Hasil untuk "History of the Greco-Roman World"

Max Sobol Mark, Jacky Liang, Maria Attarian et al.

Many robot tasks require attending to the history of past observations. For example, finding an item in a room requires remembering which places have already been searched. However, the best-performing robot policies typically condition only on the current observation, limiting their applicability to such tasks. Naively conditioning on past observations often fails due to spurious correlations: policies latch onto incidental features of training histories that do not generalize to out-of-distribution trajectories upon deployment. We analyze why policies latch onto these spurious correlations and find that this problem stems from limited coverage over the space of possible histories during training, which grows exponentially with horizon. Existing regularization techniques provide inconsistent benefits across tasks, as they do not fundamentally address this coverage problem. Motivated by these findings, we propose Big Picture Policies (BPP), an approach that conditions on a minimal set of meaningful keyframes detected by a vision-language model. By projecting diverse rollouts onto a compact set of task-relevant events, BPP substantially reduces distribution shift between training and deployment, without sacrificing expressivity. We evaluate BPP on four challenging real-world manipulation tasks and three simulation tasks, all requiring history conditioning. BPP achieves 70% higher success rates than the best comparison on real-world evaluations. Videos are available at https://bigpicturepolicies.github.io/

Paul Kitching

Analogy is a ubiquitous but contested feature in archaeological reasoning, used differently in the contexts of discovery, justification and communication. The limitations of the archaeological record make the use of analogies unavoidable, but their role in archaeological reasoning nonetheless continues to be a source of epistemic anxiety. This has direct relevance for Roman frontier archaeology as a politically contested but at times theoretically siloed research area. Establishing firmer epistemological foundations requires a systematic appraisal of analogies in the contexts of discovery and justification, through both source-side and subject-side testing. A discussion of how analogies are used in conceptualising Hadrian’s Wall, specifically the question of its command and control, illustrates and explores these issues. Adopting a systematic appraisal approach, embracing and elucidating the ambiguities in archaeological reasoning, allows archaeologists to mitigate the challenges posed by the quality of the archaeological record without limiting the questions they pose or methods they employ.

Ching-yuan Wu

This study examines the socio-political landscape of the ancient city of Amastris (modern Amasra) through the lens of its road infrastructure, with a particular focus on the construction and significance of Aquila’s roads. Situated in the challenging terrain of northern Anatolia’s Küre Mountains, Amastris served as a vital maritime hub, linking diverse inland and coastal communities within Paphlagonia. Employing a multidisciplinary approach that integrates ancient literary analysis, archaeological evidence, geospatial modeling, and modern photogrammetry, this paper reconstructs the network of primary and secondary Roman roads emanating from Amastris. The research highlights the dual role of these roads in fostering territorial coherence and enhancing regional connectivity, supporting both local autonomy and imperial governance. Key findings demonstrate that Aquila’s roads were not merely infrastructural projects but strategic undertakings that blended private investment with public utility. These projects reflect the intricate interplay between individual agency and state interests in Roman provincial administration. Furthermore, the study explores the broader cultural and economic impacts of road construction on Amastris, illustrating how connectivity shaped civic identity, social integration, and territorial integrity. The paper concludes that Aquila’s road-building initiatives were instrumental in sustaining Amastris’s strategic significance and functionality within the Roman Empire. By examining the dynamic relationship between local and imperial priorities, this study offers insights into how infrastructure functioned as a nexus of governance, economic development, and regional integration in ancient Anatolia.

Carolina Ferraro

Baltasar Álamos de Barrientos’ Tacito español, ilustrado con aforismos (1614) can be interpreted through a Foucauldian framework to explore shifts in early modern political thought. Álamos translates and organizes Tacitus’ works into aphorisms and pioneers Spanish Tacitism by emphasizing politics as a pragmatic discipline informed by historical experience and elements of Aristotelian practical science. He links Tacitus’ insights to concepts of reason of state, sovereign power, and governmentality, anticipating themes later articulated by Michel Foucault in Security, Territory, Population (1977-1978). Álamos translates Tacitus’ historical narratives into a political template that balances authority with political stability. His work fosters the Shift from transcendental ideals to practical governance and contributes to the evolving discourse on statecraft in early modern Spain. By joining classical principles with emerging political strategies, Álamos foreshadows aspects of modern political rationality by bridging classical authority with early-modern governance.

