The purpose of the work is to reveal the main directions and achievements in the field of studying manuscript heritage from the fonds of the Institute of Manuscript of the V.I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine, which is a national treasure of Ukraine and an important segment of the informational scientific and cultural space of world humanities. Methodology. The research is based on the principles of historicism, scientificity, and objectivity, as well as on the application of methods of analysis, synthesis, and generalization, classification, and systematization, and special historical disciplines. Scientific novelty. New scientific knowledge in the field of the history of science and culture of Ukraine is being brought into scientific circulation, and with the help of special historical disciplines and theoretical generalizations, the resource of sources of manuscript historical and cultural heritage of the 16th-20th centuries, stored in the fonds of the Institute of Manuscript of the V.I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine as a scientific archival and library institution, is beingrevealed. Conclusions. Today, in the context of Russian armed aggression on the territory of Ukraine, an important scientific direction of the V.I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine that requires special attention is the preservation and study of manuscript heritageas an important segment of the national historical and cultural heritage. Manuscript sources of different periods, varieties and languages, monuments of history and culture (manuscript books, official documents, personal archival fonds, collections of historical institutions, etc.) are being studied, which are being included in scientific circulation for the first time and form the basis for further fundamental research into the history, culture, science and education of Ukraine and European countries. The results of the study of the Institute of Manuscript fonds have attracted significant amounts of new information, deepened the theoretical foundations of such special historical disciplines as codicology, paleography, archaeography, archival studies, source studies, as well as important aspects of the specifics of the historical development of manuscript culture and scientific and practical principles of attribution of scientific description of metadata and accounting of manuscript monuments and documents of personal origin, taking into account modern achievements of the humanities and the latest information technologies, the features of creating digital resources and popularizing manuscript sources are revealed.
In the 1960s and 1970s a series of observations and theoretical developments highlighted the presence of several anomalies which could, in principle, be explained by postulating one of the following two working hypotheses: (i) the existence of dark matter, or (ii) the modification of standard gravitational dynamics in low accelerations. In the years that followed, the dark matter hypothesis as an explanation for dark matter phenomenology attracted far more attention compared to the hypothesis of modified gravity, and the latter is largely regarded today as a non-viable alternative. The present article takes an integrated history and philosophy of science approach in order to identify the reasons why the scientific community mainly pursued the dark matter hypothesis in the years that followed, as opposed to modified gravity. A plausible answer is given in terms of three epistemic criteria for the pursuitworthiness of a hypothesis: (a) its problem-solving potential, (b) its compatibility with established theories and the feasibility of incorporation, and (c) its independent testability. A further comparison between the problem of dark matter and the problem of dark energy is also presented, explaining why in the latter case the situation is different, and modified gravity is still considered a viable possibility.
This study provides a comprehensive review of domain adaptation (DA) techniques in vibration-based structural health monitoring (SHM). As data-driven models increasingly support the assessment of civil structures, the persistent challenge of transferring knowledge across varying geometries, materials, and environmental conditions remains a major obstacle. DA offers a systematic approach to mitigate these discrepancies by aligning feature distributions between simulated, laboratory, and field domains while preserving the sensitivity of damage-related information. Drawing on more than sixty representative studies, this paper analyzes the evolution of DA methods for SHM, including statistical alignment, adversarial and subdomain learning, physics-informed adaptation, and generative modeling for simulation-to-real transfer. The review summarizes their contributions and limitations across bridge and building applications, revealing that while DA has improved generalization significantly, key challenges persist: managing domain discrepancy, addressing data scarcity, enhancing model interpretability, and enabling adaptability to multiple sources and time-varying conditions. Future research directions emphasize integrating physical constraints into learning objectives, developing physics-consistent generative frameworks to enhance data realism, establishing interpretable and certifiable DA systems for engineering practice, and advancing multi-source and lifelong adaptation for scalable monitoring. Overall, this review consolidates the methodological foundation of DA for SHM, identifies existing barriers to generalization and trust, and outlines the technological trajectory toward transparent, physics-aware, and adaptive monitoring systems that support the long-term resilience of civil infrastructure.
