Maritza A. Lara-Lopez, I. Rebollido, A. Vidal-Garcia
et al.
We present the results of a comprehensive survey conducted among members of the Spanish Astronomical Society (Sociedad Espanola de Astronomia, SEA) to assess well-being, professional satisfaction, and family-work balance of researchers in astronomy. The survey addressed multiple aspects of professional life, including happiness, career stability, publication pressure, and access to childcare services during scientific meetings. Responses were examined across gender and career stages to identify trends and sources of dissatisfaction.
A quantum Latin square of order $n$ (denoted as QLS$(n)$) is an $n\times n$ array whose entries are unit column vectors from the $n$-dimensional Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}_n$, such that each row and column forms an orthonormal basis. Two unit vectors $|u\rangle, |v\rangle\in \mathcal{H}_n$ are regarded as identical if there exists a real number $θ$ such that $|u\rangle=e^{iθ}|v\rangle$; otherwise, they are considered distinct. The cardinality $c$ of a QLS$(n)$ is the number of distinct vectors in the array. In this paper, we use sub-QLS$(4)$s to prove that for any integer $m\geq 2$ and any integer $c\in [4m,16m^2]\setminus \{4m+1\}$, there is a QLS$(4m)$ with cardinality $c$.
Given an integer partition $P = (h_1h_2\dots h_k)$ of $n$, a realization of $P$ is a latin square with disjoint subsquares of orders $h_1,h_2,\dots,h_k$. Most known results restrict either $k$ or the number of different integers in $P$. There is little known for partitions with arbitrary $k$ and subsquares of at least three orders. It has been conjectured that if $h_1=h_2=h_3\geq h_4\geq\dots\geq h_k$ then a realization of $P$ always exists. We prove this conjecture, and thus show the existence of realizations for many general partitions.
In this paper we consider the problem of finding latin squares with sets of pairwise disjoint subsquares. We develop a new necessary condition on the sizes of the subsquares which incorporates and extends the known conditions. We provide a construction for the case where all but two of the subsquares are the same size, and in this case the condition is sufficient. We obtain these results using symmetric rational outline squares, and additionally provide several new results and extensions to this theory.
Reseña de Libros: ALARCON, Natalia y VIDELA, Oscar R. (compiladorxs); Conflictos y Contextos. Historias locales en Santa Fe y Entre Ríos; Investigaciones Socio-Históricas Regionales (ISHIR)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Rosario, 2023, 318 pp.
Pablo Saborido-Fernández, Marcos Fernández-Pichel, David E. Losada
Evaluating the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) to assist teachers and students in educational tasks is receiving increasing attention. In this paper, we assess ChatGPT's capacities to solve and grade real programming exams, from an accredited BSc degree in Computer Science, written in Spanish. Our findings suggest that this AI model is only effective for solving simple coding tasks. Its proficiency in tackling complex problems or evaluating solutions authored by others are far from effective. As part of this research, we also release a new corpus of programming tasks and the corresponding prompts for solving the problems or grading the solutions. This resource can be further exploited by other research teams.
Maite Blázquez Cuesta, Marco A. Pérez Navarro, Rocío Sánchez-Mangas
This paper examines the incidence and persistence of overeducation in the early careers of Spanish university graduates. We investigate the role played by the business cycle and field of study and their interaction in shaping both phenomena. We also analyse the relevance of specific types of knowledge and skills as driving factors in reducing overeducation risk. We use data from the Survey on the Labour Insertion of University Graduates (EILU) conducted by the Spanish National Statistics Institute in 2014 and 2019. The survey collects rich information on cohorts that graduated in the 2009/2010 and 2014/2015 academic years during the Great Recession and the subsequent economic recovery, respectively. Our results show, first, the relevance of the economic scenario when graduates enter the labour market. Graduation during a recession increased overeducation risk and persistence. Second, a clear heterogeneous pattern occurs across fields of study, with health sciences graduates displaying better performance in terms of both overeducation incidence and persistence and less impact of the business cycle. Third, we find evidence that some transversal skills (language, IT, management) can help to reduce overeducation risk in the absence of specific knowledge required for the job, thus indicating some kind of compensatory role. Finally, our findings have important policy implications. Overeducation, and more importantly overeducation persistence, imply a non-neglectable misallocation of resources. Therefore, policymakers need to address this issue in the design of education and labour market policies.
