objevují tři strategie, (materiální, literární a sociální), které Shapin a Schaffer přisoudili Robertu Boylovi. Studie potvrzuje, že závěry britských autorů platí i pro jiné vědce. Klíčová slova: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek; mikroskopie; mikrobiologie; experimentální věda 17. století; literární techniky; rétorické prostředky Doubtful Testimonies of Mr. Leeuwenhoek: microscopes, analogies, and good neighbours Abstract: The aim of the study is to discuss the early microscopic examination of nature, introduced by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) in his letters to the Royal Society. The paper focuses on period from the establishing of contact with the Royal Society (1673) to the electing of Leeuwenhoek the member of the Society in 1680. From the methodological point of view the study uses the approach which Steven Shapin a Simon Schaffer presented in their book Leviathan and the Air-Pump (1985). The study tries to find out to what extent it is possible to understand Leeuwenhoek's letters as expressing three technologies (material, literary, and social) proposed by the British authors. The paper shows that the Shapin's and Schaffer's understanding of experimental science of Robert Boyle is transferrable to other scientists. Keywords: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek; microscopy; microbiology; experimental science of 17th century; literary techniques; rhetorical devices

L. Chai, W. Al-Sawai, Y. Gao et al.

Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and positron-electron momentum density (PEMD) studies on multilayers of PbSe nanocrystals (NCs), supported by transmission electron microscopy, show that positrons are strongly trapped at NC surfaces, where they provide insight into the surface composition and electronic structure of PbSe NCs. Our analysis indicates abundant annihilation of positrons with Se electrons at the NC surfaces and with O electrons of the oleic ligands bound to Pb ad-atoms at the NC surfaces, which demonstrates that positrons can be used as a sensitive probe to investigate the surface physics and chemistry of nanocrystals inside multilayers. Ab initio electronic structure calculations provide detailed insight in the valence and semi-core electron contributions to the positron-electron momentum density of PbSe. Both lifetime and PEMD are found to correlate with changes in the particle morphology characteristic of partial ligand removal.

SMH Noori Moogahi, M Kameli, M Khanehzad

Background: Malva sylvestris (M.S) with various drug effects, especially on mucociliary system as dilutor drug and sputum collection is known. Objective: This study examined the effects of M.S and Bromhexine HCL (B.H) in mucociliary system of trachea chicken. Methods: In this experimental study five groups of Leghorn chickens were studied under identical conditions. Four groups received oral B.H & oral M.S extract & nebulas normal saline & nebulas M.S extract during 12 days, respectively andone group was considered as control. After 12 days the chicks were killed and the biopsy samples from the middletracheal were taken for histopathology study using PAS and H & E methods under light microscopy. Finally Image tools II Software were used for counting of size and number of mucous glands and cilia. Results: Results of the analysis of data showed that nebulizing of M.S increases the number and the size of mucous glands, also the size of cilia compare to 3 groups: control, oral B.H, normal saline significantly. The oral M.S extract group showed significant differences in number of the mucous glands compared with other 3 groups. Conclusion: According to more mucolitic effects of M.S extract than Bromhexine HCL and side effects for drugs mucolitic is recommended to be used that respiratory and inflammatory diseases of the M.S extract.