Hasil untuk "History of France"

H. Marrou, George Lamb

Yann Lelièvre, Quentin Jossart, Quentin Jossart et al.

Coastal ecosystems of sub-Antarctic islands are threatened by increasing climate-driven changes and direct anthropogenic pressures. Significant effects on marine communities are expected, but benthic ecosystems of these isolated islands remain largely under-explored. Effective preservation of these nearshore environments requires deeper ecological assessments and comprehensive biodiversity knowledge. In this regard, this study reports findings from a survey carried out in 2021 at two sites – Baie du Marin and Crique du Sphinx – located on the eastern coast of Ile de la Possession (sub-Antarctic Crozet archipelago, Southern Ocean). We investigated the composition and structure of nearshore benthic faunal communities using a quantitative fieldwork protocol and an integrative molecular- and morphology-based taxonomic approach. A total of 124 morphotypes were identified, including a high proportion (72%) of rare species. Both sites exhibited similar benthic invertebrate communities. Structurally complex habitats such as hard substrates or areas dominated by macroalgae exhibited higher species richness and diversity. The investigated benthic invertebrate communities are typical of the sub-Antarctic area but featured unique structures, including dense tube-dwelling polychaete colonies. This study will provide a baseline for future monitoring programs and for the preservation of sub-Antarctic coastal benthic ecosystems.

Pauline Corre

Myriam Juan, Stella Scabelli

This essay compares the professional experiences of Suzanne Chantal and Paola Ojetti in 1930s France and in 1930s and early-1940s Italy, respectively. Beyond their very different political, national, and cultural contexts, these women both occupied central positions within some of the most influential film periodicals of the era: Suzanne Chantal for Cinémonde  and Paola Ojetti for Film. This study is mainly based on sources which enable us to take a closer look at their activities, their working conditions, and their feelings regarding the treatment they received while working for these periodicals. Sources include Suzanne Chantal’s memoirs and her personal diaries from the late 1930s, kept by her family, and Paola Ojetti’s extensive working correspondence, preserved in the Fondo Mino Doletti of the Biblioteca Renzo Renzi at the Cineteca di Bologna, as well as other correspondence documents preserved in Italian archives. This paper explores the working trajectories and social positioning made by these two largely forgotten but powerfully significant figures in order to establish themselves in a predominantly male professional and cultural environment, while at the same time questioning the limits of their integration. By shedding light on microhistory and questioning gender issues, this article turns its attention primarily to working practices, women’s paths, and social networks of film press and film criticism history.

Fanny Crozet

This article is an analysis of the processes involved in rebuilding the castles and stately homes of the present-day Nouvelle-Aquitaine region after the Second World War. It hopes to renew the history of this second reconstruction in France in two separate directions. First of all, it looks at a region that has been little examined from the point of view of reconstruction history, with the notable exception of the towns of Royan and Oradour-sur-Glane. Secondly, it identifies what might be called a blind spot in existing studies of the reconstruction, concerning an architectural type which is isolated and broadly scattered, and not mentioned in the reconstruction planning documents (PRA) generally studied. We examine the way this building type was integrated into the phenomenon of reconstruction by adapting to the material context of the second reconstruction and also to its economic context. It tries to understand how the age-old architecture of the buildings was renewed in order to accommodate notions as prosaic as economy and rationalisation, hitherto foreign to it. Based on a study corpus of about fifty sites, it takes a detailed look at the rebuilding processes undertaken both on the ‘minor’ heritage of damaged buildings, which did not benefit from any measure of historic monument protection, and at the more significant heritage of castles or stately homes which were protected (classés) as historic monuments. From out of the shadows of the architectural programmes for destroyed cities, a new kind of heritage thus emerges, conditioned by the economic constraints and new requirements of contemporary times.

Kevin G Daly, Benjamin S Arbuckle, Conor Rossi et al.

Direkli Cave, located in the Taurus Mountains of southern Turkey, was occupied by Late Epipaleolithic hunters-gatherers for the seasonal hunting and processing of game including large numbers of wild goats. We report genomic data from new and published Capra specimens from Direkli Cave and, supplemented with historic genomes from multiple Capra species, find a novel lineage best represented by a ~14,000 year old 2.59 X genome sequenced from specimen Direkli4. This newly discovered Capra lineage is a sister clade to the Caucasian tur species (Capra cylindricornis and Capra caucasica), both now limited to the Caucasus region. We identify genomic regions introgressed in domestic goats with high affinity to Direkli4, and find that West Eurasian domestic goats in the past, but not those today, appear enriched for Direkli4-specific alleles at a genome-wide level. This forgotten ‘Taurasian tur’ likely survived Late Pleistocene climatic change in a Taurus Mountain refuge and its genomic fate is unknown.