The integration of the history and philosophy of statistics was initiated at least by Hacking (1975) and advanced by Hacking (1990), Mayo (1996), and Zabell (2005), but it has not received sustained follow-up. Yet such integration is more urgent than ever, as the recent success of artificial intelligence has been driven largely by machine learning -- a field historically developed alongside statistics. Today, the boundary between statistics and machine learning is increasingly blurred. What we now need is integration, twice over: of history and philosophy, and of two fields they engage -- statistics and machine learning. I present a case study of a philosophical idea in machine learning (and in formal epistemology) whose root can be traced back to an often under-appreciated insight in Neyman and Pearson's 1936 work (a follow-up to their 1933 classic). This leads to the articulation of an epistemological principle -- largely implicit in, but shared by, the practices of frequentist statistics and machine learning -- which I call achievabilism: the thesis that the correct standard for assessing non-deductive inference methods should not be fixed, but should instead be sensitive to what is achievable in specific problem contexts. Another integration also emerges at the level of methodology, combining two ends of the philosophy of science spectrum: history and philosophy of science on the one hand, and formal epistemology on the other hand.
Hagit Attiya, Michael A. Bender, Martín Farach-Colton
et al.
A history-independent data structure does not reveal the history of operations applied to it, only its current logical state, even if its internal state is examined. This paper studies history-independent concurrent dictionaries, in particular, hash tables, and establishes inherent bounds on their space requirements. This paper shows that there is a lock-free history-independent concurrent hash table, in which each memory cell stores two elements and two bits, based on Robin Hood hashing. Our implementation is linearizable, and uses the shared memory primitive LL/SC. The expected amortized step complexity of the hash table is $O(c)$, where $c$ is an upper bound on the number of concurrent operations that access the same element, assuming the hash table is not overpopulated. We complement this positive result by showing that even if we have only two concurrent processes, no history-independent concurrent dictionary that supports sets of any size, with wait-free membership queries and obstruction-free insertions and deletions, can store only two elements of the set and a constant number of bits in each memory cell. This holds even if the step complexity of operations on the dictionary is unbounded.
The era of the Khulafaur Rasyidin (632–661 CE) marked a crucial initial step in the evolution, progress, and improvement of Islamic civilization that was significant in various dimensions of life. This article analyzes the journey of the transformation of Islamic civilization from a small community in Arabia to a political and civilizational force with a structured system of government, economy, and socio-cultural aspects. Through analytical-descriptive methods and literature studies, this article explains the contributions of each Caliph, Abu Bakr Ash-Shiddiq, ‘Umar bin Khattab, ‘Uthman bin ‘Affan, and ‘Ali bin Abi Thalib in establishing state institutions, regional management, implementing economic and fiscal policies, developing the judicial system, and building social and intellectual infrastructure. The findings of this study indicate that the achievements of the Khulafa Rasyidah were not only seen from their large territorial expansion, but also from their ability to instill Islamic values in governance, develop fair economic management, and encourage intellectual enthusiasm that enabled Islam to emerge as a global civilization. The conclusion of this research reveals that the period of Khulafaur Rasyidin was not only the initial moment of the growth of Islam, but also an important milestone for the exploration and progress of Islamic civilization which had a major influence on human civilization in the future.
The monograph under review is the first experience in researching the history of the preparation and conduct of the State Conference held in Moscow on August 12–15, 1917. A. Nikolaev is the first to introduce a significant number of archival sources related to the subject into scholarly discourse. The published work pays special attention to the various concepts of the conference and to the struggle of political forces around that national forum. For the first time in historiography, it closely examines the important issues of the participants in the State Conference and the mechanism of its convocation. The review notes A. Nikolaev’s criticism towards the main historiographical myths connected with the subject: the central role of the State Conference in the preparation of the Kornilov affair and non-participation of the Bolsheviks in the forum. The monograph fills one of the largest gaps in the history of the revolutionary year of 1917.
