Hasil untuk "History (General) and history of Europe"

J. Cox, J. Stetz, T. Pajak

Ioulia Solomou, F. Constantinidou

Effective management of the global pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (also known as COVID-19), resulted in the implementation of severe restrictions in movement and enforcement of social distancing measures. This study aimed to understand and characterize the psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population and to identify risks and protective factors that predict changes in mental health status. In addition, the study investigated compliance with precautionary measures (PM) to halt the spread of the virus. The online anonymous survey collected information on sociodemographic data, compliance with PM, quality of life (QOL), and mental health via the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). A total of 1642 adult participants (71.6% women, 28.4% men) completed the survey in the European island country, Cyprus. A large percentage (48%) reported significant financial concerns and 66.7% significant changes in their QOL. About 41% reported symptoms associated with mild anxiety; 23.1% reported moderate-severe anxiety symptoms. Concerning depression, 48% reported mild and 9.2% moderate-severe depression symptoms. Women, younger age (18–29), student status, unemployment status, prior psychiatric history, and those reporting greater negative impact on their QOL, were at higher risk for increased anxiety and depression symptoms (p < 0.05). The youngest age group and males also reported lower levels of compliance with PM. Higher compliance with PM predicted lower depression scores (p < 0.001) but higher anxiety for measures related to personal hygiene. The results of this study provide important data on the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and QOL and identify a variety of personal and social determinants that serve as risks and protective factors. Furthermore, it has implications for policy makers demonstrating the need for effective mental health programs and guidance for the implementation of PM as a public health strategy.

N. Disma, Takashi Asai, E. Cools et al.

Airway management is required during general anaesthesia and is essential for life-threatening conditions such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Evidence from recent trials indicates a high incidence of critical events during airway management, especially in neonates or infants. It is important to define the optimal techniques and strategies for airway management in these groups. In this joint European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (ESAIC) and British Journal of Anaesthesia (BJA) guideline on airway management in neonates and infants, we present aggregated and evidence-based recommendations to assist clinicians in providing safe and effective medical care. We identified seven main areas of interest for airway management: i) preoperative assessment and preparation; ii) medications; iii) techniques and algorithms; iv) identification and treatment of difficult airways; v) confirmation of tracheal intubation; vi) tracheal extubation, and vii) human factors. Based on these areas, Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes (PICO) questions were derived that guided a structured literature search. GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methodology was used to formulate the recommendations based on those studies included with consideration of their methodological quality (strong '1' or weak '2' recommendation with high 'A', medium 'B' or low 'C' quality of evidence). In summary, we recommend: 1. Use medical history and physical examination to predict difficult airway management (1C). 2. Ensure adequate level of sedation or general anaesthesia during airway management (1B). 3. Administer neuromuscular blocker before tracheal intubation when spontaneous breathing is not necessary (1C). 4. Use a videolaryngoscope with an age-adapted standard blade as first choice for tracheal intubation (1B). 5. Apply apnoeic oxygenation during tracheal intubation in neonates (1B). 6. Consider a supraglottic airway for rescue oxygenation and ventilation when tracheal intubation fails (1B). 7. Limit the number of tracheal intubation attempts (1C). 8. Use a stylet to reinforce and preshape tracheal tubes when hyperangulated videolaryngoscope blades are used and when the larynx is anatomically anterior (1C). 9. Verify intubation is successful with clinical assessment and end-tidal CO2 waveform (1C). 10. Apply high-flow nasal oxygenation, continuous positive airway pressure or nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation for postextubation respiratory support, when appropriate (1B).

Raymond Montpetit

Ivana Hadjievska

The subject of this review is the book by Görkem Akgöz, titled In the Shadow of War and Empire: Industrialisation, Nation-Building, and Working-Class Politics in Turkey (Brill, Leiden, 2023, xviii, 374 pp. (hardback), ISBN 978 -90-04-41674-1; Open Access (paperback), ISBN 978-90-04-68714-1). I believe that it is an important review subject, as it is a representative of the new currents in the field of labor history, where through a discursive approach to the sources testifying the human condition of the working class, new knowledge is gained about the processes of nation-building and capitalist modernization. The thematic focus in the book is on the industrialization processes in Kemalist Turkey and the impact of the etatist regime on the formation of the new civil and working-class identities. The author offers successful attempts to debunk older official historiographical narratives regarding memory and ideology about workers' lives and relations on the factory shop-floor in the period from the beginning of the 20th century to the mid-1950s.