Rory O’Sullivan

The episode narrating the murder of Hipparchus in Thucydides (6.54-59) is traditionally interpreted as a demonstration of the negative results of choosing passion over reasons and emotion instead of thought. This article offers a different interpretation that emphasizes the historical agency of the political and social system rather than of the individuals in the narrative. The murder of Hipparchus was a natural outgrowth of power dynamics that were, according to Thucydides and other fourth century Greek thinkers, inherent to ancient tyranny.

Huiliang Zhang, Di Wu, Arnaud Zinflou et al.

Multivariate Time Series (MTS) forecasting has a wide range of applications in both industry and academia. Recent advances in Spatial-Temporal Graph Neural Network (STGNN) have achieved great progress in modelling spatial-temporal correlations. Limited by computational complexity, most STGNNs for MTS forecasting focus primarily on short-term and local spatial-temporal dependencies. Although some recent methods attempt to incorporate univariate history into modeling, they still overlook crucial long-term spatial-temporal similarities and correlations across MTS, which are essential for accurate forecasting. To fill this gap, we propose a framework called the Long-term Multivariate History Representation (LMHR) Enhanced STGNN for MTS forecasting. Specifically, a Long-term History Encoder (LHEncoder) is adopted to effectively encode the long-term history into segment-level contextual representations and reduce point-level noise. A non-parametric Hierarchical Representation Retriever (HRetriever) is designed to include the spatial information in the long-term spatial-temporal dependency modelling and pick out the most valuable representations with no additional training. A Transformer-based Aggregator (TAggregator) selectively fuses the sparsely retrieved contextual representations based on the ranking positional embedding efficiently. Experimental results demonstrate that LMHR outperforms typical STGNNs by 10.72% on the average prediction horizons and state-of-the-art methods by 4.12% on several real-world datasets. Additionally, it consistently improves prediction accuracy by 9.8% on the top 10% of rapidly changing patterns across the datasets.

Jingyang Ke, Feiyang Wu, Jiyi Wang et al.

Traditional approaches to studying decision-making in neuroscience focus on simplified behavioral tasks where animals perform repetitive, stereotyped actions to receive explicit rewards. While informative, these methods constrain our understanding of decision-making to short timescale behaviors driven by explicit goals. In natural environments, animals exhibit more complex, long-term behaviors driven by intrinsic motivations that are often unobservable. Recent works in time-varying inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) aim to capture shifting motivations in long-term, freely moving behaviors. However, a crucial challenge remains: animals make decisions based on their history, not just their current state. To address this, we introduce SWIRL (SWitching IRL), a novel framework that extends traditional IRL by incorporating time-varying, history-dependent reward functions. SWIRL models long behavioral sequences as transitions between short-term decision-making processes, each governed by a unique reward function. SWIRL incorporates biologically plausible history dependency to capture how past decisions and environmental contexts shape behavior, offering a more accurate description of animal decision-making. We apply SWIRL to simulated and real-world animal behavior datasets and show that it outperforms models lacking history dependency, both quantitatively and qualitatively. This work presents the first IRL model to incorporate history-dependent policies and rewards to advance our understanding of complex, naturalistic decision-making in animals.