History of Civilization, History (General) and history of Europe
Hassan Suleimān, Alwi Alatas, Saheed Abdullah Busari
Al-Sheikh Muḥammad al-Tāhir ibn ‘Āshūr, who lived between 1296 AH (1879 AD) and 1393 AH (1973 AD), is considered one of the eminent intellectuals of the modern era and an influential figure among the generation of writers and scholars. He is described as the pioneer of Maqasid thought in contemporary jurisprudence and has developed in this regard the book Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah al-Islāmiyyah (The Objectives of the Islamic Shariah), as well as his famous book of Quranic exegesis al-Taḥrīr wa al-Tanwīr. To this effect, this study identifies the reformist features of al-Tāhir ibn ‘Āshūr in his books and writings that brought about a renaissance in various branches of knowledge such as Shariah, tafsīr, and education. A review of the literature suggests that al-Tāhir ibn ‘Āshūr’s reformist ideas have not received sufficient academic attention. Therefore, the study raised some questions, including: Who is Tāhir ibn ‘Āshūr? What were Tāhir ibn ‘Āshūr’s reformist viewpoints, and how did he propagate them out, most particularly in education? The study follows the descriptive approach to trace Ibn ‘Āshūr’s biography as well as the analytical approach in discussing the thought of al-Tāhir ibn ‘Āshūr on the scientific and educational level. The study concludes that Muḥammad al-Ṭāhir ibn ‘Āshūr (may Allah have mercy on him) is one of the eminent intellectuals in the Islamic world, whose innovative views and great writings came as a revolution against tradition and inertia and a revolution against intellectual inaction and civilizational stagnation.
The article is devoted to the political, military, and demographic aspects of the formation of the Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division in the Soviet Union in May 1943. It examines such factors as the number and composition of the contingent of Polish exiled settlers and prisoners of war relocated to the inland regions of the USSR after 1939; the first experience of the formation of the Polish army under the command of W. Anders in 1942–43; the efforts of the Soviet special services to select the leadership for the division and prepare the political ground for its formation. The characteristics of the personality, professional qualities, and political position of the division commander Zygmunt Berling as well as the facts from his biography related to cooperation with the Soviet authorities are also provided. The article analyzes the efforts of the Soviet side aimed at the international legitimization of the Polish 1st Infantry Division, associated with the scrupulous reproduction of the already established Polish military tradition. Much attention in the article is paid to the political and military circumstances of the baptism of fire of the Polish Division, which was given the name “the Battle of Lenino” in Polish historiography. It is shown that despite the rather dubious results of the two-day battle, Soviet diplomacy obtained an opportunity to demonstrate the Soviet-Polish “brotherhood in arms” at the Tehran Conference and received an additional reason for declaring its claim to the post-war structure of Poland. It is noted that the experience of formation of the Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division was recognized as successful and became the first step in the formatting of Polish troops, which was rapidly gaining pace with the assistance of the Soviet Union.
History of Civilization, History (General) and history of Europe
Figured ornaments fell behind in the Ottoman Empire, which established the decoration equation in the
building culture in the era of the principality on the dome decoration and calligraphy. The figured
decoration used in examples such as Gebze Sultan Orhan Mosque, Hoşap Castle, Jerusalem Arslanlı Gate, inn,
bridge, and aqueduct continued to bear the ancient cultural codes in limited numbers. Information about the
symbolic value and function of the lion figure, whose usage characteristics specific to the Ottoman period,
in buildings will be discussed in this article. Lions, which continue to feed the Turkish culture with their
symbolic meanings, took part in hunting ceremonies in the Ottoman Empire, etc. They continued to take place
with their concrete assets and to be a part of the ceremonies in Arslanhane, an institutional structure for
Arslanhane’s building, which is a place where wild animals were sheltered and trained with a team of 100
people to be brought into the public in ceremonies, especially during the expedition and the peace, is a
building that is tried to be identified and although there are many researches on it, the uncertainty about
its location and structure continues. In this article, the literature about the Arslanhane buildings in
Istanbul, whose exact location has not been determined, with the reflection of lion symbolism and decoration
in the Turkish culture and especially in the Ottoman building culture will be investigated through the
documents from the General Directorate of Foundations and Directorate of Ottoman Archives, and new results
will be reached.
he article examines the images of the river in the Thaw-era popular Soviet songs. Songs have traditionally been a way of both forming a general system of spatial imagination of society and fixing the changes taking place in it. In the Soviet unified culture, the censored song occupied an important place as an «intermediary between the private and official spheres of people’s lives» (Cherednichenko), an active instrument for the dissemination of state ideology; at the same time, the song embodied «variants of the Russian model of the world of the Soviet period», forming the mass «mythopoetic image of the era» (Shchukin). The popular song, with its repetition and constant reproduction, persistently set the images of the Fatherland as a whole and its individual parts, the dominant ideas about the significant in human life, and finally, the preferred patterns of behavior.
