Hasil untuk "General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution"

J. C. Briggs, B. Bowen

D. Foster, Glenn Motzkin, B. Slater

Pablo Capilla‐Lasheras, Alice Risely

Long‐distance bird migration is one of the most metabolically and immunologically challenging feats in the animal kingdom, with birds often needing to double their weight in a matter of days and facing increased exposure to novel pathogens. The physiological and behavioural adaptations required to survive such journeys may be facilitated by the gut microbiome, a diverse community of symbiotic microbes that produce rare nutrients, fatty acids, and immune compounds that can confer rapid physiological adaptations to changing environmental conditions. However, the causal role of the gut microbiome in regulating migration physiology remains a mystery. In this review, we synthesize current knowledge of gut microbiome composition and function during migration, outline possible mechanisms by which changes in the gut microbiome could benefit migrants, and identify future research priorities. We find that active migration is usually associated with reduced diversity of the gut microbiome and with the expansion of several study‐specific taxa. Additionally, some microbial traits have been found to correlate with host condition and fat deposits during migration. However, there remains little understanding of how changes in the gut microbiome during migration relate to most physiological parameters, the molecular mechanisms linking the gut microbiome to host physiology during migration, or the underlying ecological, dietary, and intrinsic drivers of gut microbiome changes across the migratory cycle. Our review draws from examples across non‐migratory systems to explore how gut microbiomes could adaptively regulate physiological traits relevant to migration. We highlight the need for studies that connect gut and circulating metabolites and for experimental studies that test the underlying drivers of gut microbial and metabolite dynamics in controlled settings. Given its diverse physiological demands and ubiquity, bird migration presents an excellent model system to investigate the adaptive potential of the gut microbiome in natural populations.

Patrick B. Eriksson, Jouni Vainio, Niko Tollman et al.

The Finnish Ice Service is part of the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI). Based on the mandate in the Finnish legislation, it provides information on the ice conditions in the Baltic Sea. This paper introduces the methods used by the Finnish Ice Service, data sources, products, services, datasets, and supporting Baltic Sea ice remote sensing and geophysics research conducted at FMI. The predecessor of the Finnish Ice Service started its operational ice charting in 1915 to provide ice information for the winter navigation. To this day, the main users still are the winter navigation authorities, including the icebreaker fleet and management, as well as the shipping community, scientists and general public. The focus area is the Baltic Sea. Typically, the service operates from mid-October to the end of May, providing up-to-date sea-ice information in several products and formats. The prevailing ice situation is described in ice charts, ice reports and ice codes, which are based on a range of different observation sources like satellite images, predominantly from synthetic aperture radars, and surface observations from both icebreakers and coastal observers. The Finnish Ice Service has long sea ice observation timeseries and archives of manually analysed ice charts. To help users and customers optimize their operations in ice infested waters, the Finnish Ice Service provides numerical and manual sea ice forecasts with various forecast lengths. The Finnish Ice Service processes and disseminates satellite data and also provides advisory and consultant services to users. As FMI is committed to the open data policy, the main ice service products are provided free of charge. A number of products are also available through the Copernicus Marine Service (CMS).

Radhika Sood, Shalini Dhyani

Klaus-Dieter Hupke

Brooke K. Sullivan, Brooke K. Sullivan, Daniel L. Martin et al.

Labyrinthula are unicellular protists occupying diverse spatial and functional niches, including various roles in host and ecological function, fatty acid production, pandemic marine disease and saprobic decomposition. Labyrinthula species span tropical and temperate climates and have been isolated from each marine coastal ecosystem tested. Our understanding of primary cellular and molecular functions of Labyrinthula has substantially progressed through a combination of increased global investments, research interest and technological advances. Recent advances in molecular techniques provide a toolkit for advancing ecological questions in marine infectious disease in seagrass meadows around the world. Here we provide a comprehensive review of relevant ecological and molecular techniques used in long-term research and the progression of Labyrinthula scholarship. Our aims in preparing this review are to: 1) share, compare and advance global Labyrinthula protocols, 2) increase accessibility to robust methodology to encourage the uptake of Labyrinthula-based questions into marine studies of molecular and ecological qualities of Labyrinthula and 3) encourage uptake of robust Labyrinthula-based questions into coastal marine studies, while also encouraging international collaborative networks across multiple fields. Lastly, we discuss gaps in the over 100 years of Labyrinthula research and opportunities for expanding research on this model marine organism.

Quandong Xin, Quandong Xin, Quandong Xin et al.