L. Hunt, F. Annibali, J. Cuillandre et al.

is poised to make significant advances in the study of nearby galaxies in the Local Universe. Here we present a first look at six galaxies observed for the Nearby Galaxy Showcase as part of the Early Release Observations acquired between August and November 2023. These targets, three dwarf galaxies (Holmberg\,II, IC\,10, and NGC\,6822) and three spirals (IC\,342, NGC\,2403, and NGC\,6744), range in distance from about 0.5\,Mpc to 8.8\,Mpc. We first assess the surface brightness depths in the stacked images, and confirm previous estimates in 100\,arcsec$^2$ regions for Visible Camera (VIS) of $1 limits of $30.5$\ but find deeper than previous estimates for Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) with $1 By combining and into RGB images, we illustrate the large field of view (FoV) covered by a single reference observing sequence (ROS), together with exquisite detail on scales of $<1$--$4$ parsecs in these nearby galaxies. Our analysis of radial surface brightness and color profiles demonstrates that the photometric calibration of is consistent with what is expected for galaxy colors according to stellar synthesis models. We perform standard source-selection techniques for stellar photometry, and find approximately 1.3 million stars across the six galaxy fields. After subtracting foreground stars and background galaxies, and applying a color and magnitude selection, we extract stellar populations of different ages for the six galaxies. The resolved stellar photometry obtained with allows us to constrain the star-formation histories of these galaxies, which we do by disentangling the distributions of young stars and asymptotic giant branch and red giant branch stellar populations. We finally examine two galaxies individually for surrounding systems of dwarf galaxy satellites and globular cluster populations. Our analysis of the ensemble of dwarf satellites around NGC\,6744 recovers all the previously known dwarf satellites within the FoV, and also confirms the satellite nature of a previously identified candidate, dw1909m6341, a nucleated dwarf spheroidal at the end of a spiral arm. Our new census of the globular clusters around NGC\,2403 yields nine new star-cluster candidates, eight of which exhibit colors indicative of evolved stellar populations. In summary, our first investigation of six ``showcase'' galaxies demonstrates that is a powerful probe of stellar structure and stellar populations in nearby galaxies, and will provide vastly improved statistics on dwarf satellite systems and extragalactic globular clusters in the local Universe, among many other exciting results.

Leni Ribeiro Leite

This is a review of the recent publication of As Minas de Ouro do Brasil. Brasilienses Aurifodinae, with translation by Alexandra de Brito Mariano.

Ian Brooks, Laura Harrison, Mark Reeves et al.

This research explores the use of History to enhance education in the field of ICT For Sustainability ICT4S in response to a challenge from the ICT4S 2023 conference. No previous studies were found in ICT4S but the literature on History and Education for Sustainable Development is reviewed. An ICT4S lecturer collaborated with History lecturers to add an historic parallel to each weeks teaching on a Sustainable Business and Computing unit for final year undergraduate BSc Business Computing students. A list of the topics and rationale is provided. Student perceptions were surveyed before and after the teaching and semi-structured interviews carried out. A majority of students saw relevance to their degree and career. There was an increase in the proportion of students with interest in History. The paper explores the lessons learned from the interdisciplinary collaboration, including topic choice, format and perceived value. The project has enhanced the way we approach our subjects as computing and history educators. We believe this is the first empirical, survey-based study of the use of history to enhance ICT4S education. The team will extend the research to a larger unit covering a wider range of computing degrees.

Julio Urizarna-Carasa, Daniel Ruprecht, Alexandra von Kameke et al.

The movement of small but finite spherical particles in a fluid can be described by the Maxey-Riley equation (MRE) if they are too large to be considered passive tracers. The MRE contains an integral "history term" modeling wake effects, which causes the force acting on a particle at some given time to depend on its full past trajectory. The history term causes complications in the numerical solution of the MRE and is therefore often neglected, despite both numerical and experimental evidence that its effects are generally not negligible. By numerically computing trajectories with and without the history term of a large number of particles in different flow fields, we investigate its impact on the large-scale Lagrangian dynamics of simulated particles. We show that for moderate to large Stokes numbers, ignoring the history term leads to significant differences in clustering patterns. Furthermore, we compute finite-time Lyapunov exponents and show that, even for small particles, the differences in the resulting scalar field from ignoring the BHT can be significant, in particular if the underlying flow is turbulent.