Matthieu Lett

Using the example of the great staircase, one of the most important ceremonial rooms in palatial buildings in the early modern period, this article aims to investigate clients’ attitudes in relation to France and Italy in the Holy Roman Empire during the first half of the 18th century. This was partly a political phenomenon but it was also linked to travel and the theoretical treatises that may have contributed to the formation of Germanic architectural culture through the prism of these two countries. Some significant cases are analysed from manuscript and printed sources, and in particular the key role of the texts of Leonhard Christoph Sturm. Between 1700 and 1750, reference to France and Italy declined in the Empire.

Holger Kürbis

The present article is devoted to the two voyages made to France by Duke Frederick I of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. It draws on the written accounts of the two voyages, devoting particular attention to the duke’s visits to Paris, Versailles and the nearby châteaux and gardens, as well as his audiences with Louis XIV. This comparison sheds light on the differing motives for the two voyages, and also the different functions of the written accounts of them. Both voyages and accounts are also examined in the light of family traditions with regards to travel and in the context of aristocratic voyages in general.

Marcel Fournier, Şeyda Sevde Tunçbilek

Marcel Fournier, born in Quebec in 1945, completed his sociology studies at the University of Montréal and defended his master’s thesis under the supervision of Marcel Rioux at the same university. He came to France to pursue his doctoral study at the École pratique des hautes études under the supervision of Bourdieu. From 1974, when he defended his thesis, he began working at the University of Montréal, where he would spend his entire academic career, in the Department of Sociology. Fournier, who has many publications on sociology of culture, sociology of science and sociological theory, is accepted as the main reference in the field today, especially with his research on the history of French sociology and the Durkheim school. His book Marcel Mauss, published in 1994, is a prosopography that tells the history of both Mauss individually and the Durkheim school. After this biography, Fournier prepared Écrits politiques (1997), a compilation of Mauss’ political writings published in different journals. Lettres à Marcel Mauss, which they edited with Philippe Besnard in 1998, consists of the correspondence between Durkheim and Mauss. Fournier, in collaboration with Jean Terrier, helped to publish Mauss’ unfinished work La nation, ou le sens du social and published Émile Durkheim (1858-1917), the first biography of Durkheim written in French in 2007. Today, it is almost impossible to work in the field of French sociological history without referring to these works, which Fournier personally wrote or edited for publication. This interview, which is the outcome of two meetings held in Paris on 15 and 26 October 2022, proceeds along the line of Durkheim-Mauss-Lévi-Strauss-Bourdieu and, touches on from the story of Mauss’ archive to his personality, political engagement, working method and, of course, his relationship with Durkheim.

Anne Depaigne-Loth, Laure Poirat, Jean-Philippe Natali et al.

Offering relevant, evidence based continuing professional development (CPD) to ensure the continued competence of health professionals is a universal concern. This concern will become even more crucial in a world facing global health threats and in a context of internationalisation of learning environments. While accrediting systems (i.e. external quality assurance systems for CPD) share a common goal to promote high quality CPD, each system is shaped by national history and contexts. An international movement is working to enhance the convergence of accrediting principles and processes. One of the first steps is to know and understand each other. This article serves this goal by offering a descriptive comparison of two seemingly different CPD quality assurance systems – in France and in the USA of America. The descriptions were developed by members of the accrediting bodies in both countries. The main finding of this descriptive study is that, despite stark differences in historical contexts and governance schemes, both regulators share principles of quality and independence of CPD and have endorsed a leadership role in promoting effective strategies, including interprofessional continuing education and practices. The commonalities of goals and values revealed in the study support the efforts of the International Academy for CPD Accreditation related to the globalisation of both health issues and learning environments.

