Hasil untuk "German literature"

German Svistunov, Matteo Bernabe, David Lopez-Perez

The increasing demand for ubiquitous, highcapacity mobile connectivity has driven cellular systems to explore beyond-terrestrial deployments. In this paper, we present a system-level performance evaluation of fifth-generation (5G) non-terrestrial network (NTN) enabled by high-altitude platform station (HAPS)-based base stations (BSs) equipped with tri-sectoral reflector antennas against fourth-generation (4G) terrestrial network (TN) and 5G TN deployments in a multicell dense urban environment. Using the simulation results comprising the average effective downlink signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and the average user throughput, along with the subsequent interference analysis, we demonstrate that the reflector-based HAPS architecture is primarily constrained by inter-cell interference, while the combination of reflector configuration and deployment altitude represents a key design parameter.

Marcelina Kałasznik

Research topics such as discourse or discursivity, media or mediality and multimodality are at the centre of studies by both Polish and German-speaking linguists. If one observes the research in this area conducted in Poland and in German-speaking countries, similarities and differences become apparent. Based on the assumption that representatives of the Polish and German research cultures partly represent different approaches, initiatives that enable a dialogue between these two research traditions are extremely important. The publication to be presented in the article „Dyskurs, media, multimodalność. Przyczynek do dialogu germanistyczno-polonistycznego“, which was published in 2022 by Waldemar Czachur, Anna Hanus and Dorota Miller, aims to provide Polish readers with an insight into the research findings of the German studies community. The monograph consists of two parts. The first part is devoted to discourse linguistics and contains translations of five articles by German researchers. The second part of the publication which focusses on media linguistics, includes translations of four articles by German researchers into Polish. The two parts also contain interviews with German and Polish linguists and media scholars, in which the problems of discourse, media texts, multimodality and media linguistics are discussed.

Simona Glazauskaitė

A German translation of the Third Lithuanian Statute (TLS) is preserved in a manuscript form in the Latvian State Historical Archive (LVVA), within the collections of the Courland Society of Literature and Art and the Courland Province Museum (F. 5759). To date, this source has received almost no scholarly attention. In view of the existing research gap, this article examines the main codicological and textological features of the source, as well as the circumstances of its origin and its adaptation in the Courland Statute and the Livonian Code.The study has revealed that the appearance of the manuscript in the archive of the Society and the Museum in the 19th–20th centuries, and its subsequent transfer to the LVVA, reflects a broader process of collecting historical sources from Courland and Livonia. The acquisition of the manuscript book is associated with antiquarian collecting rather than with practical legal use. A different picture emerges in the context of the 16th–18th centuries, when the German-language version of the TLS was used in Livonian judicial practice and law-making, while the Courland Statute incorporated norms from the TLS.

Letizia Vezzosi

Medieval discursive healing charms share a lot of features with medical recipes, in that both charms and recipes generally have the same organizational structure, entail “rituals”, have an oral and a written component, use foreign words, prayers and formulas, and both aim to cure diseases or to prevent perils. However, intuitively, charms do not coincide with recipes. The present paper intends to analyse the use of foreign words in Middle English healing charms, in particular, whether language shift involves simple nouns or verbs, or verbal or noun phrases or whether they coincide with clause units, in which external structural component of the charm it occurs and what functional role(s) language shift plays. The study will mainly concentrate on Latin shift and show that some generalisations about code-switching in Middle English healing charms are possible, and significant for their categorization as a separate text-type from medical remedies. In fact, unlike medical remedies, code switching in healing charms occurs as formulaic language and in ritual formulas, which are those two features that place them closer to prayers.

