The Motor Industry Ombudsman of South Africa (MIOSA) is an industry ombud recognised under the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 (CPA). The MIOSA regulates the interaction and provides for alternative dispute resolution in the automotive and related industries in South Africa. Moreover, the MIOSA is an impartial organisation that focusses on the resolution of disputes where a deadlock has been reached between the automotive and related industries and their customers, as well as relationships among participants in the automotive and related industries to the benefit of the parties. The role of the MIOSA is to make recommendations in cases referred to it where parties cannot reach common ground and are unable to arrive at mutually acceptable agreements following a dispute. This analysis explores and proffers possible solutions to address the challenges that impede the MIOSA from discharging its role and mandate under the CPA effectively in resolving consumer disputes in the South African automotive industry.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
El presente artículo comenta aspectos metodológicos y reflexiones en torno a un proyecto que se encuentra en construcción: la creación de la Biblioteca Interseccional de Imágenes Uruguayas, un banco de imágenes basado en personajes no hegemónicos cuyo uno de sus objetivos es transformarse en una herramienta de carácter público dirigida a profesionales de la arquitectura y el diseño. La pregunta de investigación parte de la utilización automática y acrítica de corporalidades y poses que responden a representaciones basadas en estereotipos e imágenes importadas. La cuestión, lejos de resolverse con las nuevas tecnologías, incorpora sesgos y automatismos que es necesario visibilizar con foco en la producción de sentido, considerando que en la actualidad hay sectores de la sociedad que están excluidos de toda representación visual en espacios significativos de la vida pública. El proceso incluye relevamientos y análisis realizados desde una perspectiva de género, generaciones, derechos y diversidad en las plataformas digitales más utilizadas por profesionales del diseño en Uruguay, con el fin de detectar y superar la problemática. El equipo de trabajo se integra con docentes y estudiantes de la Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo de la Udelar. La producción de imágenes para el repositorio se genera con base en metodologías de diseño participativo, donde el aporte de activistas y colectivos sociales es fundamental.
We investigated plasma heating enhancement using a high-intensity, high-contrast laser and a cone-attached target. Fast electron spectra and X-ray emission were measured with an electron spectrometer and a Bragg crystal spectrometer. The results were analyzed using PrismSPECT simulations with a two-component electron distribution model and empirical scaling laws. X-ray pinhole images showed that the cone effectively focused multi-spot laser light near its tip, enhancing local emission. While high-contrast laser irradiation reduced the fast electron slope temperature for flat targets, the use of a cone increased it by over threefold, corresponding to a fourfold rise in laser intensity. X-ray spectral analysis indicated an electron temperature of ~9~keV for the cone case, 17.5 times higher than that with a low-contrast laser. These findings demonstrate that combining high-contrast laser irradiation with cone-target geometry significantly improves laser energy coupling and plasma heating efficiency.
Este trabajo analiza la acción de disolución judicial, prevista para la sociedad anónima cerrada chilena, desde un punto de vista procesal. Aunque la Ley sobre Sociedades Anónimas de 1981 ofrece algunas indicaciones, varios puntos relativos al ejercicio de este remedio no son regulados o lo son de forma indirecta, como el alcance de la discrecionalidad judicial o la arbitrabilidad del conflicto. Además de esos puntos, se estudia el objeto del proceso, que determina el carácter constitutivo de la sentencia estimatoria, a quiénes corresponde la legitimación activa y pasiva, y cómo se relacionan cumplimiento de la sentencia y liquidación societaria.
Mingyu Yu, Sahani Amaya Iddawela, Jiayang Wang
et al.
GaSe is an important member of the post-transition metal chalcogenide family and is an emerging two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor material. Because it is a van der Waals material, it can be fabricated into atomic-scale ultrathin films, making it suitable for the preparation of compact, heterostructure devices. In addition, GaSe possesses unusual optical and electronic properties, such as a shift from an indirect-bandgap single-layer film to a direct-bandgap bulk material, rare intrinsic p-type conduction, and nonlinear optical behaviors. These properties make GaSe an appealing candidate for the fabrication of field-effect transistors, photodetectors, and photovoltaics. However, the wafer-scale production of pure GaSe single crystal thin films remains challenging. This study develops an approach for the direct growth of nanometer-thick GaSe films on GaAs substrates using molecular beam epitaxy. It yields smooth thin GaSe films with the rare γ'-polymorph. We analyze the formation mechanism of γ'-GaSe using density functional theory and speculate that it is stabilized by Ga vacancies since the formation enthalpy of γ'-GaSe tends to become lower than that of other polymorphs when the Ga vacancy concentration increases. Finally, we investigate the growth conditions of GaSe, providing valuable insights for exploring 2D/3D quasi-van der Waals epitaxial growth.
