Hasil untuk "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation"

Akram Aqil Syahru, Nasrullah, Aven Ghina Salsabila et al.

Environmental degradation driven by negative externalities and fiscal inequality demands a reconfiguration of taxation grounded in the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP). This study aims to develop a normative–comparative framework for a green tax system that internalizes pollution costs while promoting fiscal justice. Using a normative legal research method, the analysis explores the theoretical and institutional foundations of green taxation, drawing from Indonesia’s environmental legislation, the Rio Declaration, and European Union guidelines, while examining fiscal equity and progressive redistribution. A comparative perspective highlights the implementation of PPP across jurisdictions: South Africa’s carbon tax, Portugal’s corporate and VAT-based green tax, and Indonesia’s emerging carbon pricing scheme. The study focuses on legal mechanisms of redistribution, including targeted cash transfers, tax credits, and tax-shift models, as well as the role of fiscal transparency and administrative oversight in mitigating regressive impacts. The findings indicate that a green tax framework rooted in PPP and supported by progressive redistribution and legal transparency enhances ecological accountability, social equity, and policy legitimacy. This paper contributes to environmental fiscal reform discourse by proposing a legally grounded and equitable model for sustainable green tax implementation.

Tieu Thi My Hong, Nguyen Thi Thanh Tung, Nguyen Thi Phuong Thanh

Abstract The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has had a profound impact on higher education (HE), fundamentally changing teaching, learning, research and academic management. Although there have been many studies on the application of AI in HE, the number of works that systematize and map global science, and connect it to the sustainable development (SD) agenda, is still limited. In this context, the aim of this study is to fill the gap through bibliometric analysis of 635 peer-reviewed scientific articles indexed in the Scopus database up to February 2025, focusing on the keywords “AI”, “higher education” and limiting the search field specifically to sources of “Social sciences”, “Psychology” and “Arts and Humanities”. Using VOSviewer tool, the study conducted co-occurrence, co-citation, and bibliographic linkage analysis to clarify publication trends, countries, authors, influential journals as well as emerging research topics. The findings show the existence of three phases of research development on AI in HE (2007–2018, 2019–2022 and 2023–2025) and eight main thematic clusters, with recent years highlighting Generative AI, academic integrity and education policy. The countries with the strongest influence and stable position on the academic map are noted as the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. In addition, the study also found a rise in the academic influence of some emerging countries such as Singapore and Malaysia compared to traditional leaders such as China and Saudi Arabia, reflecting a shift in the global knowledge landscape and an emphasis on quality over quantity. The study introduces the “AI-HE-SDGs” analytical framework, which conceptualizes AI not merely as a technological tool but also as a strategic catalyst for fostering a sustainable, ethical, and inclusive HE system. This framework aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 4, SDG 9, and SDG 16.

Aldilene Bezerra Pinheiro, Ademar Virgolino da Silva Netto, Elisangela Maria Rodrigues Rocha

As pilhas, integrantes dos resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos (REEE), podem apresentar metais pesados em suas composições que, quando descartados de forma inadequada, acarretam danos à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. Assim, este trabalho intencionou identificar a quantidade gerada e o fluxo de descarte de pilhas pós-consumo em João Pessoa (PB) a fim de fornecer informações que contribuem para o sistema de logística reversa desses resíduos na cidade. Para isso, foi realizado mapeamento dos pontos de entrega voluntária (PEV) de pilhas cadastrados na Green Eletron, com aplicação de checklist simplificado, in loco, bem como a coleta de dados em uma amostra de 400 habitantes, por meio de um formulário online, relacionados às pilhas consumidas. Os resultados identificaram que, dentre os PEV cadastrados, apenas 19 apresentaram situação de coleta ativa e destes, apenas 13 possuíam coletor em local visível e de fácil acesso. A maioria dos participantes realiza descarte de pilhas em lixeiras domiciliares (62,6%), classificam como ruim a prestação de informações de descarte nos estabelecimentos (50,5%), desconhecem a existência de PEV na cidade (67,3%), e possuem conhecimento sobre os riscos do descarte incorreto e os instrumentos legais disponíveis. Porém, relatam que a falta de PEV de pilhas seria uma das principais dificuldades para o descarte adequado; portanto, existem deficiências no gerenciamento atual de pilhas pós-consumo. Algumas sugestões de melhorias para o sucesso da logística reversa estão relacionadas à instalação de novos PEV com distribuição homogênea e maior divulgação dos pontos já existentes.

