Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

A. Ch. Abazov

The article explores the contribution of Nelly Lukozheva to the development of the genre in the Adyghe children’s dramatic tale. Until now, in Adyghe literary criticism, there is no research work on modern children’s literature, and many genres of Adyghe children’s literature and drama are still poorly studied. The appeal of the playwright-librettist Nelly Lukozheva to folklore motives in globalization problems should be considered as a certain trend that has recently been noted in domestic multinational literature. Currently, the genre of literary fairy tale in the Kabardino-Circassian language occupies an important place in modern Adyghe literature. The world of the author’s artistic fairy tales reflects the life philosophy of the author and the moral and ethical norms and laws of society and the state, transmitted through symbols, signs, metaphors and various sentiments. The play-fairy tale “Starstone” by Nelly Lukozheva provides a relevant subject of research, because the author turns his close attention to the cultural, ethnic, lexical and social functions of fairy tales. Therefore, the emergence of recent works of drama makes it possible to touch the spiritual culture of the Adyghe people. Dramatic works as fairy tale plays are of special scientific interest both in theoretical terms and in studying the forms and features of the existence of folklore. The proposed article also draws attention to the presence in the fairy tale play of Nelly Lukozheva of ethnic information at the level of themes, ideas, style and some specific aspects, reveals artistic conflict and gives images of the heroes characteristics in her fairy tale play “Starstone.”

Allaa Boutaleb, Bernd Amann, Hubert Naacke et al.

Recent table representation learning and data discovery methods tackle table union search (TUS) within data lakes, which involves identifying tables that can be unioned with a given query table to enrich its content. These methods are commonly evaluated using benchmarks that aim to assess semantic understanding in real-world TUS tasks. However, our analysis of prominent TUS benchmarks reveals several limitations that allow simple baselines to perform surprisingly well, often outperforming more sophisticated approaches. This suggests that current benchmark scores are heavily influenced by dataset-specific characteristics and fail to effectively isolate the gains from semantic understanding. To address this, we propose essential criteria for future benchmarks to enable a more realistic and reliable evaluation of progress in semantic table union search.

Elena G. Muratova

A review of the primary statistical sources on the history of the Balkars in the final part of the last third of the 19th and early 20th centuries is conducted. The source base included collections issued by the Terek Regional Statistical Committee as well as archival Balkar demographic statistics sources. This sort of historical material has a great information potential and may be analyzed quantitatively. The primary materials of the First General Population Census of 1897 were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time: lists of settlements related to the Balkarian population of the Nalchik district of the Terek region, extracted from the Russian State Historical Archive’s 1290 fund (Central Statistical Committee). The conclusion is made about the importance of this source for modeling the settlement network of Balkaria in the late 19th – early 20th centuries and for studying the history of the formation of various settlements

Mariam A. Akhmatova, Aslanbiy M. Kuchmezov

The article examines the features of the functional and semantic organization of phraseological units of the Karachay-Balkar language with the somatism bauur “liver”. The analysis of the phraseological units of the phraseosemantic field under study, which contain the somatism bauur “liver”, in turn, allows us to conclude about the universality and national identity of the studied units. Phraseological units with a somatic component most accurately describe various aspects of human activity. The analysis of the linguistic material also makes it possible to conclude that integrity of meaning, imagery, emotionality, expressiveness, etc. characterizes somatic phraseological units. For the most part, verbal turns represent somatic phraseological units. It is revealed that phraseological units with the bauur component in the Karachay-Balkar language are widely used to express various emotional and expressive meanings. It is also established that bauur is a component of a significant number of somatic phraseological units that represent such universal categories as condition, character traits, attitude, perception, movement, behavior.

Evgeniya Tseluykina

Introduction. The article deals with the issue of the quantity and composition of fish in the everyday life of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Methods and materials. The number and composition of “fish purchases” were calculated chronologically, which led to the use of the historical and comparative method both vertically (comparing fish prices from the 1570s to the 1610s) and horizontally (comparing fish prices in Moscow, Novgorod, and Kargopol). The volume of purchased goods, prices, and methods of transportation are established on the basis of the coming-expensive books of the treasurers of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery for 1592, 1601/02, 1605–1608, 1610/11, and 1612/13. The most informative were the “expendable memories” of the monastery elders and servants, preserved as part of the expensive books. Analysis. When analyzing the sources, the composition of the markets where fish were bought for monastic everyday life was established, the varieties and units of measurement of the purchased fish were identified, the total volume of goods was calculated, and the share of “fish purchases” in the total amount of expenses and in the amount of expenses for food products of the monastery was established in the late 16th – early 17th centuries. Results. As a result of the study, the representativeness of the coming-expensive books of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery for studying the development of commodity-money relations in the Russian state at the end of the 16th – early 17th centuries was established. Information about “fish purchases” demonstrates the price movement for different types of fish and the peculiarities of the folding of the all-Russian market. The data obtained make it possible to visually trace the sharp deterioration of the socio-economic condition of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery in 1609–1610, caused by the consequences of the siege and capture of the monastery by the troops of False Dmitry II.