Pamela D. Rivière, Anne L. Beatty-Martínez, Sean Trott
Lexical ambiguity -- where a single wordform takes on distinct, context-dependent meanings -- serves as a useful tool to compare across different language models' (LMs') ability to form distinct, contextualized representations of the same stimulus. Few studies have systematically compared LMs' contextualized word embeddings for languages beyond English. Here, we evaluate semantic representations of Spanish ambiguous nouns in context in a suite of Spanish-language monolingual and multilingual BERT-based models. We develop a novel dataset of minimal-pair sentences evoking the same or different sense for a target ambiguous noun. In a pre-registered study, we collect contextualized human relatedness judgments for each sentence pair. We find that various BERT-based LMs' contextualized semantic representations capture some variance in human judgments but fall short of the human benchmark. In exploratory work, we find that performance scales with model size. We also identify stereotyped trajectories of target noun disambiguation as a proportion of traversal through a given LM family's architecture, which we partially replicate in English. We contribute (1) a dataset of controlled, Spanish sentence stimuli with human relatedness norms, and (2) to our evolving understanding of the impact that LM specification (architectures, training protocols) exerts on contextualized embeddings.
The author analyzes the history of the development and evolution of inter-party relations between the CPSU and the Colombian Communist Party in the post-Comintern period. Particular attention is paid to the role of the International De-partment of the CPSU Central Committee in conducting the foreign policy of the USSR in Latin America. The author concludes that inter-party relations between the CPS and the CPC were built primarily around global issues on the agenda of the world communist movement, with the issues of Soviet-Chinese and Soviet-Chinese-Cuban rivalry and the topic of armed struggle in the Latin American region especially high-lighted.
MentalRiskES is a novel challenge that proposes to solve problems related to early risk detection for the Spanish language. The objective is to detect, as soon as possible, Telegram users who show signs of mental disorders considering different tasks. Task 1 involved the users' detection of eating disorders, Task 2 focused on depression detection, and Task 3 aimed at detecting an unknown disorder. These tasks were divided into subtasks, each one defining a resolution approach. Our research group participated in subtask A for Tasks 1 and 2: a binary classification problem that evaluated whether the users were positive or negative. To solve these tasks, we proposed models based on Transformers followed by a decision policy according to criteria defined by an early detection framework. One of the models presented an extended vocabulary with important words for each task to be solved. In addition, we applied a decision policy based on the history of predictions that the model performs during user evaluation. For Tasks 1 and 2, we obtained the second-best performance according to rankings based on classification and latency, demonstrating the effectiveness and consistency of our approaches for solving early detection problems in the Spanish language.
We prove that for $n \in \mathbb N$ and an absolute constant $C$, if $p \geq C\log^2 n / n$ and $L_{i,j} \subseteq [n]$ is a random subset of $[n]$ where each $k\in [n]$ is included in $L_{i,j}$ independently with probability $p$ for each $i, j\in [n]$, then asymptotically almost surely there is an order-$n$ Latin square in which the entry in the $i$th row and $j$th column lies in $L_{i,j}$. The problem of determining the threshold probability for the existence of an order-$n$ Latin square was raised independently by Johansson, by Luria and Simkin, and by Casselgren and H{ä}ggkvist; our result provides an upper bound which is tight up to a factor of $\log n$ and strengthens the bound recently obtained by Sah, Sawhney, and Simkin. We also prove analogous results for Steiner triple systems and $1$-factorizations of complete graphs, and moreover, we show that each of these thresholds is at most the threshold for the existence of a $1$-factorization of a nearly complete regular bipartite graph.
Myrthes de Campos (1875-1965) é amplamente reconhecida como a primeira mulher a exercer a advocacia no Brasil. Ela se graduou em direito em 1898 e fez sua estreia no tribunal do júri no ano seguinte. Embora tenha publicado com frequência em jornais de grande circulação e em revistas jurídicas, bem como apresentado trabalhos em congressos acadêmicos, a sua trajetória recebeu pouca atenção do ponto de vista da história intelectual. Este artigo apresenta uma análise de um conjunto de textos em que ela discutiu a capacidade civil das mulheres, o aborto e o tribunal do júri, procurando argumentar que chr(38)quot;a primeira advogadachr(38)quot; teve uma atuação mais complexa, contraditória e questionadora que as narrativas do pioneirismo e do excepcionalismo podem sugerir. Colocando os escritos de Myrthes de Campos em diálogo e em tensão com seus contemporâneos, pretende-se contribuir tanto para o estudo das mulheres como intelectuais, quanto para a compreensão de transformações por que passavam as práticas e os discursos jurídicos ao longo das primeiras décadas do século XX
Natasha Martins, Pedro Almeida, Muriel Guitel
et al.