Karine Sartelet, Jules Kerckhoffs, Eleni Athanasopoulou et al.

Mapping urban pollution is essential for assessing population exposure and addressing associated health impacts. High urban concentrations are due to the proximity of sources such as traffic or residential heating, and to urban density with the presence of buildings that reduce street ventilation. This urban complexity makes fine-scale mapping challenging, even for regulated pollutants such as NO2 and PM2.5. In this study we apply state-of-the-art empirical and deterministic modeling approaches to produce high-resolution (<100 m) pollution maps across five European cities (Paris, Athens, Birmingham, Rotterdam, Bucharest). These methodologies enable full-city mapping capturing intra-urban gradients of concentrations. Depending on the methodology, regulated pollutants (NO2, PM2.5) and/or emerging pollutants (black carbon (BC) and ultrafine particles (UFP characterized here by particulate number concentration PNC)) are considered. For deterministic modelling, different approaches are presented: a multi-scale Eulerian modelling chain down to the street scale with chemistry/aerosol dynamics at all scales, multi-scale hybrid models with Eulerian regional dispersion and Gaussian subgrid dispersion, and a Gaussian-based model. Empirical land use regression models were developed based upon mobile monitoring.To compare the relative performance of the methodologies and to evaluate their performance and limitations, the modelling results are compared to fixed measurement stations. We introduce a standardized metric to quantify spatial and seasonal variability and assess each method’s capacity to reproduce fine-scale urban heterogeneity. We also evaluate how data assimilation affects both concentration accuracy and variability representation—particularly relevant for emerging pollutants where measurement data are sparse. We confirm established seasonal and spatial patterns: spatial variability is more pronounced for PNC, NO2 and BC than PM2.5, and concentrations are higher during the winter periods. We also observe reduced spatial variability in winter for PM2. 5 (linked to residential heating) and for BC in cities with significant wood burning emissions. This study adds unique value by evaluating these patterns using fixed measurement stations, and quantifying them across entire urban areas at very fine spatial resolution (<100 m). Furthermore, important methodological strengths and limitations are pointed out, providing practical guidance for the selection and improvement of urban exposure mapping methods, supporting the implementation of the new EU Air Quality Directive.

Niloofar Asefi, Leonard Lupin-Jimenez, Tianning Wu et al.

Reconstructing ocean dynamics from observational data is fundamentally limited by the sparse, irregular, and Lagrangian nature of spatial sampling, particularly in subsurface and remote regions. This sparsity poses significant challenges for forecasting key phenomena such as eddy shedding and rogue waves. Traditional data assimilation methods and deep learning models often struggle to recover mesoscale turbulence under such constraints. We leverage a deep learning framework that combines neural operators with denoising diffusion probabilistic models to reconstruct high-resolution ocean states from extremely sparse Lagrangian observations. By conditioning the generative model on neural operator outputs, the framework accurately captures small-scale, high-wavenumber dynamics even at 99% sparsity (for synthetic data) and 99.9% sparsity (for real satellite observations). We validate our method on benchmark systems, synthetic float observations, and real satellite data, demonstrating robust performance under severe spatial sampling limitations as compared to other deep learning baselines.

Kefyalew Tessema Semu

Dissertation abstract.

Joshi Rutuparna, Zhu Ming

Progressively, geosynthetics have been used in combination with and in lieu of natural materials to solve complex geotechnical problems while offering a drastic reduction in carbon emissions and minimizing environmental impacts. Commonly used final cover systems for landfills and containment areas include soil-only, soil-geosynthetic, engineered turf cover (ETC), and evapotranspiration (ET) cover system. This presentation provides a detailed review of various sustainability aspects of a geosynthetic ETC including comparisons with traditional covers. Sustainability aspects considered include carbon emissions; deforestation, land use change and borrow areas; land, soil and water conservation; run-off water quality and downstream impacts; reduction in fugitive landfill gas emissions; and beneficial reuse opportunities.

