Hasil untuk "History of Asia"

Muhd. Mustafizur Rahman

Postmodernism, as a reaction against modernism, embraces diverse perspectives and rejects the idea of a singular truth, focusing instead on the fluidity of reality and the multiplicity of interpretations. In literature, the postmodern novel disrupts traditional notions of truth and narrative closure, opting instead for open-ended storytelling that relies on irony, pastiche, and intertextuality. These features invite readers toengage with a text on multiple levels, revealing new meanings through linguistic play and unconventional narrative strategies. Jules Verne’s Doctor Ox’s Experimentexemplifies this postmodern approach by challenging conventional literary norms. Through Verne’s use of irony, he deconstructs the stereotypes of the inhabitants of Quiquendonia, while blending fictional elements that blur the boundaries between reality and fabrication. Additionally, the intertextual connections present in the story enhance its depth, linking it to broader literary traditions. This study aims to explore Doctor Ox’s Experimentthrough a postmodern lens, examining how Verne employs key postmodern techniques to offer a nuanced critique of reality and narrative structure. By analyzing these features, the paper provides a fresh interpretation of Verne’s work, showcasing its significance within the framework of postmodern literary analysis.

I Gusti Ayu Andani Pertiwi, Ida Ayu Laksmita Sari, I Nyoman Suarka et al.

The resistance to patriarchal domination in Japanese and Balinese societies between 1989 and 2019 is reflected in various literary works that portray women's struggles against restrictive social norms. In this vein, this study compares the forms and meanings of resistance depicted in the Japanese novels Out by Natsuo Kirino and Convenience Store Woman by Sayaka Murata with the Balinese novels Tempurung and Kenanga by Oka Rusmini. Using qualitative research with a cultural studies approach, it identifies two shared forms of resistance: rejection of traditional gender roles and struggle for bodily autonomy. Differences appear in the forms, with radical resistance in the Japanese novels and subversive resistance in the Balinese novels, and in the backgrounds, where structural oppression shapes the Japanese texts while traditional customs influence the Balinese texts. Ultimately, these narratives critique both Japanese patriarchy and Balinese customary traditions that constrain women’s identities and choices.

Antonis Antoniou

In the 1960s and 1970s a series of observations and theoretical developments highlighted the presence of several anomalies which could, in principle, be explained by postulating one of the following two working hypotheses: (i) the existence of dark matter, or (ii) the modification of standard gravitational dynamics in low accelerations. In the years that followed, the dark matter hypothesis as an explanation for dark matter phenomenology attracted far more attention compared to the hypothesis of modified gravity, and the latter is largely regarded today as a non-viable alternative. The present article takes an integrated history and philosophy of science approach in order to identify the reasons why the scientific community mainly pursued the dark matter hypothesis in the years that followed, as opposed to modified gravity. A plausible answer is given in terms of three epistemic criteria for the pursuitworthiness of a hypothesis: (a) its problem-solving potential, (b) its compatibility with established theories and the feasibility of incorporation, and (c) its independent testability. A further comparison between the problem of dark matter and the problem of dark energy is also presented, explaining why in the latter case the situation is different, and modified gravity is still considered a viable possibility.

Artashes I. Shahnazaryan, Ashot A. Melkonyan, Igor V. Kryuchkov et al.