Between the first regulatory and legal development of international nuclear law in 1957 and modern achievements, three main stages of this process can be distinguished. The first period of development of international nuclear law corresponds to the period of development of nuclear energy and guarantees of its peaceful use by all non-nuclear weapon states. This dual purpose was legally confirmed by the establishment of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1957 and the entry into force of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) in 1970. The first stage in the development of international nuclear law was complemented by a second growth phase aimed at increasing collective resilience to the dangers of nuclear energy. The Three Mile Island accident in 1979 and especially the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 triggered intense regulatory activity aimed at preventing nuclear accidents and better managing their consequences on an international scale. As a result, several international conventions have been adopted in this area: The Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and the Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, the Convention on Nuclear Safety and the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management. Unlike the first-generation nuclear nonproliferation treaties, these norms do not violate the essential sovereignty of the states parties. By merging binding provisions and flexible legislation, a cooperative system was created for flexible and decentralized management of nuclear activities on an international scale. The third stage of the development of international nuclear law, in which we are currently located, is characterized by both negative and positive elements. On the negative side, there are problems that affect the effectiveness of international nuclear law. The most alarming issue in this area is the independence of nuclear regulatory authorities in several countries, although it is regulated by Article 8 of the Convention on Nuclear Safety and Article 20 of the Joint Convention on Nuclear Safety.
The publication examines the provisions on administrative and economic sanctions of the French Commercial Code and other acts of French legislation. It was concluded that the French experience of regulation of commercial relations is based on complex solutions involving a combination of private-law and public-law regulation. It is substantiated that during the last century the commercial legislation of France was saturated with public legal provisions. The new French Commercial Code of 2000 incorporated a significant number of provisions that are public law, including administrative and criminal sanctions. The presence of provisions in the French Commercial legislation, which by nature of administrative influence on business entities can be recognized as administrative and economic sanctions, is established in many spheres of relations. These sanctions include typical penalties imposed on economic entities for antitrust violations, violations of reporting and other rules of conducting commercial activities, as well as other numerous sanctions of an organizational nature. It is substantiated that the disciplinary responsibility of certain professions in commerce defined in the FCC can be qualified as a type of administrative and economic sanctions relevant to the Ukrainian legal sense. Taking into account the experience of French commercial law, it was concluded that the ideas of reducing the discretion of state bodies when applying sanctions to business to eliminate the risks of corruption and abuse are not confirmed in modern European legislation. It is obvious that this follows from the quite reasonable assumption that the fight against corruption should affect the specific offender, and not destroy the effectiveness of the state's response to offenses, including in the business sphere. Several trends in the legislative regulation of administrative and economic sanctions in France have been identified, including attempts to solve the problems of the ratio of administrative sanctions and criminal penalties on legal entities, the expansion of judges' approaches to the assessment of administrative sanctions imposed on merchants from the point of view of compliance with procedural provisions and respect for human rights. It was concluded that the introduction of criminal liability of legal entities into national law cannot take place without an analysis of the problems caused by relevant institutions in foreign countries, in particular in France.
Tulisan ini bertujuan melihat implikasi hukum penerapan pendaftaran perizinan perusahaan melalui OSS RBA terhadap UMKM dikaitkan dengan kepastian hukum dan bagaimanakah kendala hukum yang dihadapi oleh pelaku usaha dalam proses pendaftaran perizinan melalui OSS RBA. Masalah difokuskan Pemberlakuan Komitmen pemenuhan persyaratan dilakukan untuk melakukan usaha dan/atau kegiatan sesuai dengan izin usaha atau izin komersial atau operasional yang telah diterbitkan. Apabila pemohon izin gagal dalam melakukan pemenuhan komitmen maka menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum bagi pemohon. Guna mendekati masalah ini dipergunakan acuan teori dari Teori Kepastian Hukum. Data- data dikumpulkan melalui kepustakaan dan studi lapangan, dan alat pengumpul data studi dokumen dan wawancara dan dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahwa Implikasi yang timbul adalah ketidaksesuaian antara klasifikasi usaha dengan proses. Sistem OSS RBA belum siap dilaksanakan, kendala masih sering dihadapi khususnya pada izin yang akan diberikan oleh Pemerintah Daerah. Dalam hal pengembangan masih sulit dilakukan dan Kendala yang terjadi khususnya bagi daerah yang belum memiliki koneksi internet dan listrik, banyak pengusaha yang sulit melakukan perizinan pada OSS RBA karena belum dapat melakukan migrasi data dari OSS 1.1. pelaksanaan OSS RBA.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
The law of entropy increase postulates the existence of irreversible processes in physics: the total entropy of an isolated system can increase but cannot decrease. The annihilation of an electric current in normal metal with the generation of Joule heat because of a non-zero resistance is well-known example of irreversible process. The persistent current, an undamped electric current observed in a superconductor, annihilates after the transition into the normal state. Therefore this transition was considered as irreversible thermodynamic process before 1933. But if this transition is irreversible then the Meissner effect discovered in 1933 is experimental evidence of a process reverse to the irreversible process. Belief in the law of entropy increase forced physicists to change their understanding of the superconducting transition, which is considered a phase transition after 1933. This change has resulted to the internal inconsistency of the conventional theory of superconductivity, which is created within the framework of reversible thermodynamics but predicts Joule heating. The persistent current annihilates after the transition into the normal state with the generation of Joule heat and reappears during the return to the superconducting state according to this theory and contrary to the law of entropy increase. The success of the conventional theory of superconductivity forces to consider the validity of belief in the law of entropy increase.