Esther Borges

Published in 2023 by Palgrave Macmillan, Narratives of the Unspoken in Contemporary Irish Fiction: Silences that Speak proposes to explore the topic of silence by analysing how it is embedded in language, culture, society and institutions and providing a forum for the discussion of the uses (and abuses) of silence in the context of Irish fiction. The essays cover a span of different well-known authors in the Irish literary sphere such as Donal Ryan, Emma Donoghue, Colm Tóibín, Evelyn Conlon, Kevin Barry, Edna O’Brien, William Trevor, Claire Keegan, Maeve Kelly, Eibhear Walshe, Emer Martin and Sally Rooney

Gavina Baralla, A. Pinna, Giacomo Corrias

This paper proposes a generic agri-food supply chain traceability system based on blockchain technology implementing the "from-farm-to-fork" (F2F) model currently used in the European Union, which can integrate current traceability rules and processes. The proposed system allows the consumer to reconstruct the product history up to the origin in order to verify product health and quality by simple QR code scan. The blockchain chosen for this purpose is Hyperledger Sawtooth, issued with writing permissions and rules to guarantee access only to members recognized as legitimate participants in the process. The whole system has been realized according to an agile methodology (ABCDE), recently devised for designing a general blockchain system with software engineering practices by mean of User Stories and UML diagrams, in order to obtain a higher software quality. All of the involved operators are able to identify any participants along the entire supply chain, increasing the degree of trust between organizations and individuals, with autonomous management of temporal sequence of activities.

R. Caruso, Fabio Antenora, M. Riba et al.

Purpose of Review We summarized peer-reviewed literature on aggressive episodes perpetrated by adult patients admitted to general hospital units, especially psychiatry or emergency services. We examined the main factors associated with aggressive behaviors in the hospital setting, with a special focus on the European experience. Recent Findings A number of variables, including individual, historical, and contextual variables, are significant risk factors for aggression among hospitalized people. Drug abuse can be considered a trans-dimensional variable which deserves particular attention. Summary Although mental health disorders represent a significant component in the risk of aggression, there are many factors including drug abuse, past history of physically aggressive behavior, childhood abuse, social and cultural patterns, relational factors, and contextual variables that can increase the risk of overt aggressive behavior in the general hospital. This review highlights the need to undertake initiatives aimed to enhance understanding, prevention, and management of violence in general hospital settings across Europe.

Staffan Roos, J. Smart, D. Gibbons et al.

Jonas Fridman, S. Holm, M. Nilsson et al.

National Forest Inventories (NFIs) are becoming increasingly important worldwide in order to provide information about the multiple functions of forests, e.g. their provision of raw materials to industry, biodiversity and their capacity to store carbon for mitigating climate change. In several countriesthehistoryofNFIsisverylong. �Forthesecountriesaspecificchallengeistokeepthe � inventoriesup-to-datewithoutsacrificingtheadvantagesassociatedwithlongtimeseries. �Atthe � turn of the 20th century European NFIs faced some major challenges. In this article we describe the history and the recent developments of the Swedish NFI as an example from which general observations are made and discussed. The Swedish NFI started in 1923 and has evolved from an inventory with a narrow focus on wood resources to an inventory today which aims to provide information about all major forest ecosystem services. It can be concluded that the traditional approachesofmostEuropeanNFIs, �e.g. �tocollectdatathroughsampleplotfieldinventories, �has � provedtobeapplicableevenforawiderangeofnewinforma tionrequirements. �Specifically , � detailed data about land use, trees, vegetation, and soils has found new important uses in con- nection with biodiversity assessments and the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions. Though time-consuminganddifficult, �makingNFIinformationcompa rableacrosscountriesthrough � harmonizationappearstobeausefulapproach. �TheEuropeanNationalForestInventoryNetwork� (ENFIN) was formed in 2003 and has been successful in pan-European NFI harmonization.