Introduction. A significant amount of diverse and valuable information regarding the Mongols, who arrived in Armenia during their exploratory expeditions in 1220–1222 and governed the country from 1236 to 1353, has been preserved in Armenian manuscript sources. These sources contain detailed accounts of the Mongols’ names, origin, homeland, appearance, food, character, customs, beliefs, weaponry, martial arts, language, and overall ethnology. This collection of insights illuminates the historical significance due to the fact that Mongols played a pivotal role in global history. The scientific importance of this material should not be underestimated, particularly for Mongolian studies and Mongolian ethnology. This significance arises from both the variety of accounts in the Armenian manuscript sources and the reliability of the majority of these reports. Many of these accounts are based either on direct observations by the authors or the information obtained from credible sources, including the Mongols themselves. It is no coincidence that this emphasis on accuracy is regularly highlighted within the manuscript sources. The purpose of this study is aimed at bringing together and, for the first time, introducing into scientific circulation the ethnological material on the Mongols provided in the rich and valuable Armenian manuscript sources (historical works, minor chronicles, manuscript colophons) of the High Middle Ages (13th-14th centuries). Materials and methods. Among the Armenian manuscript sources addressing the ethnological characteristics of the Mongols, the historiographical works of such notable historians as Kirakos Gandzaketsi, Vardan Vardapet, Grigor Aknertsi, Smbat Sparapet, Hetum the Historian, and Stepanos Orbelian are particularly prominent. Several chroniclers and authors of manuscript colophons have echoed or even expanded upon the mentioned above accounts. The work on the Mongols by Vanakan Vardapet, the teacher of Kirakos Gandzaketsi, by Vardan Vardapet and by Grigor Aknertsi, also undoubtedly contained valuable insights into this subject. Unfortunately, this work has not survived, although Vardan Vardapet almost certainly drew upon it in his own writings. In some cases, Vardan Vardapet also compiled material about the Mongols from the works by Kirakos Gandzaketsi. The information related to the ethnology and lifestyle of the Mongols, as recorded in the Armenian sources of the High Middle Ages, is presented here through a combination of historical compilation and analytical methods for the reconstruction of the history. Results. The aforementioned evidence forms the basis for introducing the material from Armenian manuscript sources on Mongol ethnology into scientific discourse that will facilitate a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the ethnological characteristics of the Mongols during the period in question.

Guangpeng Fan, Fei Yan, Xiangquan Zeng et al.

We have developed the world's first canopy height map of the distribution area of world-level giant trees. This mapping is crucial for discovering more individual and community world-level giant trees, and for analyzing and quantifying the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation measures in the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon (YTGC) National Nature Reserve. We proposed a method to map the canopy height of the primeval forest within the world-level giant tree distribution area by using a spaceborne LiDAR fusion satellite imagery (Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI), ICESat-2, and Sentinel-2) driven deep learning modeling. And we customized a pyramid receptive fields depth separable CNN (PRFXception). PRFXception, a CNN architecture specifically customized for mapping primeval forest canopy height to infer the canopy height at the footprint level of GEDI and ICESat-2 from Sentinel-2 optical imagery with a 10-meter spatial resolution. We conducted a field survey of 227 permanent plots using a stratified sampling method and measured several giant trees using UAV-LS. The predicted canopy height was compared with ICESat-2 and GEDI validation data (RMSE =7.56 m, MAE=6.07 m, ME=-0.98 m, R^2=0.58 m), UAV-LS point clouds (RMSE =5.75 m, MAE =3.72 m, ME = 0.82 m, R^2= 0.65 m), and ground survey data (RMSE = 6.75 m, MAE = 5.56 m, ME= 2.14 m, R^2=0.60 m). We mapped the potential distribution map of world-level giant trees and discovered two previously undetected giant tree communities with an 89% probability of having trees 80-100 m tall, potentially taller than Asia's tallest tree. This paper provides scientific evidence confirming southeastern Tibet--northwestern Yunnan as the fourth global distribution center of world-level giant trees initiatives and promoting the inclusion of the YTGC giant tree distribution area within the scope of China's national park conservation.

Kulneva P.V.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the perception of difficult historical experience in bilateral relations by China and Japan, which dates back to the middle of the 19th century when both countries faced strong pressure from the Western world. The chronological framework of the study thus covers the period starting from the “Opium Wars” in China and the Meiji Restoration in Japan, makes a focus on the war of 1937–1945, which is viewed as the culmination of the crisis in bilateral relations, and ends with the current situation, when both countries are still trying to comprehend this difficult period of their history. The purpose of the study is to identify the role of the Western component in the mutual perception of recent historical experience by China and Japan, examining this perception through the prism of the West-East opposition. The first part of the article describes the process of Japan and China, searching for their national identities after facing with the growing pressure from the West in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The second part sheds light on the role of the Western component in the formation of historical memory in Japan and China, related to the recent war between them. The study demonstrates significance of the Western factor for understanding the origins of the crisis in Sino-Japanese relations and the assessment of its consequences for each country. It should be definitely taken into consideration for better understanding the current state of Sino-Japanese relations as well as the interpretation of historical past in both countries.

Ruizhong Qiu, Dingsu Wang, Lei Ying et al.