Anne-Sophie Hillard

Dans le roman Die Abschaffung der Arten de Dietmar Dath (2008), des animaux génétiquement modifiés s’interrogent sur la fin de l’humanité. Littéralement posthumains, ces “Gente” se sont détachés de la nature ; ils peuvent changer de sexe et d’espèce si librement qu’il devient impossible de comprendre le sens d’orientation sexuelle. À l’autre bout du monde, une divinité biotechnologique envahit la Terre en se servant de corps de “bio-femmes” qu’elle accouple à des nano-machines. Cet article tente d’analyser les différentes conceptions de l’hybridité décrites dans le roman. Il s’agira de se concentrer sur les notions de genre et de sexualité dans des mondes futuristes où les conceptions traditionnelles de corps et de sexe biologiques sont remises en question. Quelle érotique est rendue possible par les corps hors-normes de ces créatures, par leur efficience bio-technologique ?

Rebecca M Puhl, Leah M Lessard, Mary S Himmelstein et al.

<h4>Background/objectives</h4>Considerable evidence from U.S. studies suggests that weight stigma is consequential for patient-provider interactions and healthcare for people with high body weight. Despite international calls for efforts to reduce weight stigma in the medical community, cross-country research is lacking in this field. This study provides the first multinational investigation of associations between weight stigma and healthcare experiences across six Western countries.<h4>Methods</h4>Participants were 13,996 adults residing in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the UK, and the US who were actively enrolled in an internationally available behavioral weight management program. Participants completed identical online surveys in the dominant language for their country that assessed experienced weight stigma, internalized weight bias, and healthcare behaviors and experiences including perceived quality of care, avoidance or delay of seeking care, experiences with providers, and perceived weight stigma from doctors.<h4>Results</h4>Among participants who reported a history of weight stigma (56-61%), two-thirds of participants in each country reported experiencing weight stigma from doctors. Across all six countries, after accounting for demographics, BMI, and experienced stigma, participants with higher internalized weight bias reported greater healthcare avoidance, increased perceived judgment from doctors due to body weight, lower frequency of obtaining routine checkups, less frequent listening and respect from providers, and lower quality of healthcare. Additionally, experienced weight stigma (from any source) was indirectly associated with poorer healthcare experiences through weight bias internalization, consistently across the six countries.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Weight stigma in healthcare is prevalent among adults actively engaged in weight management across different Western countries, and internalized weight bias has negative implications for healthcare even after controlling for BMI. The similar findings across all six countries underscore the negative consequences of weight stigma on healthcare behaviors and experiences, and emphasize the need for collective international efforts to address this problem.

Anne Perrin Khelissa, Émilie Roffidal

Collections from 18th century drawing schools and art academies have a unique status in the history of French collections. Their specificity relies mainly on the methods used to create them. They are the results of collective actions that created a network of individuals of varying statuses and interest: artists, art lovers, economical and political actors. They show a specific artistic identity, which links collection development to creation in the fine arts and manufactured arts domains. The synthesis written here is a part of the researches by the ACA-RES Program (“Academies of fine art and their relationships in pre-industrial France”).

Niall D. Ferguson

Bread, cash, dosh, dough, loot. Call it what you like, it matters now more than ever. In "The Ascent of Money", Niall Ferguson shows that finance is the foundation of all human progress and the lifeblood of history. From the cash injection that funded the Italian Renaissance to the stock market bubble that sparked the French Revolution, from the bonds that fueled Britain's war effort to the Wall Street Crash and today's meltdown, this is the story of boom and bust as it's never been told before. Whether you're scraping by or rolling in it, there's no better time to understand the ascent of money.

John S. Oxford, Douglas Gill

When we reconsider the virology and history of the Spanish Influenza Pandemic, the science of 2018 provides us with tools which did not exist at the time. Two such tools come to mind. The first lies in the field of ‘gain of function’ experiments. A potential pandemic virus, such as influenza A (H5N1), can be deliberately mutated in the laboratory in order to change its virulence and spreadability. Key mutations can then be identified. A second tool lies in phylogenetics, combined with molecular clock analysis. It shows that the 1918 pandemic virus first emerged in the years 1915–1916. We have revisited the literature published in Europe and the United States, and the notes left by physicians who lived at the time. In this, we have followed the words of the late Alfred Crosby: who wrote that “contemporary documentary evidence from qualified physicians” is the key to understanding where and how the first outbreaks occurred. In our view, the scientists working in Europe fulfill Crosby’s requirement for contemporary evidence of origin. Elsewhere, Crosby also suggested that “the physicians of 1918 were participants in the greatest failure of medical science in the twentieth century”. Ours is a different approach. We point to individual pathologists in the United States and in France, who strove to construct the first universal vaccines against influenza. Their efforts were not misdirected, because the ultimate cause of death in nearly all cases flowed from superinfections with respiratory bacteria.

