Hasil untuk "Labor policy. Labor and the state"

Wai Phyoe Maung, Yoth Vanhnasin, Sithong Thongmanivong et al.

The government of Laos views agricultural commercialization as a key policy instrument for improving the livelihoods of farm households and contributing to rural development. Recent studies indicate that these commercialization processes are not solely state-driven but are often actively embraced by local communities. Here, we examine how contemporary farming practices in the commercialized landscapes of northern Laos influence farmers’ perceptions of well-being and fairness. Using a combination of participatory methods, an adapted well-being framework, and a multidimensional equity lens, we analyze rural life in northern Laos. The findings reveal that foreign agricultural investments have increased income and asset accumulation, particularly through rubber and sugarcane sales, but economic gains are distributed unevenly. Land-poor farmers are increasingly reliant on wage labor, contributing to growing social inequalities. The paper highlights how social pressures alongside government policies are driving the shift toward industrial agricultural practices and commercial plantations. Additionally, it touches upon the ‘capability approach’, emphasizing access to forests and land as key components of well-being. The central argument is that perceptions of fairness in agricultural commercialization are influenced by factors such as land rights recognition, equitable land distribution, and participation in decision-making processes.

Robayet Ferdous Syed, Ridoan Karim

Francisco Vila Tierno

En el marco del proceso de reformas que pretenden dotar de sostenibilidad económica (y social) al Sistema Público de Pensiones en nuestro país, en el seno y la senda del Pacto de Toledo y del diálogo social, se da forma a un texto que, pendiente su traslación normativa, introduce una serie de medidas que tienden a garantizar aquel objetivo. Se trata del “Acuerdo Social para la mejora de la compatibilidad de la Pensión de jubilación con el trabajo, para la regulación de un nuevo procedimiento de acceso a la pensión de las actividades con elevada peligrosidad y para el mayor aprovechamiento de los recursos de las mutuas con el fin de recuperar la salud de las personas trabajadoras”, firmado el 31 de julio de 2024 por el Gobierno, CEOE y CEPYME y CC.OO. y UGT.

Lucília Regina de Souza Machado

O artigo oferece uma sistematização de reflexões acerca da inovação tendo como referência diversos autores clássicos e contemporâneos de perspectivas teóricas diferentes. As interpretações sobre inovação e suas associações a mudanças são evocadas e assim agrupadas: a inovação na tradição econômica; nas análises após a década de 1980 (abordagens a partir do conceito de translação, de redes sociais, com foco nos conhecimentos tácitos e em ambientes de inovação); e referidas a rupturas paradigmáticas. O eixo analítico toma a necessidade de superação da perspectiva linear, mecânica, determinista e quantitativa do fenômeno da inovação considerando a importância de se ter em vista o problema central da historicidade da realidade social e suas contradições. Palavras-chave: Inovação; Determinismo tecnológico; Mudança social.

Sh. А. Yessimova, L. A. Khassenova

The main purpose of the article is to study the state and development prospects of academic mobility in Kazakhstani universities. Since the launch of mobility, the status of universities has changed significantly for the better, namely the quality of education has begun to increase, allowing to build up the capacity of graduates by studying foreign models, professional environment approaches competencies that will undoubtedly be in demand on the labor market. The current employers’ requirements for university graduates are very high, and only the presence of a systemic policy in universities for the development of various models of mobility will make it possible to comply with modern global trends. In the paper, the authors present the data of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2019–2020, reflecting the activities of universities in the field of mobility, the data of the Auezov South Kazakhstan University. In 2020–2022 the conditions for mobility have been changed under the influence of economic and political factors and COVID-19. Overall, universities in most countries have switched to hybrid forms of study. The results of field research are presented to identify the role of mobility and efficiency of competencies, as well as the development skills of students on the example of the Auezov University. According to the study, it was concluded that mobility is an important factor in the preparation of competitive specialists for the economy of Kazakhstan. Undoubtedly, it impacts and plays an important role in the formation of the University 4.