Diffusion on graphs is ubiquitous with numerous high-impact applications. In these applications, complete diffusion histories play an essential role in terms of identifying dynamical patterns, reflecting on precaution actions, and forecasting intervention effects. Despite their importance, complete diffusion histories are rarely available and are highly challenging to reconstruct due to ill-posedness, explosive search space, and scarcity of training data. To date, few methods exist for diffusion history reconstruction. They are exclusively based on the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) formulation and require to know true diffusion parameters. In this paper, we study an even harder problem, namely reconstructing Diffusion history from A single SnapsHot} (DASH), where we seek to reconstruct the history from only the final snapshot without knowing true diffusion parameters. We start with theoretical analyses that reveal a fundamental limitation of the MLE formulation. We prove: (a) estimation error of diffusion parameters is unavoidable due to NP-hardness of diffusion parameter estimation, and (b) the MLE formulation is sensitive to estimation error of diffusion parameters. To overcome the inherent limitation of the MLE formulation, we propose a novel barycenter formulation: finding the barycenter of the posterior distribution of histories, which is provably stable against the estimation error of diffusion parameters. We further develop an effective solver named DIffusion hiTting Times with Optimal proposal (DITTO) by reducing the problem to estimating posterior expected hitting times via the Metropolis--Hastings Markov chain Monte Carlo method (M--H MCMC) and employing an unsupervised graph neural network to learn an optimal proposal to accelerate the convergence of M--H MCMC. We conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.

Kabir Mansingh Heimsath

Danko Georgiev, Eliahu Cohen

Quantum entanglement is a key resource, which grants quantum systems the ability to accomplish tasks that are classically impossible. Here, we apply Feynman's sum-over-histories formalism to interacting bipartite quantum systems and introduce entanglement measures for bipartite quantum histories. Based on the Schmidt decomposition of the matrix comprised of the Feynman propagator complex coefficients, we prove that bipartite quantum histories are entangled if and only if the Schmidt rank of this matrix is larger than 1. The proposed approach highlights the utility of using a separable basis for constructing the bipartite quantum histories and allows for quantification of their entanglement from the complete set of experimentally measured sequential weak values. We then illustrate the non-classical nature of entangled histories with the use of Hardy's overlapping interferometers and explain why local hidden variable theories are unable to correctly reproduce all observable quantum outcomes. Our theoretical results elucidate how the composite tensor product structure of multipartite quantum systems is naturally extended across time and clarify the difference between quantum histories viewed as projection operators in the history Hilbert space or viewed as chain operators and propagators in the standard Hilbert space.

Alejandro Gonzalez-Hevia, Daniel Gayo-Avello

Knowledge graphs have been adopted in many diverse fields for a variety of purposes. Most of those applications rely on valid and complete data to deliver their results, pressing the need to improve the quality of knowledge graphs. A number of solutions have been proposed to that end, ranging from rule-based approaches to the use of probabilistic methods, but there is an element that has not been considered yet: the edit history of the graph. In the case of collaborative knowledge graphs (e.g., Wikidata), those edits represent the process in which the community reaches some kind of fuzzy and distributed consensus over the information that best represents each entity, and can hold potentially interesting information to be used by knowledge graph refinement methods. In this paper, we explore the use of edit history information from Wikidata to improve the performance of type prediction methods. To do that, we have first built a JSON dataset containing the edit history of every instance from the 100 most important classes in Wikidata. This edit history information is then explored and analyzed, with a focus on its potential applicability in knowledge graph refinement tasks. Finally, we propose and evaluate two new methods to leverage this edit history information in knowledge graph embedding models for type prediction tasks. Our results show an improvement in one of the proposed methods against current approaches, showing the potential of using edit information in knowledge graph refinement tasks and opening new promising research lines within the field.

Hari Naredi, Ahmad Ruslan, Amar Septian et al.

In the course of its history, The Depok area has had interesting dynamics. The growth of Depok has been inseparable from the people who originally settled in the area. Depok’s emergence and growth as a city has been due to in large part the role of Cornelis Chastelein. At the end of the 17th century, he plotted the area of Depok and since then, it began to witness growth and development of that area. This study analyzes the traces and relics of Cornelis Chastelein in Depok in the period 1693 and 1714. It uses historical analysis technique in which carried out through four stages, consist of heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography. According to the study, it shows that the history of Depok cannot be separated from Chastelein. His legacy in the form of colonial buildings can be found in the Depok area, West Java. Apart from the visible physical legacy, Chastelein also freed slaves, allowing them to live independently and become the original residents of Depok.