Naira Grigoryan, Agata Roszkiewicz, Piotr Chudzinski
Herein, the canonical Fowler-Nordheim theory is extended by computing the zero-temperature transmission probability for the more general case of a barrier described by a fractional power law. An exact analytical formula is derived, written in terms of Gauss hypergeometric functions, that fully capture the transmission probability for this generalized problem, including screened interaction with the image potential. First, the quality of approximation against the so far most advanced formulation of Fowler-Nordheim, where the transmission is given in terms of elliptic integrals, is benchmarked. In the following, as the barrier is given by a power law, in detail, the dependence of the transmission probability on the exponent of the power law is analyzed. The formalism is compared with results of numerical calculations and its possible experimental relevance is discussed. Finally, it is discussed how the presented solution can be linked in some specific cases with an exact quantum-mechanical solution of the quantum well problem.
Muhsinath. M, Hassan Basari V. T., Titus K. Mathew
The expansion law proposed by Padmanabhan suggests that the evolution of the volume of the horizon is due to the difference between the degrees of freedom on the horizon and the degrees of freedom in the bulk enclosed by the horizon. In formulating this law, Padmanabhan used the temperature, $T=H/2π$, for a dynamical expansion. In this work, we modified the expansion law using Kodama-Hayward temperature, the dynamical temperature, for the horizon, first in (3+1) Einstein's gravity and extended it to higher order gravity theories such as (n+1) Einstein gravity, Gauss-Bonnet gravity, and more general Lovelock gravity. Contrary to the conventional approach, we expressed degrees of freedom of the horizon in terms of the surface energy of the horizon. Also, we have expressed modified expansion law in terms of cosmic components. It then turns out that it is possible to express the modified expansion law in a form as if $T=H/2π$ is the temperature of the dynamical horizon.
Zh. C. Shukenova, A. B. Seifullina, Sh. Utegenov
et al.
This article reveals some theoretical and practical problems concerning the judicial system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is noted that the judicial system is currently at the stage of modernization. The judicial system is called upon to protect human rights, restore justice, and impose fair penalties. The level of public confidence in the state power as a whole depends on the quality of the judicial power.
The purpose of this article is to reveal the process of improving the judicial system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. At the same time, consider the main directions of modernization of the judicial system. These are the improvement of legislation, the creation of specialized courts, and increasing the authority of judges. The article analyzes the provisions of the new administrative procedural code. According to the authors, it is necessary to improve constantly the skills of judges in various areas of public life. It is concluded that the judicial power in Kazakhstan should be strong, independent, authoritative, competent, professional. This is the main challenge that facing the State now. The results of this article are significant both in theoretical and practical terms.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Sanja Šćepanović, Sagar Joglekar, Stephen Law
et al.
The presence of people in an urban area throughout the day -- often called 'urban vitality' -- is one of the qualities world-class cities aspire to the most, yet it is one of the hardest to achieve. Back in the 1970s, Jane Jacobs theorized urban vitality and found that there are four conditions required for the promotion of life in cities: diversity of land use, small block sizes, the mix of economic activities, and concentration of people. To build proxies for those four conditions and ultimately test Jane Jacobs's theory at scale, researchers have had to collect both private and public data from a variety of sources, and that took decades. Here we propose the use of one single source of data, which happens to be publicly available: Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. In particular, since the first two conditions (diversity of land use and small block sizes) are visible to the naked eye from satellite imagery, we tested whether we could automatically extract them with a state-of-the-art deep-learning framework and whether, in the end, the extracted features could predict vitality. In six Italian cities for which we had call data records, we found that our framework is able to explain on average 55% of the variance in urban vitality extracted from those records.
Shu Chen, Andrei Bylinkin, Zhengtianye Wang
et al.