Jaan Janno

Inverse problems for a diffusion equation containing a generalized fractional derivative are studied. The equation holds in a time interval $(0,T)$ and it is assumed that a state $u$ (solution of diffusion equation) and a source $f$ are known for $t\in (t_0,T)$ where $t_0$ is some number in $(0,T)$. Provided that $f$ satisfies certain restrictions, it is proved that product of a kernel of the derivative with an elliptic operator as well as the history of $f$ for $t\in (0,t_0)$ are uniquely recovered. In case of less restrictions on $f$ the uniqueness of the kernel and the history of $f$ is shown. Moreover, in a case when a functional of $u$ for $t\in (t_0,T)$ is given the uniqueness of the kernel is proved under unknown history of $f$.

Pascale Brillet-Dubois

Pablo Guarín Robledo

Este artículo busca dar cuenta de las relaciones, más o menos evidentes, entre las competencias deportivas y los enfrentamientos bélicos. Trabajos y días, la epopeya didáctica de Hesíodo, y la lectura que hace Friedrich Nietzsche sobre el pasaje en el que se explica la doble naturaleza de la diosa Eris, sobre todo, sirven de marco para la comparación de dos relatos que, si bien parecen no corresponderse con la realidad, hablan de la neutralización de conflictos armados y su sustitución por un ritual no violento asociado al deporte. Los apuntes biográficos de Hermipo de Esmirna sobre Licurgo y la instauración de la tregua olímpica (ekecheiria), y el cuento corto del veterano de la Primera Guerra Mundial Robert Graves dedicado al fútbol durante la Tregua de Navidad de 1914 son los dos textos, que, a pesar de haberse convertido en una fuente sistemática de imprecisiones históricas, permiten reflexionar sobre la manera como las competencias deportivas pueden constituirse (al menos en potencia) en una herramienta de resolución de conflictos. 

Fatih Onur, Michael Wörrle

The first part of this article deals with a Severan family monument from Asarönü: Statue bases of father (new) and mother (first published in 1991), erected by their sons in the local sanctuary of Apollo, show important public functions of the elite family in Limyra: local priesthood to the emperors, organisation of sitonia, embassies to the emperors in Rome and Britain, and in the Lycian Confederacy: priesthood to the Roma. The second chapter presents a fragmentary stele from the same sanctuary of Apollo (3rd century B.C.): Asarönü, then still an autonomous polis, was incorporated into the polis of Limyra as a dependent community with the rank and function of a peripolion under the Rhodian occupation of Lycia (188-167 B.C.). The appendix presents a fragmentary Late Hellenistic inscription from Limyra, which informs about the strategia, the division of the official year into two hexamenoi, and the Apolloneioi as Asarönü’s ‘demotikon’ in Limyra.

M. L. Desclos

Il s'agira d'analyser la place du ‘comique’ — en donnant à ce mot un sens très large — dans les Dialogues de Platon: tout ce qui fait rire. Je m'efforcerai donc, dans un premier temps, de montrer que le ‘comique’ ainsi défini est présent de multiples façons dans les écrits platoniciens, qu’il s'agisse des mots pour le dire, des types de discours où il se manifeste (pastiche, comédie, fable, satire, bouffonnerie) ou des personnages qui le repré- sentent. Or, on le sait, il n'est bon ni de faire rire, ni d'y prendre plaisir, car c'est au mieux se transformer en “bouffon (bômolochos)” ou en “auteur de comédie (kômôidopoios)”, au pire aimer et se réjouir de ce que l'on devrait détester en raison de sa perversité: le vice (to kakon) et la déraison (to aphron). Il conviendra donc de s'interroger sur cette apparente contradiction et de tenter d'en rendre raison.

Pablo Schwartz Frydman

Este artigo apresenta uma tradução ao português, com introdução e notas, do prefácio ao terceiro livro de Controvérsias de Sêneca, o rétor. Além de fornecer um retrato do orador Cássio Severo, são também referidas e comentadas neste texto suas opiniões sobre as relações entre oratória institucional e declamação escolar. A crítica à declamação, feita no contexto das escolas de retórica, é um tópico recorrente em vários autores da Antiguidade Latina, e o prefácio aqui traduzido constitui um dos mais relevantes exemplos sobre o tema.