The Western Subarctic Gyre (WSG) is a cyclonic upwelling gyre in the northwest subarctic Pacific, which is a region with a high concentration of nutrients but low chlorophyll. We investigated the community structure and spatial distribution of phytoplankton in this area by using HPLC-pigment CHEMTAX (a chemotaxonomy program) and metabarcoding sequencing during the summer of 2021. The phytoplankton community showed significant differences between the two methods. The CHEMTAX analyses identified eight major marine phytoplankton assemblages. Cryptophytes were the major contributors (24.96%) to the total Chl a, followed by pelagophytes, prymnesiophytes, diatoms, and chlorophytes. The eukaryotic phytoplankton OTUs obtained by metabarcoding were categorized into 149 species in 96 genera of 6 major groups (diatoms, prymnesiophytes, pelagophytes, chlorophytes, cryptophytes, and dinoflagellates). Dinoflagellates were the most abundant group, accounting for 44.74% of the total OTUs obtained, followed by cryptophytes and pelagophytes. Sixteen out of the 97 identified species were annotated as harmful algal species, and Heterocapsa rotundata, Karlodinium veneficum, and Aureococcus anophagefferens were assigned to the abundant group (i.e., at least 0.1% of the total reads). Nutrients were more important in shaping the phytoplankton community than temperature and salinity. The 24 stations were divided into southern and northern regions along 44°N according to the k-means method, with the former being dominated by high Chl a and low nutrients. Although different phytoplankton assemblages analyzed by the two methods showed various relationships with environmental factors, a common feature was that the dinoflagellate proportion showed a significantly negative correlation with low nutrients and a positive correlation with Chl a.

Gloria García del Hoyo, Teodosio Donaire Romero

Cabo de Gata-Níjar geopark is an exceptional volcanic zone in the western Mediterranean because of the submarine effusive volcanism and the large volume of subaerial pyroclastic deposits; volcanism developed between land and sea. Its extensive outcrops attract students and researchers from all over Europe to have a better and more precise understanding of the processes behind this volcanism. The compositional range of the outcrops and climatic conditions have generated amazingly well exposed areas, where a wide range of volcanic deposits can be observed and studied. Its current position makes the whole complex an outstanding area for research and education in geology and volcanology. All this led to the designation of the area as a UNESCO Global Geopark in 2015 and the development of a strategy to highlight the value of the geological heritage of the area, developing diverse tools in the form of brochures, maps, a geosite inventory and a legal framework to make conservation and research main objectives of the management team.

Joan Milam, Michael Cunningham‐Minnick, Henry Patrick Roberts et al.

Abstract Forest management is often practiced to enhance conditions for wildlife, including native bees. Evaluations of the effects of forest management on bees have shown that abundance and diversity are higher in newly created early‐successional conditions. To date, studies have restricted sampling to the forest understory; however, recent research finds that bee abundance is as high or higher in forest canopies than in understories, suggesting that previous observations of substantially greater bee abundance and diversity in recently managed areas could be an artifact of incomplete sampling of the vertical gradient within forests. To examine the potential implications of sampling biases associated with the failure of previous studies to include canopy samples in comparisons of managed and unmanaged forests, we sampled bees within a recently harvested forest as well as the understory and canopy of adjacent unmanaged forest. Bee abundance and diversity were an order of magnitude higher in managed areas compared to the unmanaged forest, even when understory and canopy samples were combined. These results suggest that not sampling the canopy is inconsequential with respect to the broadly reported conclusion that managed areas support more abundant and diverse bee communities than surrounding forest cover.

Subrata Sarker, Deen Mohammad, Siam Ahmed Nabil et al.

Variability in physical and chemical processes in the marine ecosystem significantly influences the niche ecology of primary producers. However, studies are limited to understand the role of variability in environmental conditions on the niche dynamics of phytoplankton. Therefore, in this study we aimed to understand the role of environmental noise on the niche dynamics of phytoplankton species. This study performed numerical simulations by extending the classic Rosenzweig–MacArthur, predator–prey model for multiple species. We considered the characteristics timescale of seasonal sea surface temperature as environmental noise. Our study found that the oscillatory fluctuation of biomass, variation in carrying capacity, no competitive exclusion, and non-equilibrium state in periodic fluctuation of species biomass enables species to coexist in a noise-induced system. In addition, a high amplitude in species biomass fluctuation at a higher environmental noise was found as another potential coexistence mechanism. Our simulations found that the mean niche and niche width of species are significantly related to environmental noise (R2 = 0.93 and 0.98, respectively). We observed a shift in mean niche conditions of species with the change in environmental noise. Niche overlapping between species decreased significantly with the increase in environmental noise (R2 = 0.95). Our study will serve as a baseline to understand the complexity of phytoplankton niche dynamics in a variable environment.