From the 1930s to the first half of the 1950s rivers were depicted in «official» Soviet songs as an important part of the new ideological project: the Soviet people entered into confrontation with the power of the «great» rivers and curbed them, symbolically proving the superiority of the new organization of society. In the Thaw-era Soviet society, centralized aestheticization of ideological attitudes was preserved, but the image of the river is changing dramatically: instead of the «great» rivers, small rivers or even streams are increasingly appearing, the «great» rivers are symbolically likened to «small», representing part of a harmonious landscape where an ordinary person rests or reflects on the «course of life». The theme of the heroic conquest and transformation of nature is transferred to the «space», to the «virgin lands», to the «taiga», and the river turns out to be a space for demonstrating, on the one hand, the solid status of Soviet people as «the master of their vast Motherland», on the other, the achieved harmony of traditional and new values. Changes in the image of rivers in the Thaw-era songs suggest that they function as part of the representation of a new image of the friendly Soviet world.
Se estudia el mecenazgo de la familia mexicana Garza-Sada/Fernández- Zambrano en la recuperación de bienes culturales españoles expoliados y exportados de manera fraudulenta a Estados Unidos (1928-1935). Se pone de manifiesto el interés por poner este patrimonio al servicio de la ciudadanía mediante la creación de un museo público en San Pedro Garza García (Nuevo León, México). Así mismo, se destaca la acción de este mecenazgo en la rehabilitación del Palacio de Torremejía (ss. XVI-XVIII, Almagro, Ciudad Real) y convertirlo en una institución museística para la exposición de arte mexicano en España.
Knowledge graphs have been adopted in many diverse fields for a variety of purposes. Most of those applications rely on valid and complete data to deliver their results, pressing the need to improve the quality of knowledge graphs. A number of solutions have been proposed to that end, ranging from rule-based approaches to the use of probabilistic methods, but there is an element that has not been considered yet: the edit history of the graph. In the case of collaborative knowledge graphs (e.g., Wikidata), those edits represent the process in which the community reaches some kind of fuzzy and distributed consensus over the information that best represents each entity, and can hold potentially interesting information to be used by knowledge graph refinement methods. In this paper, we explore the use of edit history information from Wikidata to improve the performance of type prediction methods. To do that, we have first built a JSON dataset containing the edit history of every instance from the 100 most important classes in Wikidata. This edit history information is then explored and analyzed, with a focus on its potential applicability in knowledge graph refinement tasks. Finally, we propose and evaluate two new methods to leverage this edit history information in knowledge graph embedding models for type prediction tasks. Our results show an improvement in one of the proposed methods against current approaches, showing the potential of using edit information in knowledge graph refinement tasks and opening new promising research lines within the field.
Founded on June 10, 1853, on the initiative of several industrialists, the Société mulhousienne des cités ouvrières (Mulhouse Workers' Housing Company) built more than a thousand homes until 1897. Housing part of the city’s workforce, these dwellings more broadly contributed to a paternalistic enterprise aiming at the moral improvement of the working classes. This study examines the spatial and economic devices designed to control the workers within their own domestic space. It thus questions the choice of individual housing, the role of the gardens attached to the houses, and the creation of a rent-purchase system. It also considers the operating mechanisms of this control, focusing on the selection-regulation-incentive triptych. Although the lived reality of the cités ouvrières remains challenging to grasp, the analysis shows the limited effectiveness of the control measures, and it underlines the ideological evolution of the project of the Mulhouse manufacturers during the second half of the 19th century.
Purpose of the work is to involve the little-known essay of public and political figure Yakiv Ohorodnyk “T. Masaryk and Ukraine” as source for studying the creative heritage of Ukrainian emigration in the Czechoslovak Republic and Ukrainian-Czech relations in the scientific circulation. The research methodology is based on the research principles of historicism, scientificity, objectivity, general scientific methods (historical and logical) and special historical methods (narrative and problem-chronological). The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time the little-known essay by Yakiv Ohorodnyk “T. Masaryk and Ukraine”, which is stored in the personal file of the author in the Central State Archives of Supreme Bodies of Power and Government of Ukraine in Kyiv, is introduced into scientific circulation. The information potential of the document as one of the examples of the creative heritage of Ukrainian scientists in Czechoslovakia was analyzed. The main aspects of Yakiv Ohorodnyk’s perception of the issue of Tomash Masaryk’s attitude to Ukraine, coverage of the role of the first president of the Czechoslovak Republic in Ukrainian-Czech relations in 1901-1919 are highlighted. It is noted that they include the support of Ukrainian students in Prague in 1901, the first Ukrainian translation of his work “Ideals of Humanity”, a parliamentary speech by Tomash Masaryk in 1908 criticizing the abuses of the Polish administration in the elections in Galicia against Ukrainians, attempts to deny the Ukrainian national identity. Yakiv Ohorodnyk’s essay also covers the stay of the Czech politician in Ukraine in 1917-1918 and his role in the annexation of Zakarpattia to the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918-1919. Conclusions. In general, the essay of Yakiv Ohorodnyk “T. Masaryk and Ukraine” is one of the evidences of the Ukrainian emigration’s interest in the figure of the first president of the Czechoslovak Republic. The preparation of this essay was caused not only by a sense of gratitude for the support of refugees, but also by the desire to objectively show the role of this outstanding figure in history, in particular, in the development of Ukrainian-Czech relations.