Joy Gabriella Davidsen

Offentlige debatter om religiøse ritualer preges ofte av at ulike verdier, ideologier og livssyn kolliderer. Rituell omskjæring av gutter er et religiøst ritual som har vært gjenstand for mye offentlig debatt i Norge, spesielt de siste 10 årene. I denne artikkelen undersøker jeg hva som kjennetegner den medisinske debatten om omskjæring i Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening mellom 2012 og 2016, og hvordan den preges av normkonflikt. Debatten oppstod i kjølvannet av Helse- og omsorgsdepartementets lovforslag om rituell omskjæring av gutter i 2011. Selv om lovforslaget hovedsakelig omhandlet hvem som kunne utføre inngrepet, omhandler debatten i tidsskriftet hvorvidt ritualet i det hele tatt bør tillates i Norge og i helsevesenet. I denne artikkelen drøfter jeg hvordan et religiøst ritual blir debattert i et medisinsk tidsskrift, hvorfor debatten fremstår så polarisert og uoversiktlig, og hvordan forholdet mellom «sekularitet» og «religion» fremstilles og diskuteres i en medisinsk kontekst. Mitt hovedfunn er at debatten mangler et felles normgrunnlag for å diskutere rituell omskjæring. Dette gjør at partene snakker forbi hverandre, og i siste instans angriper hverandres standpunkter og etos. Språket preges også av et utpreget skille mellom et «sekulært oss» og et «religiøst dem», noe som vanskeliggjør mulighetene for en saklig og fruktbar debatt.

Э.С. Львова

В последнее время африканистика смело выходит за достаточно узкие рамки традиционной лингвистической дисциплины. Тематика, учитывающая цивилизационные особенности народов Черного континента, захватывает многие области наук гуманитарного цикла. Все более заметна роль африканистики в антропологии и этнологии. Подтверждение тому, в частности – растущее участие африканистов в конгрессах Ассоциации антропологов и этнологов России. До недавних пор на такого рода форумах африканисты почти не выступали. Положение изменилось лишь несколько лет назад. Так, в прошедшем в 2021 г. XIV Конгрессе антропологов и этнологов России приняли участие около 10 отечественных африканистов, но на том форуме еще не была организована отдельная секция, связанная с культурой, этнологией, историей африканских народов. Африканистическая тематика оказалась представленной гораздо масштабнее на последнем – ХV Конгрессе антропологов и этнологов России. Африканисты выступали в 20 секциях. При сравнении Конгрессов хорошо видны и сохранение преемственности, и значительное расширение тематики, как и реакция на динамику развития современного мира, а также поиски ответов на все новые вызовы, связанные с этим процессом. Для многих секций было характерно сочетание географического и тематического походов в антропологии и этнологии. При этом и секции по культуре конкретных народов либо целых регионов, и по отдельным аспектам культуры использовали африканские материалы. Подчеркнем также, что, с одной стороны, растет интерес к антропологии африканских народов в контексте проблем общей этнологии, с другой – африканисты выходят за узкие рамки географически определенных секций. Они активно работают с новыми технологиями, заметен их вклад в разработку цифровых методов исследования. Признание африканистов полноправными участниками актуальных направлений гуманитарных исследований проявилось и в назначении нескольких из них руководителями секций. Хотя основной костяк африканистики в антропологии-этнологии составляют специалисты старшего поколения, отрадно заметить появление новых имен ученых последующих поколений. Следует также обратить внимание на участие в конгрессе африканских антропологов, представивших как самостоятельные доклады, так и совместные с российскими антропологами. African studies have recently boldly gone beyond the rather narrow confines of the traditional linguistic discipline. Topics that take into account the civilizational specifics of the peoples of the Black Continent are taking over many areas of the humanities. The role of African studies in anthropology and ethnology is becoming more and more noticeable. This is confirmed, in particular, by the growing participation of Africanists in congresses of the Association of Anthropologists and Ethnologists of Russia. Until recently, Africanists hardly participated in such forums. The situation changed only a few years ago. For example, about 10 Russian Africanists took part in the XIV Congress of Anthropologists and Ethnologists of Russia held in 2021, but that forum did not have a separate section on the culture, ethnology and history of African peoples. Africanist topics were much more representative at the last – 15th Congress of Anthropologists and Ethnologists of Russia. Africanists presented in 20 sections. When comparing the Congresses, one can clearly see the continuity and significant expansion of the topics, as well as the reaction to the dynamics of the development of the world’s peoples and the search for answers to new challenges associated with this process. There was a noticeable increase and expansion of the share of such research method as the use of digital technologies. Many sections were characterized by a combination of geographical and thematic approaches of anthropology and ethnology. The sections on the culture of specific ethnic groups or entire regions, as well as on specific aspects of culture, also used African materials. It should also be noted that, on the one hand, there is a growing interest in the anthropology of African peoples in the context of the problems of general ethnology, on the other hand, Africanists go beyond the narrow limits of geographically defined sections. They are actively working with new research methods, and their contribution to the development of digital research methods is significant. The recognition of Africanists as full-fledged participants in this area of humanities research has also manifested itself in the appointment of a number of them as heads of sections. Although the main backbone of African studies in anthropology and ethnology is made up of specialists of the older generation, it is encouraging to note the emergence of new names of scholars of younger generations. It is also worth marking the participation of African anthropologists in the Congress, who presented both independent papers and joint papers with Russian scholars.