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Emine Elif Ayhan

Care is a multi-pronged concept that expresses support for people who cannot fulfill their daily living activities owing to old age, illness, disability, or other conditions; this includes maintaining the social order. Social responsibility for the provision of care is seen as an obligation that must be met within the household rather than in public spaces. Given the gendered nature of power relationships within the household, the provision of care ultimately becomes the responsibility of women. Caring duties imposed on women with a traditional understanding impoverish women in many ways. Despite some policies being implemented to combat this type of poverty, women clearly still spend more time performing unpaid care work compared to men. This “feminine nature” in the care business has brought forth an understanding of ethical care. The ethics of care implies a moral importance in the core elements of human relationships and needs in giving and receiving care. Such ethics, which focus on maintaining the relationships between caregivers and care recipients by harmonizing the welfare of caregivers within the social network, comprise an approach that provides a new reading of human relations. The present investigation examines studies on the concepts of social care and care ethics and contributes to the conceptual and moral discussions on the nature of care, arguing that global care ethics should be built by considering care services beyond private or personal relationships and sexist approaches.

Andrii Shuvanov

The article examines the main trends of structural changes in the national economy of Ukraine, in particular by indicators of created added value and employment of the population by types of economic activity. Tendency signs of inefficient structuring of the economy, which is a critical obstacle for the future economic development of the state, have been revealed. An analysis of threats and opportunities in the process of structuring the economy was made according to the trends of changes in the specific weight of products by types of economic activity, which of them deepen the disparities of the national economy, and which are of a constructive nature. The distribution of labor resources by types of economic activity is highlighted, in particular, taking into account the labor intensity of products, labor productivity, and the progressiveness of changes in the population employment structure is determined. The existence of deep structural disproportions of the national economy, which proves its inefficiency, is revealed, and the need to eliminate disparities using the tools of state influence in the course of implementing the structural policy of the innovation-investment model of the economy is substantiated. The inertial scenario of further structural changes can lead to extremely negative consequences for the national economy.

Giovanna Marcelino

Resenha do livro "Educação de jovens e adultos trabalhadores: história, lutas e direito em risco", organizado por Sonia Rummert e publicado em 2019 pela Navegando Publicações.

Francisco Javier Pérez Blanco

Análisis de la reciente sentencia del Tribunal Supremo que fija doctrina acerca de la consideración de las mutuas colaboradoras con la Seguridad Social como sanidad pública a los efectos de la valoración como mérito de los servicios prestados para las mismas en el acceso al empleo público. Aproximación a la compleja naturaleza jurídica de las mutuas, al régimen jurídico de su personal, y diferentes pronunciamientos judiciales que han determinado el interés de la cuestión para la fijación de doctrina en casación.

V.G. Tsivatyi , M.P. Martsyniuk

The article investigates Ukrainian migration policy features and Ukrainian labor migration in the polycentric world order of the XXI century. In the article reviews the network of a social assistance programs implemented by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine to help Ukrainian citizens who are "stuck" abroad due to restrictions that have been imposed to localize the spread of COVID-19. The purpose of this article is to perform system analysis of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine activity with Ukrainian citizens and Ukrainian migrants abroad, including a range of programs implemented by the Ministry and their impact on migration management during the spread of COVID-19. The methodological basis of the study is a systematic approach, the principles of logic and multifactoriality, as well as a set of general and special research methods. To perform the tasks, were used the following methods: comparative, systemic, problem-chronological, descriptive-narrative, structural-functional analysis, critique of sources. These scientific methods allowed studying the work of ministerial programs as a part of a comprehensive process of managing migration processes. Reflect their efficiency in working with Ukrainian citizens and migrants abroad as a part of a comprehensive process of institutional management of migration processes; show the importance of a particular governmental institution in the system of state structures for working with migrants. The study examines constructed network of a social assistance programs, which help Ukrainian citizens who are "stuck" abroad during the spread of the COVID-19 and the main forms of interaction of the Ministry with Ukrainian citizens abroad. Authors of the article make emphasis on the effectiveness of the implementation of network programs; give recommendations on their possible adaptation. The study revealed that in the context of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, the system of work of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine with Ukrainian citizens abroad has shown its high efficiency, dynamic development and adaptability to the rapidly changing situation. It is worth noting that the system is dynamic and innovative and could be perceptively used working with Ukrainian migrants abroad.