Mikhail Gratsianskiy

Introduction. The Collectio Thessalonicensis is a collection of documents compiled in the 9th century, in which, in addition to papal letters to the bishops of Illyricum and to the Patriarchs of Constantinople, Proclus and Anatolius, two lengthy fragments have been preserved, representing a letter from the Western Emperor Honorius (395–423) to the Eastern Emperor Theodosius II (408–450) and the latter’s response. The correspondence apparently took place in 422 and is devoted to the privileges of the Roman see in Eastern Illyricum, which shortly before had become a prefecture of the Eastern Roman Empire with its capital at Thessalonica. The authenticity of these letters has long been rejected in the scholarly literature. As a consequence, the task of the article is to present the arguments of the old literature, provide new evidence of the authenticity of both fragments, and highlight the ecclesiastical-political and ecclesiastical-administrative situation that they reflect. Analysis. The arguments of J. Friedrich, Th. Mommsen, and E. Chrysos in favour of the forgery of these fragments are considered. These arguments range from complete denial to partial acceptance of their authenticity, with speculation about the motives for the falsification and the timing of its implementation. The author of the article points out the inconsistency of these arguments. The newest casual arguments of P. Riedlberger, which deny their authenticity, are also refuted. Based on ascertaining the authenticity of these documents, the author reconstructs the circumstances of the correspondence between the two emperors and the motives of both correspondents in recognising the authority of the Roman see in Eastern Illyricum. The text of the messages and their connections with other similar imperial documents are analysed, and the factor of influence on their composition of the ecclesiastical circles of the West and the East is determined. Results. Contrary to the old literature, the authenticity of fragments of correspondence between Honorius and Theodosius II on the issue of church and administrative affiliation of Eastern Illyricum has been put beyond doubt. The letters fit well into the context of other surviving imperial documents that did not have a legislative nature but related to issues of church policy and church governance. From them it is clear that church and administrative issues were entirely under the jurisdiction of the emperors: neither the Pope nor the Patriarch of Constantinople had the means to obtain jurisdiction in a particular region, bypassing the opinion of the emperors.

Arina Novikova

В период XVII–XVIII вв. в европейской системе межгосударственных отношений произошли значительные изменения. Институты дипломатии развивались и совершенствовались: краткосрочные посольские миссии сменились постоянными представительствами, сформировался более устойчивый порядок коммуникации внутри европейского сообщества, роль дипломатических представителей выросла. Другим новшеством стало включение в дипломатический процесс женщин, сопровождавших послов, которые принимались официально в соответствии со специальными протоколами. На основании корпуса документов АВПРИ в статье рассматриваются создание и эволюция протокола приема «посольш», их привилегии и участие в придворной жизни, а также этикетные коллизии между дипломатическим корпусом и петербургским двором. Анализ церемониала приема «чужестранных дам» показал, что он хотя и регулировался правовыми нормами, но сильно зависел от личного расположения российского правителя к дипломату и его спутнице, а также стране, которую они представляли.

Hagit Attiya, Michael A. Bender, Martin Farach-Colton et al.

A data structure is called history independent if its internal memory representation does not reveal the history of operations applied to it, only its current state. In this paper we study history independence for concurrent data structures, and establish foundational possibility and impossibility results. We show that a large class of concurrent objects cannot be implemented from smaller base objects in a manner that is both wait-free and history independent; but if we settle for either lock-freedom instead of wait-freedom or for a weak notion of history independence, then at least one object in the class, multi-valued single-reader single-writer registers, can be implemented from smaller base objects, binary registers. On the other hand, using large base objects, we give a strong possibility result in the form of a universal construction: an object with $s$ possible states can be implemented in a wait-free, history-independent manner from compare-and-swap base objects that each have $O(s + 2^n)$ possible memory states, where $n$ is the number of processes in the system.