Patrizia F. Salvaterra

: The title of this paper poses a paradoxical question, relating philosophy and humor, and tries to be humorous itself with the use of the verb “kill”. Against a more common, sometimes even academical, view of philosophy as a tremendously serious, deep, and complex corpus of knowledge—all theory and no praxis—the article challenges this view and will try to explain why humor, when associated with philosophy, can accelerate the understanding of a concept, and reveal unexpected spaces for reflection while donating moments of lightness and entertainment. In this perspective, humor reveals itself as a fundamental anthropological experience strongly connected to human freedom. I am aware that there are many different types of humor—irony, joke, slapstick, double-entendre, pun, deadpan-dry humor, etc., and also that the definition of “sense of humor” may be highly subjective, often related to the cultural profile of the person, and their geographical and historical contexts: what I consider funny, can be neutral or even offensive for another person. Nevertheless, among hundreds of interpretations, I will consider those which are more consistent with the scope of this paper. Moreover, if we think about the contemporary movement called philosophical counseling as a praxis that aims to help people in trouble and despair to see human problems from a wider and more rational Weltanschauung (view of the world), humor can become a useful tool to re-discover the frolicsome child inside ourselves: while playing with contrasts, metaphors, and metonymies, it induces a sudden, positive change of perspective. A process that is valid for both the counselor and the counselee, the self and the other: humor can provoke in the counselor a new and fresh way to understand the counselee’s difficulty; for the client, it can be a moment of tension release, or the start of a different way to address and approach life’s problems, or, even more, the beginning of a creative, transformative path.

Баяндүүрэн Сүхбаатар

The article discusses the anthropological landscape as a concept that encompasses the entire cultural relationship between a geographical area and the people within it. How people think about their environment, how they treat it, and give it a certain cultural significance, shape its appearance. How the cultural landscape is formed and developed is considered to be explained by the Balbach spring in Xilingol leagues of Inner Mongolia.