Aleksej Burov, Tomas Vytautas Kotovičius

This article explores Lithuania’s hetero-image as it is created in contemporary German travel literature. The scope of the research primarily covers three German travelogues which detail the authors’ experience during their travels in Lithuania: Drei Baltische Wege (Lucius von, 2011), Wo die Ostsee Westsee heißt (Bünz, 2018) and Gebrauchsanweisung für das Baltikum (Herre, 2014). A further source also contributes to the given analysis: The Strategy for the Presentation of Lithuania abroad 2020–2030, compiled by the Lithuanian government in 2020, and the brief communicative messages conveyed in the document, which revolve around several particulars of Lithuania’s image: economy, culture, history, science and geographic location. These messages mirror Lithuania’s auto image and present the main assessment categories chosen for analyzing the German travelogues. The article concludes that the four most widely covered aspects of economy, culture, history and science, on the one hand, convey an image of a country known for its technological advancement, cultural impact and historical significance. On the other hand, however, they portray an economically underdeveloped and politically unstable country with a generally disgruntled population. Lithuania’s geographic location is tied not to Eastern or Northern Europe, but rather to Central Europe.

Omri Carmon, Na’ama Teschner, Shiri Zemah-Shamir et al.

This article addresses the limitations of traditional energy security assessment frameworks, such as the World Energy Trilemma Index (WETI) and Energy Transition Index (ETI), in capturing complexities introduced by the decarbonization, decentralization, and digitalization (D3) of national energy systems. The article proposes a refined, D3-compatible index that emphasizes four core elements challenging and expanding conventional notions of energy security: supply-demand variability, distributed system management, supply chain risks, and broader system vulnerabilities. The study employs a systematic three-stage methodology: a targeted literature review, identification of overlooked measurement aspects, and development of refined indicators. The resulting framework utilizes a dashboard approach, introducing adaptive indicators within four categories: “Security of supply and demand,” “Adequacy and stability,” “Operational resilience,” and “Societal resilience.” The German energy transition serves as an illustrative case that demonstrates the practical utility of the new framework. While the index's forward-looking design is fundamentally conceptual, its adaptive structure allows immediate operationalization of selected D3-compatible indicators, as demonstrated in the case study; others lay the groundwork for future empirical applications. This approach significantly advances existing energy security assessment methods, providing policymakers and researchers with a flexible, detailed tool for strategic analysis and informed decision-making in transitioning energy systems.

Mingyu Huang, Shasha Zhou, Yuxuan Chen et al.

We are living in an era of "big literature", where the volume of digital scientific publications is growing exponentially. While offering new opportunities, this also poses challenges for understanding literature landscapes, as traditional manual reviewing is no longer feasible. Recent large language models (LLMs) have shown strong capabilities for literature comprehension, yet they are incapable of offering "comprehensive, objective, open and transparent" views desired by systematic reviews due to their limited context windows and trust issues like hallucinations. Here we present LitChat, an end-to-end, interactive and conversational literature agent that augments LLM agents with data-driven discovery tools to facilitate literature exploration. LitChat automatically interprets user queries, retrieves relevant sources, constructs knowledge graphs, and employs diverse data-mining techniques to generate evidence-based insights addressing user needs. We illustrate the effectiveness of LitChat via a case study on AI4Health, highlighting its capacity to quickly navigate the users through large-scale literature landscape with data-based evidence that is otherwise infeasible with traditional means.

German Barquero, Sergio Escalera, Cristina Palmero

Conditional human motion generation is an important topic with many applications in virtual reality, gaming, and robotics. While prior works have focused on generating motion guided by text, music, or scenes, these typically result in isolated motions confined to short durations. Instead, we address the generation of long, continuous sequences guided by a series of varying textual descriptions. In this context, we introduce FlowMDM, the first diffusion-based model that generates seamless Human Motion Compositions (HMC) without any postprocessing or redundant denoising steps. For this, we introduce the Blended Positional Encodings, a technique that leverages both absolute and relative positional encodings in the denoising chain. More specifically, global motion coherence is recovered at the absolute stage, whereas smooth and realistic transitions are built at the relative stage. As a result, we achieve state-of-the-art results in terms of accuracy, realism, and smoothness on the Babel and HumanML3D datasets. FlowMDM excels when trained with only a single description per motion sequence thanks to its Pose-Centric Cross-ATtention, which makes it robust against varying text descriptions at inference time. Finally, to address the limitations of existing HMC metrics, we propose two new metrics: the Peak Jerk and the Area Under the Jerk, to detect abrupt transitions.