Verónica Escudero

Abstract This paper examines the effectiveness of active labour market policies (ALMPs) in improving labour market outcomes, especially of low-skilled individuals, by means of a pooled cross-country and time series database for 31 advanced countries during the period 1985–2010. The analysis includes aspects of the delivery system to see how the performance of ALMPs is affected by different implementation characteristics. Among the notable results, the paper finds that ALMPs matter at the aggregate level, but mostly through an appropriate management and implementation. In this regard, sufficient allocation of resources to programme administration and policy continuity appear to be particularly important. Moreover, start-up incentives and measures aimed at vulnerable populations are more effective than other ALMPs in terms of reducing unemployment and increasing employment. Interestingly, the positive effects of these policies seem to be particularly beneficial for the low skilled. JEL Classification: J08, E24, H5, J68, D78

Bob Dreyfuss

Koroviy Valeriy V.

The features of the formation and implementation of the state tax policy under conditions of globalization are investigated. The influence of international tax competition on tax regulation of the socio-economic development of the state is analyzed. The role of the formal and informal component of the tax policy in ensuring coordinated cooperation of the national economy with international financial organizations and foreign investors is determined. The Ukrainian tax structure is considered, the fiscal role of its main tax groups is identified. The role and significance of measures to regulate the consumption, labor and capital taxes under global transformations are justified. The features of excise taxation in Ukraine in the context of the implementation of the provisions of the “European Union Association Agreement” are investigated. The main changes in the structure of the country’s taxation in the context of quality of institutional support for entrepreneurial activities are described. The features of fiscal decentralization in Ukraine, in particular, the influence of a specific indicator of tax autonomy on the social and economic development of territorial communities of administrative divisions, are examined. Provisions regarding the improvement of the financial efficiency of the decentralization processes are developed. It is substantiated that the important directions of the transformation of Ukraine’s tax policy in the context of European integration are grouping taxes based on an equitable redistribution of income; unification of the rules for their collection and administration, especially regarding excise taxation; improvement of procedures for interaction between payers and fiscal authorities. The general effect of the introduction of electronic tax administration procedures is described. Potential areas of tax incentives for innovative renewal of the national economy are identified.

Vitor Bemvindo

É comum notar, nos trabalhos do campo Trabalho-Educação, o conceito de educação politécnica ou politecnia associado à concepção marxista de educação. De fato, Marx elaborou esparsas ideias de uma pedagogia na qual a politecnia teria um papel central. No entanto, esse mesmo conceito já havia sido apropriado por distintos grupos, com diferentes sentidos políticos-pedagógicos, associados aos projetos de sociedade defendidos por cada um desses grupos. A tese “Por uma História da Educação Politécnica: Concepções, Experiências e Perspectivas” consiste em um esforço de pesquisa e análise histórica do processo de (re)construção do conceito de educação politécnica.

Ekaterina Nikolaevna Tarasenko

International migration of population has existed for centuries, as it has activated as a result of globalization. Share the non-economic causes of international migration (causes related to wars, political and religious persecution, the desire to explore new spaces, the desire for family reunification, natural disasters) and economic problems (the search for a new job in the absence of the opportunity to find a job in their own country, the search for more paid or creative work, a higher quality of life). Recently, the main reason for migration is economic reasons, on the basis of which the popular migration corridors and the leading directions of migration of labor personnel are identified. Analyzed the main centers of attraction of migration, namely, the United States of America, Federal Republic of Germany and the Russian Federation. Noted that the means and methods of implementation of the State migration policy vary depending on the specific situation on the labor market. So, given the shortage of labor in some European countries, such as Germany, used methods of stimulating immigration. When there is a need to reduce the level of immigration, as in the case of the United States, government regulation sets barriers to a new influx of foreign workers. Revealed, the dynamics of migration primarily due to social phenomena. Adverse external conditions: the deterioration of the economic, environmental or political situation in the country of residence is becoming an important factor in the readiness of potential migrants for forced migration. However, migrants have different socio-economic characteristics, and so they choose the wrong country for migration that they will be closer to social and psychological features. However, migrants have different socio-economic characteristics, and so they choose the wrong country for migration that they will be closer to social and psychological features. The purpose is to study international experience of State regulation of migration processes and the identification of the main centers of attraction of labor by analyzing the immigration policies of developed countries. Method or methodology of work: article used statistical methods of analysis, economic and mathematical methods, as well as empirical research methods, such as monitoring and comparison. Results: Informative reasons for population migration were received, mechanisms for state regulation of migration were established showing some aspects of the analysis of the migration policy of the main centers of labor attraction. Scope of application of the results: it is advisable to apply the results in public administration bodies when developing migration policies and mechanisms for its implementation, researchers of migration processes for the development of scientific discussion.