Diana María Gómez Sepúlveda

Este artículo presenta los alcances de una experiencia docente sobre la enseñanza de la historia y la memroia con estudiantes del grado quinto de básica primaria. En la primera parte, abordo el lugar de la experiencia, la cual movilizó el quehacer docente hacia nuevas búsquedas y diálogos entre saberes, sujetos y realidades. En la segunda parte, se analiza la enseñanza de la historia y la memoria. La primera aún cautiva de su herencia, a partir de la recordación de ciertos hechos y personajes, con recientes transformaciones en su didáctica y legislación escolar; por su parte, la enseñanza de la memoria, de ingreso más reciente en la escuela, asume la temporalidad a través de la palabra, el sentir y la corporeidad del otro, cuyas versiones pueden ser oiciales, polémicas u omitidas. En la última parte, se narra la  experiencia docente cuyo eje articulador fue el 9 de abril de 1948 y la toma y retoma al Palacio de Justicia, proponiendo desde la sistematización de experiencias, la memoria de las vivencias, para la construcción  de conocimientos compartidos a través de una lectura relexiva y sensible de lo acontecido.

J. Coura, P. Viñas, A. Junqueira

Chagas disease is maintained in nature through the interchange of three cycles: the wild, peridomestic and domestic cycles. The wild cycle, which is enzootic, has existed for millions of years maintained between triatomines and wild mammals. Human infection was only detected in mummies from 4,000-9,000 years ago, before the discovery of the disease by Carlos Chagas in 1909. With the beginning of deforestation in the Americas, two-three centuries ago for the expansion of agriculture and livestock rearing, wild mammals, which had been the food source for triatomines, were removed and new food sources started to appear in peridomestic areas: chicken coops, corrals and pigsties. Some accidental human cases could also have occurred prior to the triatomines in peridomestic areas. Thus, triatomines progressively penetrated households and formed the domestic cycle of Chagas disease. A new epidemiological, economic and social problem has been created through the globalisation of Chagas disease, due to legal and illegal migration of individuals infected by Trypanosoma cruzi or presenting Chagas disease in its varied clinical forms, from endemic countries in Latin America to non-endemic countries in North America, Europe, Asia and Oceania, particularly to the United States of America and Spain. The main objective of the present paper was to present a general view of the interchanges between the wild, peridomestic and domestic cycles of the disease, the development of T. cruzi among triatomine, their domiciliation and control initiatives, the characteristics of the disease in countries in the Americas and the problem of migration to non-endemic countries.

Pedro Barruso Barés

Mindaugas Pocius

The aim of this article is, referring to the documents from Russian State Archive of Social Political History and other sources, to reveal how the leaders of the Central Committee of the All-Soviet Union Communist party (bolsheviks) and officers from the Central Committee apparatus valued manifestations of national communism demonstrated by J. Paleckis and his conflicts concerning the issues of sovietization of Lithuania with A. Sniečkus. The other purpose of this paper is to find out whether J. Paleckis, emphasizing specific conditions in Lithuania and wishing to mitigate the course of sovietization, received any support from the leaders in the Kremlin; why A. Sniečkus, who used to criticize J. Paleckis, did not try to remove him from the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Lithuanian Communist Party or dismiss him from the position of the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. This article presents efforts made by J. Paleckis in order to find allies in Moscow, establish patron-client type relationship with Andrei Zhdanov, a secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Soviet Union Communist party (bolsheviks). The analysis of the sources allows us to draw some conclusions. It could be maintained that the secretaries of the Central Committee of the All-Soviet Union Communist party (bolsheviks) and leaders of divisions of the Central Committee apparatus closely watched the conflict displayed between J. Paleckis and A. Sniečkus and the majority of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Lithuanian Communist party (bolsheviks) led by the latter. These communists were anxious for unhealthy working climate in the Central Committee of the Lithuanian Communist party (bolsheviks). J. Paleckis‘s political conflicts were caused by manifestation of his national communism ideology, tendency to take care of local interests and his intersection with strict Marxist classic position taken by A. Sniečkus and by majority of other members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Lithuanian Communist party (bolsheviks). It could be stated that political “heresy” of J. Paleckis, who was involved into a risky political games behind the scenes in order to make efforts and mitigate the course of sovietization policy, and his proposals to write into the agenda some elements of national communism seemed to the leaders of the Central Committee of the All-Soviet Union Communist party (bolsheviks) not just unnecessary but even hazardous. J. Paleckis’s attitude did not comply with provisions and interests of the authorities in the Kremlin, therefore, his efforts were not supported and were valued only negatively. On the other hand, the line of sovietization of Lithuania, to which A. Sniečkus adhered and his methods of governing the party, substantially coincided with the principal position of the authorities of the USSR, as well as with the general line of the Communist party, and, therefore, a prospect of losing the post of the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Lithuanian Communist party was negligible. J. Paleckis‘s efforts to compete with A. Sniečkus strengthened the authority of the latter. The first secretary of the Central Committee of the Lithuanian Communist party deliberately avoided taking considerable sanctions against J. Paleckis, he did not seek to dismiss J. Paleckis from the position occupied. This would have not been beneficial to A. Sniečkus, because a potential strike from Moscow could be directed against J. Paleckis, a “nationalist” and “heretic”. If J. Paleckis had been removed from the political arena, nobody would have covered A. Sniečkus against potential Moscow repressions. Continuous stress caused by confrontation with J. Paleckis allowed A. Sniečkus to manifest himself as a flawless implementer of political line of the Centre and, because of this, to enhance his position as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Lithuanian Communist party.