Niemann, Anja, Hüer, Theresa, Neumann, Anja et al.

Introduction: Health apps offer an approach to improve the patients’ management of their medication. Although the Digital Healthcare Act (DVG) has created a claim in the statutory health insurance (SHI), the large number of health apps available and their varying quality make it difficult for service providers and especially for medical laypersons to select an adequate high-quality medication app. Manufacturers need guidance for the development of high-quality apps right from the start. Various general evaluation concepts for health apps have been available to date. However, the requirements that should be met by healthcare depend largely on the field of application and the type of apps. This article aims to provide an overview of the international evidence on specific criteria for the evaluation of medication apps.Methods: Within the framework of a scoping review, a systematic search was conducted in PubMed and EMBASE on January 29, 2020. The search was limited to publications from 2007 onwards as well as to English and German articles. Additionally, a semi-systematic research of reference lists of the previously included articles as well as a structured search of websites of relevant stakeholders were conducted. Inclusion criteria were the following: the publication deals with health apps that can be used on smartphones and focus on supporting medication intake; the publication does not refer to evaluation criteria for a single app exclusively. The included publications were examined in a qualitative content analysis searching for evaluation criteria and categorizing them according to the framework criteria of the DVG and the Digital Health Applications Ordinance (DiGAV).Results: 2,542 articles were identified in the systematic search (99n PubMed, 1,543 in EMBASE, 560 duplicates). A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. The semi-systematic research and the structured search identified one further study. A catalog of criteria was developed based on the included 17 studies. This catalog covers the general topics “patient orientation” (data protection and security, consumer protection, user friendliness) and “quality/core functions of medication apps” (reminder, self-monitoring, (drug) information, motivation to change behavior, drug/patient safety, robustness) as well as “interoperability/cooperation”. Due to its specific importance for medication apps, the subcategory “motivation for behavioral change” stands out beneath the general topic “quality/core functions of medication apps”. This category aims to evaluate the design of individual functions with regard to their potential to actually change the behavior of app users.Discussion: The criteria for the evaluation of health apps mentioned in the DiGAV intersected with the criteria identified in the literature research. However, the area of positive health care effects was hardly covered by the included studies. In the development of the criteria catalog, it was not possible to weight the identified criteria. Therefore, the catalog should be understood as a supporting checklist for service providers, manufacturers, and/or users.Conclusions: A large variety of possible evaluation criteria for medication apps could be shown. Future research should focus on the possibilities of weighting these diverse evaluation criteria, using not only clinical studies but also methods to identify preferences.

Raul Calzoni, Valentina Serra

The issue Representations of Work in Literature and Visual Culture is part of the studies on the material and immaterial imagery of the world of professions and its representation from a diachronic perspective and in different disciplinary fields. The articles focus on twentieth-century Italian, German and French culture and deal with aspects related to theories and methods of representation of the working world, enterprise and craftsmanship from different points of view without avoiding the development of methodological and aesthetic approaches that come from different schools of Western thought relating to work. What emerges from the articles as a whole is a treatment of work in its various meanings – including that of the writer and the artist – which has taken place over the last hundred years in the context of Freudian, Marxist and Weberian theories, which are among those discussed by the contributions collected in this issue of «Between».

Marcelina Kałasznik

Fixed combinations of words, which are the subject of phraseology research, are characterized by different functions in communication. The topic of the use of phraseological units in certain texts or text types, i.e. their pragmatic potential, was examined in the work of Koller (1977) or Gülich (1978) at the end of the 1970s. The aim of the article is to discuss the results of a new publication from this area by Lüger/Bergerová/Schuppener (2021). It is an anthology that is divided into two thematic areas: phrasemes and their productivity as well as phrasemes in the text and in the discourse, and is rounded off with two reviews of current phraseological works. The collective monograph comprises a total of ten articles in which the problem of the communicative potential of phrases is examined from different perspectives. Various types of text are examined for the use of phraseologisms and their role in communication, e.g. press articles, multimodal online texts, advertisements, press horoscopes, election campaign speeches, etc. Depending on their own research goal and method, the authors concentrate in their investigations on a phrase or analyze the general occurrence of phraseologisms in a specific text. The contributions presented in the volume are not committed to a uniform methodology or material basis, which in this sense can be regarded as a great advantage. This is the basis of the variety of perspectives and the broad insight into the topic.