The aim of the paper is to investigate the history of formation of the personal archival fond of orientalist, slavic scholar, historian of Ukrainian language and literature Ahatanhel Yukhymovych Krymskyi (1871-1942), to review new acquisitions, to find out the principles of classification and systematization of documents, to reveal their composition and content. Methodology of the research. Historical-comparative, chronological, source-research methods, method of classification and systematization of documents and information were used in the study of the topic. Scientific novelty is determined by the fact that the topic of work in this formulation of the question is considered for the first time and is that the history of formation and the current state of acquisition of the personal archival fond of A. Y. Krymskyi is analyzed. A set of new archival documents relating to the life and work of a scientist has been introduced into scientific circulation, and the principles of their classification and systematization have been clarified. Conclusions. It was found out that the source of the fond was a set of documents received in 1961 from M. A. Krymskyi and later small but valuable acquisitions from concerned private owners, in particular, from M. Ponomarenko, E. Tsyhankova, V. Khomenko and publishing house “Scientific Thought”, as well as documents that were reveal in the fonds of the Institute of Manuscript. A review of new acquisitions of documents received during 2013-2020 by the personal fond of A. Y. Krymskyi was carried out. During the classification and formation of storage units, the systematization of documents according to the thematic-species principle was applied, due to which it was possible to single out and systematized such groups: documents of Ahatanhel Yukhymovych Krymskyi, photo documents, documents about fondraiser, documents of relatives, documents of other persons; their composition and content are revealed. A set of new archival documents was introduced into scientific circulation-epistolary, economic-property and household documents and official correspondence with the executive authorities, photographs by A. Y. Krymskyi; memoirs of F. I. Lavrov, M. Demianchuk-Haidamaky, M. A. Krymskyi, I. Y. Hrechykhyn about the life and work of the scientist; the archive was supplemented with documents of relatives: Y. S. Krymskyi, M. Z. Levchenko, O. S. Kashtanova and M. A. Krymskyi and other persons.
This essay focusses on the way blindness is dealt with in Los ingrávidos (Faces in the Crowd, 2012) and aims to apprehend its implications from the point of view of the representation of the author.
ملخص:
كان للمرأة اليابانية دور كبير في تاريخ اليابان القديم والوسيط والحديث، لكن تغيرا هذا الدور والمكانة نتيجة أمور عدة، انعكست أثارها على تردي مكانتها في المجتمع الياباني. سيبين هذا البحث هذه الأمور والأسباب التي أدت إلى أن تحتل المرأة اليابانية المرتبة الثانية بعد الرجل في الحياة الاجتماعية .سنوضح هل حصلت المرأة اليابانية على حقوقها في ظل أشهر دستوري في التاريخ الياباني الحديث والمعاصر 1889 و 1946؟ وأي من الدستورين أعطى فرصة المساواة للمرأة اليابانية بشكل أكبر مع الرجل دستور ميجي لعام 1889، أم دستور الاحتلال الأمريكي لليابان لعام 1946؟
This paper emphasizes the importance of a robot's ability to refer to its task history, especially when it executes a series of pick-and-place manipulations by following language instructions given one by one. The advantage of referring to the manipulation history can be categorized into two folds: (1) the language instructions omitting details but using expressions referring to the past can be interpreted, and (2) the visual information of objects occluded by previous manipulations can be inferred. For this, we introduce a history-dependent manipulation task which objective is to visually ground a series of language instructions for proper pick-and-place manipulations by referring to the past. We also suggest a relevant dataset and model which can be a baseline, and show that our model trained with the proposed dataset can also be applied to the real world based on the CycleGAN. Our dataset and code are publicly available on the project website: https://sites.google.com/view/history-dependent-manipulation.