S. Helmreich

Sarah Vaughn’s Engineering Vulnerability: In Pursuit of Climate Adaptation is a vital contribution to anthropological conversations about how climate transformation is contouring everyday and infrastructural life—particularly in postcolonial places, where the built environment may layer uneven histories of settler colonialism, international developmentalist intervention, and, in some cases, the ameliorative attempts of coalitional multiracial governments to undo hierarchies of precarity structured by the legacies of colonialism and racism. Vaughn’s story is set in Guyana, where since 2005—the year of a disastrous flooding event—coastal engineering projects have been inaugurated with increasing urgency, aiming to adapt to today’s increased probabilities of inundation, both from the sea (sea-level rise) and from the overflow of rivers. At the center of the tale Vaughn tells is the question of how a national Guyanese political imagination draws from as well as shapes the deployment of hydrological-technological expertise, formatting how the climate vulnerability of ordinary people is inhabited and evaluated. The book offers a sharp ethnographic and archivally informed examination of how hydraulic and hydrological engineers seek to counter and contain coastal erosion on this South American/ Caribbean country’s Atlantic coast—and inways thatmight help unsettle existing hierarchies of precarity, often scaffolded by racial division. “Settlement” is a key word in this text, referring both to legacies of Dutch and British settler-colonial endeavors and to today’s work to render the Guyanese coast livable for the range of the nation’s citizens. Vaughn makes clear that projects of coastal adaptation have been settlement projects. But she also urges that not all settlement is settler colonialism. She writes that climate adaptation demands “analysis on its own terms, as a large-scale project that alters understandings of settlement or the multilayered processes that contribute to dwelling and the habitation of a place” (1–2). Combating climate vulnerability often entails planning for and shoring up projects of settlement— both as dwelling and as coming to provisional social compacts. Vaughn is interested in the politics of race in Guyana and in how these interdigitate with coastal adaptation plans. She is keen to resist a kind of off-the-shelf account that would look for evidence that dominated racial groups are simply and linearly pushed to dangerous and neglected marginal geographies and are therefore subject to more environmental vulnerability than other groups. Rather, she shows how the very specific ethnoracial constitution of Guyana (“43.5 percent Indian, 30 percent African, 16.7 percent Mixed Race, 9.2 Amerindian, and less than 1 percent Portuguese, Chinese, or European” [6], according to her citation of the 2002 census)—the layered result of histories of triangle trade slavery, indentured Asian servitude, Dutch and British colonialism, and postindependence alliances as well as rifts between Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese politicians—has made class and race vulnerabilities mobile and molten. In a brilliant framing, Vaughn juxtaposes the peaty soils of Guyana (known in Creole as pegasse)—ever moving and turning as well as shaping and interfering with engineering and embankment structures—to the Guyanese racial formation of apaan jatt (“a Bhojpuri-Hindi phrase loosely translated into Creolese as ‘vote for your own kind’ ” [4]), which may look at first glance like a hard-and-fast rule for social segmentation along lines of race. Vaughn argues, however, that apaan jatt in practice may be just as shape-shifting as pegasse, and her empirical material and analytic interpretations of facts on the Guyanese (shifting) ground well support her claim that we need a kind of counterracial optic to understand the flexing facts of who becomes climate vulnerable when, where, and how (in other words, not all climate racial politics are templated by Hurricane Katrina). Her call for counterracial thinking, to be clear, is not a call for color blindness or postracialism but rather a call to continue to de-essentialize, to deuniversalize, what can count as the forces that produce embodied social difference and inequality in geopolitical space. She calls this thinking “an ethico-political stance whereby people simultaneously acknowledge race while creating distance from it in order to imagine a new, or at least different, kind of engagement with the planet” (23). Climate adaptation, she holds, “reflects people’s ongoing efforts to square race with the active force of ‘the past’ lingering as memory, legacy, deferral, nostalgia, and burden” (21). Think of this, with apologies to Omi and Winant’s (2015) racial formation, as a kind of racial deformation. The book is dedicated to tracking social forms and unforms, charting an intersectional political ecology in motion. The book holds seven vivid chapters. Vaughn attends to the deep history of sugar plantation infrastructure—polder and irrigation canal networks created under Dutch and British colonialism—that preexists contemporary settlement logistics, an infrastructure that has echo effects on today’s coastal planning. She documents how mid-twentieth-century independence movements set up collaborations as well as frictions between Afroand Indo-Guyanese populations, with one later result being that

O. Mishchenko

The results of the scientific work on the theory and methodology of the study of sacral-recreational potential are highlighted in this article. Interpretation of the concept of sacral-recreational potential of the territory as a combination of conditions and resources, as well as sacred landscapes of natural and anthropogenic origin, their components, which are aimed at ensuring the recreational demand of the population on the basis of a generalization of scientific works that relate to the study of the concepts of sacral-recreational potential, the sacral-tourist potential was formulated for the first time. The conceptual components of sacral and potential potential are resources and conditions. Sacred objects of natural and anthropogenic origin serve as resources of sacred-recreational potential and, regardless of their genesis, can function only within the limits of a specific geographical envi- ronment. Such a combination is characterized by a set of relationships and ensures the formation of a sacred landscape. The natural (geological, geomorphological, hydrogeological, hydrological, climatic), social (historical-cultural, social, economic, political), an- thropogenic-transforming (positive, negative) conditions and resources for the development of the sacral-recreational potential of the territory are identified and characterized. The article testifies that due to the russian aggression against Ukraine, a significant part of religious buildings, which are part of the sacral-recreational potential of the country, were destroyed. The essence of various types of evaluations was defined and adapted to the sacral-recreational potential. Thanks to the above, it became possible to build a structural and logical scheme of its evaluation, where the object of evaluation is the sacred landscape/sacred object, and the subject is the manager of the recreation organization or the recreant. Types of evaluations and approaches to evaluating the sacral-recreational potential of the territory are summarized.