S. Adami, C. Marcocci, D. Gatti

F. Castri, A. Hansen, M. Debussche

Maria Cristina Gomes Machado, Antonio Marcos Dorigão, Gizeli Fermino Coelho

Este artigo investiga a categoria intelectual, suas obras e proposições teóricas como objeto de pesquisa na área de História da Educação. A proposta problematiza os procedimentos teórico-metodológicos que devem ser adotados nessas pesquisas para alcançar resultados profícuos. Trata-se de uma análise bibliográfica que se utiliza como fonte de estudo artigos e livros dedicados à história da educação, valendo-se da obra e de ações de intelectuais e textos relacionadas à metodologia de pesquisa em história da educação. Compreende-se que os intelectuais são personalidades diretamente ligados à vida pública dotados de uma visibilidade que os aproximam dos meios políticos, culturais e midiáticos, profissionalmente produzem obras artísticas ou científicas pautadas em ideias que refletem o seu contexto histórico. Desta forma, estudar as produções e a atuação dessas personalidades no cenário intelectual requer a localização no tempo e espaço da construção de suas ideias, situando-o na rede de relações e fatos políticos, econômicos, culturais e sociais na qual forjou sua perspectiva teórica, este procedimento evita eternizar, naturalizar e universalizar as propostas de intelectuais tomadas como objeto de estudo na área de História da Educação.

Irene Bandhauer-Schöffmann

Carlos Guardado da Silva

D. João I trazia em mente, pelo menos desde 1409, a realização de uma grande empresa militar na qual pudesse armar os seus filhos cavaleiros. Os preparativos começaram a partir de 1411, intensificando-se após o Conselho Régio de Torres Vedras, realizado em julho de 1414. Anunciada a partida da armada para o São João de 1415, coube ao rei garantir a organização da mesma, apetrechando-a de navios com artilharia e armas, o que fez a partir de Lisboa, de onde sairia para Ceuta. Também para a cidade de Lisboa concorreriam os homens, os produtos e os esforços de todo o reino, além da prata e do cobre recolhidos, bem como dos alimentos necessários aos homens que preparavam a empresa, incrementando-se, ao mesmo tempo, os trabalhos nas taracenas. Conquistada a cidade islâmica, pôde o monarca português armar os seus filhos cavaleiros, tendo o feito contribuído também para legitimar o reino e o primeiro rei da nova dinastia de Avis, percurso iniciado anos antes em Aljubarrota, assim como reforçar o prestígio e o poder de Portugal no seio da Cristandade e, sobretudo, no contexto ibérico.

Jeroen Cuvelier

This article, based on 16 months of anthropological fieldwork between 2005 and 2012, examines the relationship between work and masculinity among artisanal miners, or creuseurs, in Katanga, the southeastern province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It argues that men’s involvement in artisanal mining should be considered not only as an economic survival strategy but also as an attempt to experiment with new ways of being a man in a context of economic crisis and changing gender relations. Furthermore, the article criticizes the tendency to downplay or underestimate the complexity and diversity of processes of masculine identity construction in Africa’s artisanal-mining areas. In order to do justice to the intricacy of these processes, the article proposes using concepts and insights from the field of masculinity studies and distinguishing between a levelling and a differentiating trend in artisanal miners’ masculinity practices.