A corporalidade dentro dos rituais da religião brasileira Candomblé possui papel fundamental na preservação de uma tradição e valorização étnica. Identificando como potente representante deste universo cosmológico, usou-se como objeto de estudo as obras do pintor português Neves e Sousa, para fins de análise sócio-cultural. O corpo conta história, se faz presente. É por meio do corpo que o sagrado se manifesta no ambiente litúrgico. Buscando este espaço atemporal da arte ritual, com ênfase na expressão corporal do Candomblé, o presente artigo desenvolve um diálogo entre um olhar de fora do Candomblé com suas simbologias, meios de aprendizado e experiência mística.CORPORALITY OF CANDOMBLÉ FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF NEVES E SOUSA
Corporality of Candomblé from the Perspective of Neves e Sousa
CORPORALIDAD DE CANDOMBLÉ BAJO LA MIRADA DE NEVES Y SOUSA
Corporalidad de Candomblé Bajo la Mirada de Neves e Sousa
Resumo
A corporalidade dentro dos rituais da religião brasileira Candomblé possui papel fundamental na preservação de uma tradição e valorização étnica. Identificando como potente representante deste universo cosmológico, usou-se como objeto de estudo as obras do pintor português Neves e Sousa, para fins de análise sócio-cultural. O corpo conta história, se faz presente. É por meio do corpo que o sagrado se manifesta no ambiente litúrgico. Buscando este espaço atemporal da arte ritual, com ênfase na expressão corporal do Candomblé, o presente artigo desenvolve um diálogo entre um olhar de fora do Candomblé com suas simbologias, meios de aprendizado e experiência mística.
Palavras-chave: Candomblé, Ritual, Cultura, Artes, Corporalidade
Abstract
Corporality within the rituals of the Brazilian Candomblé religion plays a fundamental role in the preservation of an ethnic tradition and appreciation. Identifying as a potent representative of this cosmological universe, the works of the Portuguese painter Neves e Sousa were used as object of study,for sociocultural analysis purposes. The body tells a story, makes itself present. It is through the body that the sacred is manifested in the liturgical environment. Seeking this timeless space of ritual art, with an emphasis on Candomblé body expression, this article develops a dialogue between the external perspective of Candomblé with its symbologies, mean of learning and mystical experience
Keywords: Candomblé, Ritual, Culture, Art, Corporality
Resumen
La corporalidad dentro de los rituales de la religión brasileña Candomblé tiene un papel fundamental en la preservación de la tradición y el aprecio étnico. Identificándose como un potente representante de este universo cosmológico, las obras del pintor portugués Neves e Sousa han sido utilizadas como objeto de estudio, a efectos de análisis sociocultural. El cuerpo cuenta una historia, se hace presente. Es a través del cuerpo que lo sagrado se manifiesta en el ambiente litúrgico. Buscando este espacio atemporal del arte ritual, con énfasis en la expresión corporal del Candomblé, este artículo desarrolla un diálogo entre una mirada fuera del Candomblé con sus simbologías, medios de aprendizaje y experiencia mística.
Palabras-clave: Candomblé, Ritual, Cultura, Arte, Corporalidad
Christian Reul, Christoph Wick, Maximilian Nöth
et al.
In order to apply Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to historical printings of Latin script fully automatically, we report on our efforts to construct a widely-applicable polyfont recognition model yielding text with a Character Error Rate (CER) around 2% when applied out-of-the-box. Moreover, we show how this model can be further finetuned to specific classes of printings with little manual and computational effort. The mixed or polyfont model is trained on a wide variety of materials, in terms of age (from the 15th to the 19th century), typography (various types of Fraktur and Antiqua), and languages (among others, German, Latin, and French). To optimize the results we combined established techniques of OCR training like pretraining, data augmentation, and voting. In addition, we used various preprocessing methods to enrich the training data and obtain more robust models. We also implemented a two-stage approach which first trains on all available, considerably unbalanced data and then refines the output by training on a selected more balanced subset. Evaluations on 29 previously unseen books resulted in a CER of 1.73%, outperforming a widely used standard model with a CER of 2.84% by almost 40%. Training a more specialized model for some unseen Early Modern Latin books starting from our mixed model led to a CER of 1.47%, an improvement of up to 50% compared to training from scratch and up to 30% compared to training from the aforementioned standard model. Our new mixed model is made openly available to the community.