Somnath Hazra, Amit Ghosh, Subhajit Ghosh et al.

The geo-climatic setting of the Odisha coast is prone to natural calamities like cyclones, storm surges, inundation, along with changing sea level, which indicates a higher level of coastal vulnerability. Climate-induced natural hazards are frequent on the Odisha coast, which leads to adverse impacts on life and property and intensive crop damage. The frequent natural hazards and sea-level rise (SLR) are accelerating the probable impact from severe storm surges and high waves in the future. The futuristic projection of the cyclone, storm surge, inundation and SLR has been estimated. Also, their probable impact on the coastal community has been portrayed.

D. I. Benn, A. C. Fowler, I. Hewitt et al.

We present the first general theory of glacier surging that includes both temperate and polythermal glacier surges, based on coupled mass and enthalpy budgets. Enthalpy (in the form of thermal energy and water) is gained at the glacier bed from geothermal heating plus frictional heating (expenditure of potential energy) as a consequence of ice flow. Enthalpy losses occur by conduction and loss of meltwater from the system. Because enthalpy directly impacts flow speeds, mass and enthalpy budgets must simultaneously balance if a glacier is to maintain a steady flow. If not, glaciers undergo out-of-phase mass and enthalpy cycles, manifest as quiescent and surge phases. We illustrate the theory using a lumped element model, which parameterizes key thermodynamic and hydrological processes, including surface-to-bed drainage and distributed and channelized drainage systems. Model output exhibits many of the observed characteristics of polythermal and temperate glacier surges, including the association of surging behaviour with particular combinations of climate (precipitation, temperature), geometry (length, slope) and bed properties (hydraulic conductivity). Enthalpy balance theory explains a broad spectrum of observed surging behaviour in a single framework, and offers an answer to the wider question of why the majority of glaciers do not surge.

Edson Zangiacomi Martinez, Anderson Soares da Silva, Laercio Joel Franco et al.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the prevalence of self-reported hypertension and diabetes among elderly users of primary healthcare facilities in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, and to investigate the association between these chronic conditions and physical activity and the degree of independence on the performance of activities of daily living. The study included 357 subjects aged 60 years or older. The classification of physical activity was based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (PFAQ) was applied to assess activities of daily living. Prevalence of diabetes was associated with the level of physical activity, the self-perception of health and the degree of independence on the performance of activities of daily living. No significant associations were found between the prevalence of hypertension and these variables. These findings reinforce the relevance of continuous strategies of management of diabetes in the primary healthcare facilities based on the promotion of physical and occupational activities.

D. Albera

The Mediterranean does not occupy a central position in the symbolic geography of anthropology. This field of regional specialization was established rather late and not without difficulties. It was in Anglophone milieus that the institutionalization of this branch of studies manifested itself most coherently. This development rested on the growth of “modern” ethnographic research in this area, where “modern” stands for research done using the intensive fieldwork method established in the first decades of the 20th century for university-trained scholars in British and American anthropology. Ethnographic work in the Mediterranean region experienced a growth since the 1950s and was articulated with the development of comparative approaches especially in the 1960s and 1970s. In spite of the complexity of this endeavor, several efforts were made to establish a circum-Mediterranean perspective, partially under the shadow of Braudel’s chef-d’oeuvre. Among different possible frameworks (national states, southern Europe, Middle East, or some portions of those wholes), a circum-Mediterranean perspective was without doubt the larger one, probably the most ambitious—and also the vaguest, as several critics would put it. A crisis took hold progressively beginning in the 1980s, when the field of Mediterranean anthropology was shaken by a number of severe criticisms, in debates provoked by some attempts (themselves in some cases rather polemical) to more explicitly define the contours of a social and cultural anthropology of the Mediterranean. Moreover, the crisis of the Mediterranean as a category of regional comparison in anthropology was part of a general epistemological conjuncture that undermined the efforts aimed at establishing comparative frameworks also in other parts of the world. Since the 2000s there has been a renewed interest in a Mediterranean level of comparison in anthropology. A new epistemological space has been opened that is not a simple return to the past. The effort to avoid fragmentation of research and to realize a renewed comparativism implies an enlargement of perspectives via a conversation with national traditions of research that remained marginalized for a long time and by means of a closer dialogue with other disciplines, most of all history. Some works have revisited Mediterranean anthropology, often uniting anthropologists of the “metropolis” and researchers from Mediterranean countries. Several authors recognize the necessity of avoiding particularism in research and of developing a cumulative perspective that critically acknowledges the resources of knowledge established in the past, arguing that the Mediterranean basin offers a fruitful context to examine the reverberations of the process of globalization in situations both contiguous and different from social, cultural, and economic points of view.