Yurii Yu. Klychnikov

This review paper assesses the collective book regarding the events linked to Peter the Great's Persian campaign and the resulting policy of the Russian Empire in the Caucasus-Caspian region. The components of the book that cover matters associated with military-political, administrative and economic facets of society are outlined. The central and regional archives, combined with a strong historiographical basis, allowed for a thorough examination of the global geopolitical confrontation occurring on the recently established southern border of Russia. Detailing the successes and disappointments of the burgeoning realm, attempting to acquire a lucrative trade route to the lands in the south. Moreover, we examine how these events are remembered by the inhabitants of Dagestan and their assessment of the Russian monarch. The work enables one to comprehend the development of a Russian-North Caucasian historical relationship, and the experience of reconciling disparities that arise during integration.

Nicolas Charpenay, Maël le Treust, Aline Roumy

In the zero-error Slepian-Wolf source coding problem, the optimal rate is given by the complementary graph entropy $\overline{H}$ of the characteristic graph. It has no single-letter formula, except for perfect graphs, for the pentagon graph with uniform distribution $G_5$, and for their disjoint union. We consider two particular instances, where the characteristic graphs respectively write as an AND product $\wedge$, and as a disjoint union $\sqcup$. We derive a structural result that equates $\overline{H}(\wedge \: \cdot)$ and $\overline{H}(\sqcup \: \cdot)$ up to a multiplicative constant, which has two consequences. First, we prove that the cases where $\overline{H}(\wedge \:\cdot)$ and $\overline{H}(\sqcup \: \cdot)$ can be linearized coincide. Second, we determine $\overline{H}$ in cases where it was unknown: products of perfect graphs; and $G_5 \wedge G$ when $G$ is a perfect graph, using Tuncel et al.'s result for $\overline{H}(G_5 \sqcup G)$. The graphs in these cases are not perfect in general.

A. I. Bochkarev

The article introduced the anti-value concept of cowardice in the humorous discourse of Anglo-Saxon linguistic culture. This concept is one of the main anti-values of modern Anglo-Saxon linguistic culture; however, it received very little scientific attention. Based on cognitive and axiological analyses, the author identified and analyzed the main characteristics of cowardice in humorous discourse. The analysis involved 50 episodes of stand-up specials and 500 episodes of various sitcoms. The key features of the anti-value concept of cowardice included fear, the level of danger, and the importance of overcoming danger. Other important characteristics of cowardice included immoral actions, avoiding danger, inaction, loss of control over one’s bodily functions, and unreasonable behavior. The fear of death / injury / social disapproval proved to be the main reasons for cowardice. The author also analyzed the gender aspect of the concept. Cowardice appeared to be a typical male feature because humor is often derived from breaking the gender stereotype "a man is stronger / braver than a woman".

Moti Gitik, Sittinon Jirattikansakul

A club consisting of former regulars is added to an inaccessible cardinal, without changing cofinalities outside it. The initial assumption is optimal. A variation of the Radin forcing without a top measurable cardinal is introduced for this.

Laurence Boxer

We use results of [6] to enlarge our knowledge of the approximate fixed point property (AFPP) for digital images in $\mathbb{Z}^2$. In particular, we study conditions under which the union of two convex digital disks has the AFPP.

Giuseppe Castagna

In this essay, I present the advantages and, I dare say, the beauty of programming in a language with set-theoretic types, that is, types that include union, intersection, and negation type connectives. I show by several examples how set-theoretic types are necessary to type some common programming patterns, but also how they play a key role in typing several language constructs-from branching and pattern matching to function overloading and type-cases-very precisely. I start by presenting the theory of types known as semantic subtyping and extend it to include polymorphic types. Next, I discuss the design of languages that use these types. I start by defining a theoretical framework that covers all the examples given in the first part of the presentation. Since the system of the framework cannot be effectively implemented, I then describe three effective restrictions of this system: (i) a polymorphic language with explicitly-typed functions, (ii) an implicitly-typed polymorphic language à la Hindley-Milner, and (iii) a monomorphic language that, by implementing classic union-elimination, precisely reconstructs intersection types for functions and implements a very general form of occurrence typing. I conclude the presentation with a short overview of other aspects of these languages, such as pattern matching, gradual typing, and denotational semantics.