This research offers a new interdisciplinary approach to the field of Linguistics by using Computational Linguistics, NLP, Bayesian Statistics and Sociolinguistics methods. This thesis investigates word order change in infinitival clauses from Object-Verb (OV) to Verb-Object (VO) in the history of Latin and Old French. By applying a variationist approach, I examine a synchronic word order variation in each stage of language change, from which I infer the character, periodization and constraints of diachronic variation. I also show that in discourse-configurational languages, such as Latin and Early Old French, it is possible to identify pragmatically neutral contexts by using information structure annotation. I further argue that by mapping pragmatic categories into a syntactic structure, we can detect how word order change unfolds. For this investigation, the data are extracted from annotated corpora spanning several centuries of Latin and Old French and from additional resources created by using computational linguistic methods. The data are then further codified for various pragmatic, semantic, syntactic and sociolinguistic factors. This study also evaluates previous factors proposed to account for word order alternation and change. I show how information structure and syntactic constraints change over time and propose a method that allows researchers to differentiate a stable word order alternation from alternation indicating a change. Finally, I present a three-stage probabilistic model of word order change, which also conforms to traditional language change patterns.
Em 1953, em plena Guerra Fria, a revista norte-americana Life, do grupo Time-Life, lançou uma versão em língua espanhola com os objetivos de aproximar-se mais do público latino-americano, difundir o american way, combater o antiamericanismo e promover o anticomunismo no subcontinente. O período foi marcado por uma série de tratados e de organizações que visavam regular as relações interamericanas, sob a hegemonia dos Estados Unidos. Caracteriza-se também pela implementação de organismos e programas estatais destinados à promoção de uma política cultural voltada para conquista da hegemonia mundial, estratégia denominada de “guerra psicológica”. A revista Life en Español, dirigida por Henry Luce, integrou a ampla rede de colaboradores que ajudaram a efetivar esse projeto político-cultural dos Estados Unidos. Nesse sentido, a partir da perspectiva teórica de Soft Power, de Joseph Nye, o artigo discute a relação da publicação em língua espanhola com os objetivos estratégicos norte-americanos no campo cultural
Neste artigo pretendemos analisar a formação educacional monástica, a partir da Regula Monachorum, no reino visigodo pós conversão ao catolicismo niceísta (589), sob a perspectiva do bispo Isidoro de Sevilha (560-636). Aqui entendemos, portanto, que os ambientes escolares foram espaços de poder, que ultrapassavam a questão educacional. Neste sentido, a Igreja, monopolizadora desta área, terá mais um elemento de reforço de sua autoridade, ainda mais se considerarmos que o período em questão se dá logo após a consolidação desta instituição no reino visigodo. Desta forma, ao mesmo tempo em que a Igreja conquistou relativa legitimidade e autonomia, ela se deparou, por outro lado, com a necessidade de manter a coesão dos seus membros e de se fazer presente perante a sociedade. Assim, compreendemos que o controle do campo educacional serviu como diretriz para o fortalecimento da supracitada instituição, bem como, da cristianização das populações (hispano romanas e visigodas) e da continuidade do clero.
Latin America. Spanish America, Social sciences (General)
The present study describes our submission to SemEval 2018 Task 1: Affect in Tweets. Our Spanish-only approach aimed to demonstrate that it is beneficial to automatically generate additional training data by (i) translating training data from other languages and (ii) applying a semi-supervised learning method. We find strong support for both approaches, with those models outperforming our regular models in all subtasks. However, creating a stepwise ensemble of different models as opposed to simply averaging did not result in an increase in performance. We placed second (EI-Reg), second (EI-Oc), fourth (V-Reg) and fifth (V-Oc) in the four Spanish subtasks we participated in.
En este artículo se aborda la incorporación de las demandas de género en los conflictos de las trabajadoras textiles en Argentina y cómo actuaron dos vertientes de la izquierda local: el Partido Socialista y el Partido Comunista. Se analizan tres estudios de caso: dos huelgas textiles y la demanda por la reforma de la ley del Seguro de Maternidad. El objetivo es estudiar la relación de estos partidos con las demandas de las trabajadoras desde una perspectiva que aúna las relaciones de género con las de clase, con base en fuentes de origen obrero y estatal. Una conclusión fundamental que se desprende de este trabajo es que los partidos socialista y comunista han intervenido activamente para transformar estas demandas en realizaciones concretas.