O. Mischenko

The given research has an interdisciplinary character, as it covers a wide range of issues related to various scientific disciplines: geography, social theory, culture, philosophical anthropology. An essential part of the sacred space belongs to religious objects, but among the tools of sacralization one can distinguish a myth, symbolization, an event that gives the landscape an extremely valuable value. The article deals with the sacred landscape as a natural, naturally-anthropogenic or anthropogenic system, associated with certain life symbols, myths, significant events, religious feelings, it is of tremendous value for a person or group of people and it needs special respect and protection.As a result of scientific developments, a deep analysis of scientific sources concerning the classification of sacral landscapes has been carried out. The author's interpretation and classification scheme of the sacred landscape is presented and substantiated.The systematic approach to the study of sacred landscapes as a holistic organized territorial system and a set of methods is used in this work, in particular: structural-logical generalization and system analysis, comparative-geographical and historical-geographical ones.Sacred landscapes can be classified according to the following features: the level of organization, temporal variability, genesis. By the level of organization, it is possible to distinguish individual, local, regional, national and global sacred landscapes. The landscapes of all these levels of organization may have relatively equal areas, but their impact on people is different. The greater is the radius of influence of the cult territorial system per person the higher is level of its organization.For temporal variability, sacred landscapes should be classified into paleocultural and historical-cultural. Paleocultural landscapes were important for the people in the past, but with the development of society, religious needs, ideology and culture, which leads to a change of landscape, their spiritual value has been changed. Historical and cultural landscapes can be of a different age, but they are united by the value or holiness for a certain group of people at the present stage of social development.By genesis, the sacred landscape can traditionally be divided into natural and natural- anthropogenic and anthropogenic. Since the difference between the natural and natural-anthropogenic landscape sometimes is not distinct in the context of our research, such territorial systems were considered to be in the same group. Taking into account the origin of the sacred place or object, which are the important components of the sacred landscapes, we recommend to classify this group as: geologically-geomorphological, hydrological, and floral.The markers of anthropogenic sacred landscapes are the cult objects of previous cultures, as well as the objects of architecture and urban building of modern ethnic groups. With the evolution of society, the ideas about the functions and types of such structures, technical and aesthetic solutions have been changed. The classification of religious objects of anthropogenic origin was carried out using the classifier of immovable objects of cultural heritage of Ukraine, which the author has adapted and supplemented. Such sacred objects of architecture and urban building should be categorized according to the following features: functional typology, stylistics, materials of formation, the character of anthropogenic development, the location in the urban structure.The proposed classification scheme is based on the ranking of the signs of territorial systems and their sacred components (territories and objects), which were determined due to the peculiarities of the structure, peculiarity of evolutionary development and functional purpose.Keywords: humanistic geography, sacred landscape, interpretation, classification.

G. Bocco, F. F. Monzote

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Catherine Wilkinson, B. Carter, K. Shokrollahi

This article reviews literature on disfigurement, the body and dress in order to better understand the relationship between dress - including mainstream clothing (‘fashion’), clinical clothing (such as pressure garments, prescribed glasses and prescribed footwear), and accessories - and its social and symbolic status for individuals living with a visible difference. We assess the state of the field through an interdisciplinary lens, collating literature from disciplines including but not limited to Geography, Sociology, Anthropology, Psychology, and Health. We review literature pertaining to living with a disfigurement and managing stigma, with an emphasis on dress and the disfigured body. In bringing this scholarship together we speak to the geographies of the body (see Longhurst, 1995; Hubbard, 2002) and literature on the body and dress (Hansen, 2007; Harvey, 2007), considering the dressed body as both subject in, and object of, dress practice (see Hansen, 2004). We suggest that a new substantive focus on disfigurement could help to broaden and invigorate existing fields of inquiry at the intersection of social, health and cultural geographies. In concluding, we highlight thematic directions for future study, including exploring the spaces and places in which decisions relating to disfigurement and dress are made, and the complex processes of negotiating marginalisation by those with a disfigurement.