Jonghoon Kim, Seung Ki Baek

The median-voter hypothesis predicts convergence of party platforms across a one-dimensional political spectrum during majoritarian elections. Assuming that the convergence is reflected in legislative activity, we study the time evolution of political polarization in the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea for the past 70 years. By projecting the correlation of lawmakers onto the first principal axis, we observe a high degree of polarization from the early 1960's to the late 1980's before democratization. As predicted by the hypothesis, it showed a sharp decrease when party politics were revived in 1987. Since then, the political landscape has become more and more multi-dimensional under the action of party politics, which invalidates the assumption behind the hypothesis. For comparison, we also analyze co-sponsorship in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 2020, whose correlation matrix has been constantly high-dimensional throughout the observation period. Our analysis suggests a pattern of polarization evolving with democratic development, from which we can argue the power and the limitation of the median-voter hypothesis as an explanation of real politics.

Santanu Saha, Simone Di Cataldo, Maximilian Amsler et al.

In this work we probe the possibility of high-temperature conventional superconductivity in the boron-carbon system, using ab-initio screening. A database of 320 metastable structures with fixed composition (50$\%$/50$\%$) is generated with the Minima-Hopping method, and characterized with electronic and vibrational descriptors. Full electron-phonon calculations on sixteen representative structures allow to identify general trends in $T_{\textrm{c}}$ across and within the four families in the energy landscape, and to construct an approximate $T_{\textrm{c}}$ predictor, based on transparently interpretable and easily computable electronic and vibrational descriptors. Based on these, we estimate that around 10$\%$ of all metallic structures should exhibit $T_{\textrm{c}}$'s above 30 $K$. This work is a first step towards ab-initio design of new high-$T_{\textrm{c}}$ superconductors.

Feride Ceren Kose

We present a short proof of a theorem of Tanaka that if a composite ribbon knot admits a symmetric union presentation with one twisting region, then it has a non-trivial knot and its mirror image as connected summands.

Spyridon Samothrakis

The debate between the optimal way of allocating societal surplus (i.e. products and services) has been raging, in one form or another, practically forever; following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the market became the only legitimate form of organisation -- there was no other alternative. Working within the tradition of Marx, Leontief, Kantorovich, Beer and Cockshott, we propose what we deem an automated planning system that aims to operate on unit level (e.g., factories and citizens), rather than on aggregate demand and sectors. We explain why it is both a viable and desirable alternative to current market conditions and position our solution within current societal structures. Our experiments show that it would be trivial to plan for up to 50K industrial goods and 5K final goods in commodity hardware.

I. Krayneva, N. Kupershtokh

The relevance of this article is due to the need to specify the content of scientific and technical cooperation between the USSR and the People’s Republic of China in the field of computer technology in the second half of the 1950s. This topic is fragmentarily presented in works on the history of science and technology, although in the recent past, certain attempts to highlight the problem were made by both domestic and Chinese researchers in the broad context of bilateral cooperation. One of the active participants in scientific and technical cooperation with the PRC was the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Memories of the participants of the events can be found on the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering (IPMCE) website [1], which was one source of this paper. The other source was the IPM & CE documents from the RAS Archive and materials on USSR – China cooperation from the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (RGANI).

Ann Wendland

Soviet nuclear technology, as a socio‑technical system, was an imperial technology. It was regarded as a cornerstone in “large technological system”‑based integration projects within and beyond the Soviet Union. Soviet Ukraine played an important role in this endeavor, and nuclearizing the republic stabilized its status as secunda inter pares in ruling the Soviet Union. Nuclearization was also aligned with Kyiiv’s resource distribution interests. Soviet Ukraine’s nuclear capacities, moreover, were designed to establish a powerful link with other Socialist countries and their electricity systems. The emergence of large nuclear power plants in former non‑industrialized rural regions of Ukraine served the purposes of Soviet internal colonization and infrastructure development. It brought thousands of Russian‑speaking experts to Ukrainian lands which two decades earlier had still been considered unsafe peripheries. But regional recruitment to the Ukrainian NPP also produced a novel class of Ukrainophone nuclear specialists and skilled workers, thus adding a new chapter to the history of Ukrainian social mobilization in the post‑WWII period. At the same time, it was on the Ukrainian periphery that Soviet Atoms for Peace experienced severe crises but also showed resilience and preparedness for problem‑solving. This article revises traditional narratives on nuclear power in Ukraine, which are often reduced to the experience of Russian domination, the Chernobyl disaster, victimhood, and post‑Soviet disintegration, discussing neither Ukrainian agency in the overall history of Soviet nuclear technology nor the role of resilience and transformation. The traditionalist view is supported by both Ukrainian victimizing narratives and Russian centrist concepts of Soviet nuclear power as a genuine Russian project. Evidence from the periphery challenges both of these lines of thinking.