Verena Blaschke, Hinrich Schütze, Barbara Plank

Despite much progress in recent years, the vast majority of work in natural language processing (NLP) is on standard languages with many speakers. In this work, we instead focus on low-resource languages and in particular non-standardized low-resource languages. Even within branches of major language families, often considered well-researched, little is known about the extent and type of available resources and what the major NLP challenges are for these language varieties. The first step to address this situation is a systematic survey of available corpora (most importantly, annotated corpora, which are particularly valuable for NLP research). Focusing on Germanic low-resource language varieties, we provide such a survey in this paper. Except for geolocation (origin of speaker or document), we find that manually annotated linguistic resources are sparse and, if they exist, mostly cover morphosyntax. Despite this lack of resources, we observe that interest in this area is increasing: there is active development and a growing research community. To facilitate research, we make our overview of over 80 corpora publicly available. We share a companion website of this overview at https://github.com/mainlp/germanic-lrl-corpora .

Alessandro Wollek, Philip Haitzer, Thomas Sedlmeyr et al.

Radiologists are in short supply globally, and deep learning models offer a promising solution to address this shortage as part of clinical decision-support systems. However, training such models often requires expensive and time-consuming manual labeling of large datasets. Automatic label extraction from radiology reports can reduce the time required to obtain labeled datasets, but this task is challenging due to semantically similar words and missing annotated data. In this work, we explore the potential of weak supervision of a deep learning-based label prediction model, using a rule-based labeler. We propose a deep learning-based CheXpert label prediction model, pre-trained on reports labeled by a rule-based German CheXpert model and fine-tuned on a small dataset of manually labeled reports. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, which significantly outperformed the rule-based model on all three tasks. Our findings highlight the benefits of employing deep learning-based models even in scenarios with sparse data and the use of the rule-based labeler as a tool for weak supervision.

Ursula Laa, German Valencia

We describe the applications of clustering and visualization tools using the so-called neutral B anomalies as an example. Clustering permits parameter space partitioning into regions that can be separated with some given measurements. It provides a visualization of the collective dependence of all the observables on the parameters of the problem. These methods highlight the relative importance of different observables, and the effect of correlations, and help to understand tensions in global fits. The tools we describe also permit a visual inspection of high dimensional observable and parameter spaces through both linear projections and slicing.

Marcos A. G. Garcia, Gabriel Germán, R. Gonzalez Quaglia et al.

Building on the success of the Starobinsky model in describing the inflationary period of the universe, we investigate two simple generalizations of this model and their constraints imposed by the reheating epoch. The first generalization takes the form $R^{2p}$, while the second is the $α$-Starobinsky model. We first focus on the case where $p=1$ or equivalently, $α=1$, which corresponds to the original Starobinsky model. We derive exact consistency relations between observables and cosmological quantities, without neglecting any terms, and impose the reheating condition $0 < ω_{re} < 0.25$, where $ω_{re}$ is the equation of state parameter at the end of reheating. This allows us to obtain new bounds for $n_s$ and $r$ that satisfy this condition and apply them to other observables and cosmological quantities. We repeat this process for the cases where $p \neq 1$ and $α\neq 1$ and find that these generalizations only result in minor modifications of the Starobinsky model, including the potential and the bounds on observables and cosmological quantities.