Daniela Silvia Pace, Daniela Silvia Pace, Sara Ferri et al.

Sociality and ecological drivers that can influence individual association patterns are infrequently considered in wildlife management, although they are essential aspects affecting animals’ responses to both human-related pressures and conservation strategies. In common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), sex-specific social dynamics and interactions with anthropogenic activities may affect grouping and induce changes in relationships between individuals. Out of a total of 347 individuals, we assessed the level of association among 68 bottlenose dolphins that have been sighted more than five times near the Roman coast (central Mediterranean Sea, Italy). The half-weight index (HWI) of dyadic associations, their network relations, and stability over time were investigated by using the SOCPROG software. Outcomes showed that females were more strongly associated than other individuals, with both preferred constant short-term associations and random long-term associations, possibly resulting in greater success in rearing young. Individuals interacting with the bottom trawl fishery showed weaker and short-term associations. Temporary disruption of individual associations during interaction with fishery and the relatively low number of females with calves participating in depredation seem to denote both the opportunistic nature of interactions with fishing vessels and the offspring-related protection strategy. The results show that the dolphins in this region maintain a complex but flexible social structure that varies with local biological requirements and is resilient to anthropogenic pressures.

Gomathi Srinivasan, Priscilla Niranjani Marcus, Priya Sivakumar et al.

Daniel B. Fitzgerald, David R. Smith, D. Culver et al.

Many questions relevant to conservation decision‐making are characterized by extreme uncertainty due to lack of empirical data and complexity of the underlying ecologic processes, leading to a rapid increase in the use of structured protocols to elicit expert knowledge. Published ecologic applications often employ a modified Delphi method, where experts provide judgments anonymously and mathematical aggregation techniques are used to combine judgments. The Sheffield elicitation framework (SHELF) differs in its behavioral approach to synthesizing individual judgments into a fully specified probability distribution for an unknown quantity. We used the SHELF protocol remotely to assess extinction risk of three subterranean aquatic species that are being considered for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. We provided experts an empirical threat assessment for each known locality over a video conference and recorded judgments on the probability of population persistence over four generations with online submission forms and R‐shiny apps available through the SHELF package. Despite large uncertainty for all populations, there were key differences between species’ risk of extirpation based on spatial variation in dominant threats, local land use and management practices, and species’ microhabitat. The resulting probability distributions provided decision makers with a full picture of uncertainty that was consistent with the probabilistic nature of risk assessments. Discussion among experts during SHELF's behavioral aggregation stage clearly documented dominant threats (e.g., development, timber harvest, animal agriculture, and cave visitation) and their interactions with local cave geology and species’ habitat. Our virtual implementation of the SHELF protocol demonstrated the flexibility of the approach for conservation applications operating on budgets and time lines that can limit in‐person meetings of geographically dispersed experts.

Thomas Pienkowski, Carly Cook, Megha Verma et al.

Abstract Prioritizing conservation interventions based on their cost‐effectiveness may enhance global conservation impact. To do this prioritization, conservation decision‐makers need evidence of what works where and how much it costs. Yet, the size, representativeness, and strength of the cost‐effectiveness evidence base are unknown. We reviewed conservation cost‐effectiveness studies, exploring the representation of different types of conservation interventions, habitats and locations, and the methods used. Studies were included if they were published in conservation science or related fields before 2017; were peer‐reviewed; reported costs and conservation‐effectiveness or ratios; and were based on empirical data. From an initial search of 13,184 articles, 91 were considered eligible. We found that the number of cost‐effectiveness studies were growing but remain small. Many common conservation interventions were poorly represented, and there were large geographical biases, with few studies in the world's more biodiverse regions. This sparse and patchy evidence may result from challenges faced when conducting cost‐effectiveness analysis. However, some of these challenges are not unique to cost‐effectiveness studies, and others could be overcome through the use of standardized reporting methods. The reward for overcoming these challenges, and strengthening the evidence base, could be a significant and much‐needed improvement in global conservation.

Raquel Divieso, Ana C. Rorato, R. Feitosa et al.

M. Buglione, Simona Petrelli, Tommaso Notomista et al.