Cristiano Viglietti

Il saggio affronta il tema dell'evoluzione degli strumenti “monetali” a Roma in età arcaica, con un’attenzione particolare alle forme di pagamento di ammende nel V secolo a.C. Mettendo in prospettiva i dati letterari con quelli giuridici, archeologici e storico-linguistici, il contributo intende mettere in discussione l'idea, introdotta da Theodor Mommsen nel 1860 e spesso seguita fino ad oggi, secondo cui tra il c. 450 e il 430 a.C. si sarebbe realizzato il completo superamento delle “primitive” forme di pagamento in bestiame a favore – a seguito di una breve fase di sovrapposizione – del solo uso del bronzo monetale. I sistemi di fonti discussi nel saggio mostrerebbero, innanzitutto, come le multe calcolate in capi di bestiame – che esistevano verosimilmente sin dall’età regia – avrebbero continuato ad essere comminate ben oltre il V secolo a.C. Inoltre, in età arcaica tali multe facevano parte di un quadro complesso, stratificato e in fieri in cui, per reati di natura e gravità differente erano previste forme di pagamento anch’esse differenziate, che vennero stabilite e ripensate sulla base delle diverse circostanze storiche e politico-istituzionali. In particolare, specialmente quando le multe previste erano di grande entità, il sistema giuridico romano arcaico dovette prevedere la possibilità di convertire la cifra, di norma stimata in assi, in alcuni beni (terra, case, schiavi), coerentemente con quanto avveniva, nella stessa fase storica, anche per il pagamento dei debiti privati dove, ad esempio, la cifra in assi dovuta al creditore poteva essere ripagata in lavoro (operae). La documentazione disponibile esclude, dunque, ogni forma di evoluzione lineare “dal bue al bronzo” in età arcaica ma suggerisce l’esistenza di un sistema complesso, integrato, ma instabile, di differenti forme di pagamento, in cui, peraltro, l’uso concreto del bronzo a peso appare obbligatorio solo in un numero piuttosto limitato di circostanze.

Richard J. A. Talbert

The starting point is a tribute to Anthony Birley’s studies of Ronald Syme, with attention to his map consciousness; Asia Minor becomes the focus, and comparison is made with Louis Robert. There emerges the puzzling outcome that neither Syme nor Robert shows awareness of several map series derived from Heinrich and Richard Kiepert’s Karte von Kleinasien. Hence investigation of this neglected cartography follows: its accuracy is probed, as well as its prolonged impact through the half-century 1890–1940, with particular refer­ence to World War I and the subsequent Greco-Turkish War. All this activity (primarily by British, Greek, Italian and Ottoman military agencies), together with the successive obstacles to completing a triangulated map of Turkey, gives reason to question the long-held consensus that after Heinrich Kiepert’s death (1899) his work quickly lost its significance.

Yupeng Hou, Xingyu Pan, Wayne Xin Zhao et al.

As the core technique of online recruitment platforms, person-job fit can improve hiring efficiency by accurately matching job positions with qualified candidates. However, existing studies mainly focus on the recommendation scenario, while neglecting another important channel for linking positions with job seekers, i.e. search. Intuitively, search history contains rich user behavior in job seeking, reflecting important evidence for job intention of users. In this paper, we present a novel Search History enhanced Person-Job Fit model, named as SHPJF. To utilize both text content from jobs/resumes and search histories from users, we propose two components with different purposes. For text matching component, we design a BERT-based text encoder for capturing the semantic interaction between resumes and job descriptions. For intention modeling component, we design two kinds of intention modeling approaches based on the Transformer architecture, either based on the click sequence or query text sequence. To capture underlying job intentions, we further propose an intention clustering technique to identify and summarize the major intentions from search logs. Extensive experiments on a large real-world recruitment dataset have demonstrated the effectiveness of our approach.