Lívia dos Santos Marques

Durante a pandemia de Covid-19, foi necessária adoção de novas medidas no ensino superior, a fim de manter o distanciamento social. Dessa maneira, o ensino remoto, tendo como base estudos sobre o ensino híbrido, tornou-se uma opção em uma disciplina de língua alemã da graduação. As pesquisas sobre sala de aula invertida online (Lee, Wallace 2018; Leffa, Duarte, Alda 2016; Reidsema, Kavanagh, Hadgraft 2017; Rozenfeld, Schäfer 2021; Valente 2014), mais especificamente, ajudaram-nos a estruturar um modelo, cujo primeiro contato assíncrono com o conteúdo antecedeu aulas práticas síncronas. O presente artigo tem como objetivo abordar a organização da disciplina pela professora e sua recepção por parte dos aprendizes. Dessa maneira, realizou-se uma pesquisa-ação, qualitativa, na qual foram coletados dados, a partir de documentos produzidos pela professora (calendário da disciplina e folhas de exercícios), assim como atividades e questionários respondidos pelos alunos. Por meio da análise dos dados, consideramos que o novo formato tem como foco o uso prático da língua, por meio da escrita colaborativa, role-plays, desenvolvimento de projetos, entre outras atividades, e foi bem recebido pelos alunos. Contudo, há ainda futuros encaminhamentos para a pesquisa, a fim de analisar o planejamento das aulas e avaliações.

German Magai, Anton Ayzenberg

Despite significant advances in the field of deep learning in applications to various fields, explaining the inner processes of deep learning models remains an important and open question. The purpose of this article is to describe and substantiate the geometric and topological view of the learning process of neural networks. Our attention is focused on the internal representation of neural networks and on the dynamics of changes in the topology and geometry of the data manifold on different layers. We also propose a method for assessing the generalizing ability of neural networks based on topological descriptors. In this paper, we use the concepts of topological data analysis and intrinsic dimension, and we present a wide range of experiments on different datasets and different configurations of convolutional neural network architectures. In addition, we consider the issue of the geometry of adversarial attacks in the classification task and spoofing attacks on face recognition systems. Our work is a contribution to the development of an important area of explainable and interpretable AI through the example of computer vision.

Árpád Tóth, Cecília Szigeti, Alex Suta

The regulatory environment for both sustainability and financial reporting is changing as standardisation and digital reporting (e.g., XBRL) are gaining traction within regulators. The measurement methodology and mandatory information content of disclosures are yet to be decided for corporate CO₂ reporting by EU regulators and standard-setting organisations. In our study, we reviewed the sustainability reports of three leading German automotive groups by revenue for the period 2016–2020 as a case study. The research methodology was carried out with text-mining-aided content analysis to provide a collection of sustainability standards (GRI and SASB) in the evaluation of emissions reporting. As an addition to prior literature, conditions of relevance and clarity regarding published information were introduced in the evaluation process of compliance to CO₂ disclosures. Companies by reporting practice were assigned to different stages of carbon management and actual emissions were evaluated. In the conclusions, discussion of the reliability of reported sustainability information, the applicability of digital reporting is provided through regional perspectives. We found that although analytical methods are available to assess the level of corporate carbon management, their usefulness is limited if the data are not reliable. Significant progress can be expected from analyses using standardised, comparable corporate carbon data.

Xiao Gang He, German Valencia

We discuss the modes $B\to K^{(*)}ν\barν$ in the context of non-standard neutrino interactions that add incoherently to the SM rates. We consider two scenarios: an additional light neutrino; and neutrino lepton flavour violation. We find that an additional light neutrino that interacts with SM fields via a non-universal $Z^\prime$ can increase $R^ν_{K^{(*)}}$ by up to a factor of two without conflicting with $B_s-\bar B_s$ mixing. This model then predicts rates for $B_s\to τ^+τ^-$ up to six times larger than the SM. In the context of neutrino lepton flavour violation mediated by leptoquarks we find that the current experimental upper bounds on $R^ν_{K^{(*)}}$ are already more constraining than direct bounds from $B_s\to τ\ell$ and $B\to K^{(*)}τ\ell$ modes for $\ell=e,μ$.

Paulina Dzierżenga

The advertising in words, images and sound not only focuses on conveying relevant information about products, but also on stimulating the corresponding emotions at the recipient. The boredom with traditional forms of advertising, negative attitudes towards advertising and often superficial reception of advertising messages make the use of emotional persuasion necessary. The article focuses on the types and interaction of emotions in culinary commercials from three periods: 50s, 80s and the present. It is assumed that different living and communication conditions a few decades ago and today have a significant influence on the appearance and interaction of emotions in the advertising text.