Célia Cristina Pereira da Silva Veiga, José dos Santos Souza

O objeto de investigação deste artigo é o Curso de Formação de Soldados (CFSd) da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (PMERJ), condicionado pelas mudanças na política de segurança pública a partir da reforma gerencial do Estado. O objetivo do texto é explicitar contradições existentes na configuração do CFSd determinadas pela atual política de segurança pública. Os resultados da pesquisa permitem afirmar que as mudanças ocorridas na política de segurança pública, a partir da Reforma do Estado, sofisticaram o discurso de mediação do conflito de classes propondo modelos de policiamento pautado na concepção de polícia cidadã, embora a formação dos policiais da PMERJ continue pautada na coerção.

Tsymbaliuk Svitlana O.

The aim of the work is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations of fair wages and develop indicators for evaluating the labor income policy in terms of implementing the principles of decent work at different levels. It is substantiated that the concept of “decent wages” is an organizational and economic mechanism for determining the basic parameters of wages, which provides a decent level of remuneration, fair distribution of the marginal product between the owner and the employee, timely payment and objective differentiation of wages, as well as transparency of the wage policy. The organizational and economic mechanism for determining the basic parameters of wages should be based on the use of market and contractual elements to regulate the size and structure of remuneration, as well as innovative approaches and tools for the formation of various components of remuneration for work. There proposed indicators with the identification of evaluation standards of the labor income policy in terms of implementing decent work principles at macro and micro levels. The developed indicators should serve as a tool for assessing the current state and trends in the development of the labor income policy through the prism of the implementation of the principles of decent work. Further research should focus on developing indicators for evaluating the labor income policies in terms of implementing decent work principles at sectoral and regional levels, monitoring the labor income policies, and elaborating innovative mechanisms for developing the labor income policies based on decent work at different levels.

Raquel Varela, José Carlos Louçã

Portugal foi o império que mais utilizou, através de várias formas, o trabalho forçado, sistematicamente e por mais tempo. Realidade denunciada pela imprensa e agências internacionais, o trabalho forçado inseriu-se nos pilares da sociedade de que fazia parte: pobreza, inexistência de mobilidade social, separação familiar, agricultura de subsistência, extrema desigualdade de rendimentos e uma polícia política racista.

Vuk Raičević, Enes Ćorović

Solving the accumulated problems of Serbian industry and economy in general and stoping the process of disindustrialization that is already in progress for so long, impose economic policy makers the urgent need to define the development strategy of export-oriented industries with the active and precisely defined industrial policy. Abandoning the previous policy of relying solely on market mechanisms assumes the identification of industries which have factors of competitiveness that can be valorize on the international market. Textile Industry of Serbia, despite the serious problems that has passed between the dissolution of the joint state, economic sanctions and the slow transition still retained recognizable export potential. Given the existing factors of competitiveness (price and availability of labor, proximity to major markets and the continuing presence of them, favorable access to markets, acceptable level of technology and organization of production), and with adequate support from the state industrial policy it can be far more important factor of economic development and solving burning problems of unemployment. The foundation of effective and precisely targeted support is a long-term development strategy of this industry. Question of prospects of textile industry is even more topical in the context of the expected start of the implementation of the Agreement on Free Trade with Turkey, one of the world’s largest producer of textiles. Potentially positive and serious negative effects of the implementation of the Agreement, require the need for adequate and timely response to these challenges through the instruments of industrial policy and activities of manufacturers of textiles themselves. Creating a better institutional environment for strengthening the competitiveness of this industry assumes the use of instruments that are proposed in the text.