Plasmon polaritons in topological insulators attract attention from a fundamental perspective and for potential THz photonic applications. Although polaritons have been observed by THz far-field spectroscopy on topological insulator microstructures, real-space imaging of propagating THz polaritons has been elusive so far. Here, we show spectroscopic THz near-field images of thin Bi2Se3 layers (prototypical topological insulators) revealing polaritons with up to 12 times increased momenta as compared to photons of the same energy and decay times of about 0.48 ps, yet short propagation lengths. From the images we determine and analyze the polariton dispersion, showing that the polaritons can be explained by the coupling of THz radiation to various combinations of Dirac and massive carriers at the Bi2Se3 surfaces, massive bulk carriers and optical phonons. Our work provides critical insights into the nature of THz polaritons in topological insulators and establishes instrumentation and methodology for imaging of THz polaritons.
En el presente ensayo se efectúa un recorrido sobre los contextos en que se sancionaron las principales leyes que regulan en materia de niñez y adolescencia en la Argentina. Se trata de un análisis, desde una mirada socio-histórica, de los procesos culturales, sociales y políticos que rodearon la sanción de las leyes N° 10.903 de patronato de menores y N° 26.061 de Protección integral de los derechos de niñas, niños y adolescentes.
Se pretende describir las diferentes maneras de concebir a las niñeces y adolescencias a lo largo del tiempo y espacio, y su correlato con la forma en que el Estado les asignó entidad jurídica y reguló su existencia como individuos en sociedad.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
جمهوری عربی سوریه از ابتدای 2011 (دی 1389) صحنه اعتراضات سیاسی بود که خیلی زود به درگیریهای مسلّحانه داخلی تبدیل شد. در این درگیریها سلاح شیمیایی استفاده شد. مهمترین موارد آن، یکی 21 اوت 2013 (30 مرداد 1392) بود که در اثر آن، حدود 1400 نفر کشته شدند و دیگری 4 آوریل 2017 (15 فروردین 1396) بود که حدود 100 کشته و 400 مجروح برجای گذاشت. به لحاظ حقوقی این بحث مطرح شد که با توجه به عدم برشمردن «استفاده از سلاح شیمیایی» بهعنوان جنایت در اساسنامه دیوان بینالمللی کیفری، آیا استفاده از سلاح شیمیایی در درگیریهای داخلی سوریه، جنایت بینالمللی تحت صلاحیت دیوان محسوب میشود؟ و آیا با توجه به عدم عضویت سوریه در اساسنامه دیوان بینالمللی کیفری، این دادگاه میتواند نسبت به وضعیت سوریه اِعمال صلاحیت کند؟ محققین در این مقاله با تحلیل موضوع، تفسیر اساسنامه و تطبیق آن با عناصر جنایات تحت صلاحیت دیوان، بهکارگیری سلاح شیمیایی در مخاصمات داخلی سوریه را مصداق جنایت جنگی دانستند. همچنین بررسیهای پژوهش نشان میدهد، با توجه به اصلاحات اساسنامه دیوان در <em>کامپالای</em> اوگاندا در ژوئن 2010 (خرداد 1389)، در صورتی که شورای امنیت، «وضعیت» سوریه را به دیوان ارجاع دهد، اِعمال صلاحیت دیوان بینالمللی کیفری بر آن امکانپذیر است.
Este estudo realiza apresenta a evolução teórica sobre a proxy de qualidade inserida no setor de transmissão elétrica, a fim de compor a análise de eficiência operacional dos prestadores de serviços. O setor elétrico brasileiro é formado por prestadores de serviços operacionais mediante concessão. Esses operarão e administração o sistema de Transmissão elétrica cumprindo a legislação conforme determinação da agência reguladora. A agencia reguladora brasileira, ANEEL –Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica tem como objetivo fiscalizar os níveis de serviços prestados pelos concessionados. No segundo ciclo tarifário de 2009, na renovação das concessões de 2012, a ANEEL utilizou de métricas distintas e ad hoc ao processo de eficiência para avaliar a eficiência operacional dos operadores do serviço de transmissão. Assim, foi visto que o processo adotado não cumpre com requisitos assumidos pelo órgão regulador. O estudo contribui para a literatura verificando que após 2009, os autores apontam a relevância da incorporação da proxy de qualidade para estudos de eficiência comparada no setor de energia elétrica. Não obstante, também aponta a evolução da proxy de qualidade mensurada por unidades da DEC – Duração das interrupções e da FEC – Frequência das Interrupções para valores financeiros, ou seja, o custo da indisponibilidade dos serviços. Logo, esse estudo sugere que ANEEL adote a variável monetária como proxy para qualidade dos serviços prestados no segmento de transmissão elétrica brasileira. Assim, como proxy para a realidade brasileira, sugere-se a adoção da Parcela Variável – PV, parcela referente a indisponibilidade do sistema, a qual como punição, é descontada anualmente da Receita Anual Permitida – RAP.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Business