Christian Mauder

People identified as Persians constituted one of the most prominent groups of nonlocal inhabitants in Mamluk Egypt, and earlier scholarship has paid considerable attention to Egyptian-Persian relations. Nevertheless, the determining factors that made someone Persian in Mamluk Egyptian contexts remain poorly understood. Accounts of the majālis, or learned salons, convened by the penultimate Mamluk Sultan Qāniṣawh al-Ghawrī (r. 906–922/1501–1516) offer a unique opportunity to examine which factors, agents, and motivations were decisive in the construction of what it meant to be Persian during the late Mamluk period. An examination of these sources demonstrates that language, cultural capital, and region of origin were the most important elements in the process of Persian identity construction at al-Ghawrī’s court. The key actors in this process were persons who identified themselves as Persians and sought to make strategic use of the benefits their identity could entail within the patronage context of al-Ghawrī’s court. In contrast to what is known about other ethnic identities within the Mamluk Sultanate, neither persons who identified as Persians nor their local interlocutors considered ancestry a defining factor of being Persian.

A. Rahman

DI/TII movement, which lasted for approximately 15 years in South Sulawesi, targeted the inland areas identical to forests. This fact certainly made it difficult for TNI (Indonesian National Armed Forces) to trace the presence of Kahar Muzakkar's troops. Benteng Alla which was located in the interior part of Enrekang also became a target. The village, which was directly adjacent to Tana Toraja, then transformed into a pathway used by DI/TII to expand its territory to Tana Toraja without going through the main road. This area was then completely controlled by DI/TII, in which the Islamic laws enforced there. Islamic law enforcement around Benteng Alla caused the neglect of Aluk Todolo teachings previously adopted by the community. Moreover, DI/TII also implemented economic engineering in Benteng Alla by utilizing zakat. One of the objectives of the economic engineering implementation was to prevent the community from visiting the city while still paying attention to the education of Benteng Alla communities who had become part of their movement. However, the communities then became the target of Indonesian National Armed Forces operations that came from Toraja. As a result, Benteng Alla was emptied for several years. This article is made by applying four methods in writing history with the aim of analyzing the significance of Benteng Alla's position during the DI/TII period and to pave the pathways passed by DI/TII so that this movement spread to Southeast Sulawesi.

Sebastian Cwiklinski

The article analyses the history of a Festschrift dedicated in 1987 to Ymär Daher (1910–1999), a well-known activist in the Tatar community of Finland. Two aspects of the volume are discussed in detail: why there was an astonishingly high number of Tatar authors from the Soviet Union and why one of the Tatar-language articles in the volume was published not in Cyrillic, the official script for the language in the Soviet Union, but in Arabic script. The article tries to find answers to these questions by following the life and the networking activities of the jubilee of the Festschrift and the life of Enže Säġidova (1921–1997), the author of the Arabic-script article in the volume.

Hyemin Ahn, Obin Kwon, Kyoungdo Kim et al.

This paper emphasizes the importance of a robot's ability to refer to its task history, especially when it executes a series of pick-and-place manipulations by following language instructions given one by one. The advantage of referring to the manipulation history can be categorized into two folds: (1) the language instructions omitting details but using expressions referring to the past can be interpreted, and (2) the visual information of objects occluded by previous manipulations can be inferred. For this, we introduce a history-dependent manipulation task which objective is to visually ground a series of language instructions for proper pick-and-place manipulations by referring to the past. We also suggest a relevant dataset and model which can be a baseline, and show that our model trained with the proposed dataset can also be applied to the real world based on the CycleGAN. Our dataset and code are publicly available on the project website: https://sites.google.com/view/history-dependent-manipulation.

Mrigank Rochan, Mahesh Kumar Krishna Reddy, Linwei Ye et al.

Recently, there is an increasing interest in highlight detection research where the goal is to create a short duration video from a longer video by extracting its interesting moments. However, most existing methods ignore the fact that the definition of video highlight is highly subjective. Different users may have different preferences of highlight for the same input video. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective framework that learns to adapt highlight detection to a user by exploiting the user's history in the form of highlights that the user has previously created. Our framework consists of two sub-networks: a fully temporal convolutional highlight detection network $H$ that predicts highlight for an input video and a history encoder network $M$ for user history. We introduce a newly designed temporal-adaptive instance normalization (T-AIN) layer to $H$ where the two sub-networks interact with each other. T-AIN has affine parameters that are predicted from $M$ based on the user history and is responsible for the user-adaptive signal to $H$. Extensive experiments on a large-scale dataset show that our framework can make more accurate and user-specific highlight predictions.