Josefina Bueno Alonso

This article analyses the theoretical writing of two writers who participated in the African francophone literary renaissance. Their works are influenced by their activism and their strong ties to African contemporary scholarly critique. Alain Mabanckou and Léonora Miano belong to what Waberi has termed the “Transcontinental generation.” Their shared common features seem to represent a break away from previous generations and the role they gave literature. This new generation’s writing process is given a blatant political dimension: they seek to report in writing “an Africa to come” (une Afrique qui vient), a metaphor that symbolises the imminent flourishing of the continent, enabled by artistic creation. Mabanckou’s literary reflections echoe Mbembe’s postcolonial approach while Miano foregrounds a new relationship with the continent, that of border-crossing identities and Afrodescendents. New forms of literary expressions have appeared (specialised magazines, social networks, etc.) that address other publics. They place the writing process and the figure of the writer at the centre of critical discourse. The concept of f(F)rancophonie and the relationship to the language one writes in are being rethought and represent building blocks for literary creation. Both writers’s texts offer theorisation of their fiction writing. They explore topics that are at the core of the relationship between France and Africa, such as the revision of immigrants’ status—the Afrodescendents—and the re-appropriation of the history and imagination of formerly colonized people.

Anatole Danto

Cet article s’intéresse aux techniques de mise en scène de la nature effectuée dans le but de conserver une représentation « sauvage » des territoires estuariens et littoraux, de leurs habitats et des espèces associées. Partant de l’étude de trois groupes d’espèces emblématiques des milieux estuariens et côtiers – la sauvagine (gibier d’eau), les poissons migrateurs amphihalins et les coquillages d’élevages marins – il s’interroge sur le rôle des différentes techniques de soutien aux stocks comme instruments d’une mise en scènce de la nature, oscillant entre la disparition du « sauvage réel » et l’apparition d’un « sauvage construit », voire d’un « domestique ».

C. Sherwood, F. Subiaul, T. Zawidzki

Илья Савельевич Кашницкий

• Coleman D., S. Basten, F. C. Billari. Population — The long view • Billari F. C. Integrating macro- and micro-level approaches in the explanation of population change • Livi-Bacci M. What we can and cannot learn from the history of World population • Kreager P. Population theory — A long view • Sear R. Evolutionary contributions to the study of human fertility • Reher D. S. Baby booms, busts, and population ageing in the developed world • Van Bavel J., D. S. Reher. The baby boom and its causes: what we know and what we need to know • Lutz W., E. Striessnig. Demographic aspects of climate change mitigation and adaptation • Demeny P. Sub-replacement fertility in national populations: Can it be raised? • Teitelbaum M. S. Political Demography: Powerful trends under-attended by demographic science • Basten S., Q. Jiang. Fertility in China: an uncertain future • Coleman D., S. Basten.  The death of the West: An alternative view • Bongaarts J., C.Z. Guilmoto. How many more missing women? Excess female mortality and prenatal sex selection, 1970-2050 • Shon J.-L. P. K., G. Verdugo. Forty years of immigrant segregation in France, 1968-2007. How different is the new immigration? • Sobotka T., É. Beaujouan. Two is best? The persistence of a two-child family ideal in Europe • Esping-Andersen G., F. C. Billari. ∙ Re-theorizing family demographics • Anderson T., H.-P. Kohler. Low fertility, socioeconomic development, and gender • Doocy S., E. Lyles, T. D. Delbiso, C. W. Robinson, The IOCC/GOPA Study Team. Internal displacement and the Syrian crisis: An analysis of trends from 2011–2014 • Fakih A., M. Ibrahim. The impact of Syrian refugees on the labor market in neighboring countries: Empirical evidence from Jordan • Bircan T., U. Sunata. Educational assessment of Syrian refugees in Turkey • Yaylacı F. G., M. Karakuş.  Perceptions and newspaper coverage of Syrian refugees in Turkey

W. Bynum