Khadijeh Naghipourfar, Naser Jadidi

Fereydūn, like many Iranian myths, could be followed up in Vedic texts. But, after searching these texts, there are differences between the roles of Fereydun in the Vedic and Middle Iranian texts. As Iran has older history than the Aryan establishment on this plateau, it is therefore possible to follow the roots of this mythology as existing in the middle texts, in pre-Aryan civilizations in Iran, like Elamite civilization. The cultural and civilization elements of the ancient Elam can be closely linked to the Middle Eastern civilization. Therefore, Elam had abundant Mesopotamian deities who, of course, were accepted by their special function in Elam. Ea/Enki was one of them. But with regard to Untash-Napirisha, it seems that in Elam, his roles are fully attributed to Napirisha. But anyway, Napirisha is the Elamite form of Ea. In order to better understand the Elamite water deity role, it is necessary to refer to the myth of the Mesopotamian Ea. By examining the myths of Ea, there are points that seem to suggest that Fereydūn could be known as the Aryan form of this Mesopotamian and Elamite myth. This article uses a library method based on existing documents and seeks to find out the relationship between the myth of Fereydūn and the water deity in Elamite civilization, due to its Mesopotamian background.

Borbála Obrusánszky

Nestorianism is the Christian doctrine that Jesus existed as two characters, the man and the divine or Son of God. Nestorios, the patriarch of Constantinople taught that thesis in the churches, but the synod of Ephesus in 431 declared it as a heretical teaching and exiled Nestorius and his followers from the Byzantine Empire. They established a new church and began to preach the new doctrine along the Silk Road. Gradually reached Central Asia and China, where the emperors supported them and gave privileges, moreover contributed to build churches there. Several relics can be found in China. From Central Asia they arrived in the Mongolian steppe, where lots of small kingdoms – Kereits, Naimans, Onguts, etc- existed. The new faith spread there quickly, thanks to miracles or missionaries with advanced astronomical and medical knowledge. Not only Syrians, but local Christians, e.g. Uighurs or Sogdians preached Christianity around Jungar Basin. For the first time they used Syrian as an ecclesial script, then introduced Uighur scripts, which was widely accepted writing system in the eastern part of the Silk Road. In my present study, based on early records, I have summarized the history of the peoples of Nestorian religion, referring to the Christian roots. Although these kingdoms were defeated by Genghis Khan in the beginning of the 13th century, but their cultural heritage survived them, the Mongolian Empire accepted the Uighur script as official writing system for chancellery and some princess from those kingdoms became queens of Mongols and supported Christians and contributed that kind of Christianity survived for a long time in Inner Asia.

Mansi Dhuria, Gaurav Goswami

The recently proposed Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture (TCC) can be used to constrain the energy scale of inflation. The conclusions however depend on the assumptions about post-inflationary history of the Universe. E.g. in the standard case of a thermal post-inflationary history in which the Universe stays radiation dominated at all times from the end of inflation to the epoch of radiation matter equality, TCC has been used to argue that the Hubble parameter during inflation, $H_{\inf}$, is below ${\cal O}(0.1) ~{\rm GeV}$. Cosmological scenarios with a non-thermal post-inflationary history are well-motivated alternatives to the standard picture and it is interesting to find out the possible constraints which TCC imposes on such scenarios. In this work, we find out the amount of enhancement of the TCC compatible bound on $H_{\inf}$ if post-inflationary history before nucleosynthesis was non-thermal. We then argue that if TCC is correct, for a large class of scenarios, it is not possible for the Universe to have undergone a phase of moduli domination.

James J. Cusick

Software Reliability has just passed the 50-year milestone as a technical discipline along with Software Engineering. This paper traces the roots of Software Reliability Engineering (SRE) from its pre-software history to the beginnings of the field with the first software reliability model in 1967 through its maturation in the 1980s to the current challenges in proving application reliability on smartphones and in other areas. This history began as a thesis proposal for a History of Science research program and includes multiple previously unpublished interviews with founders of the field. The project evolved to also provide a survey of the development of SRE from notable prior histories and from citations of new work in the field including reliability applications to Agile Methods. This history concludes at the modern-day providing bookends in the theory, models, literature, and practice of Software Reliability Engineering from 1968 to 2018 and pointing towards new opportunities to deepen and broaden the field.