Hasil untuk "Forestry"

J. Goldstein, G. Caldarone, T. Duarte et al.

V. Galaz, M. Centeno, Peter W. Callahan et al.

such as sensor technology and robotics are likely to change the way individuals, communities, governments and private actors perceive and respond to climate and ecological change. Methods based on various forms of artificial intelligence are already today being applied in a number of research fields related to climate change and environmental monitoring. Investments into applications of these technologies in agriculture, forestry and the extraction of marine resources also seem to be increasing rapidly. Despite a growing interest in, and deployment of AI-technologies in domains critical for sustainability, few have explored possible systemic risks in depth. This article offers a global overview of the progress of such technologies in sectors with high impact potential for sustainability like farming, forestry and the extraction of marine resources. We also identify possible systemic risks in these domains including a) algorithmic bias and allocative harms; b) unequal access and benefits; c) cascading failures and external disruptions

Qingkai Liu, Haitao Jing, Xueying Wen et al.

Accurate, near real-time soybean phenology information is critical for crop management and breeding. Previous approaches relying on satellite remote sensing time-series data suffer from temporal delays, limiting their usefulness for in-season decision-making. To overcome this limitation, this study reframes phenology identification as a near real-time classification task using single-timepoint Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imagery collected from 420 soybean germplasm resources across three experimental sites, and proposes an innovative multi-modal dynamic Gating Fusion Model that integrates two optimized pathways. one based on machine learning (ML) and the other on deep learning (DP). In the ML branch, systematic benchmarking of tabular-feature models identified the Soft Voting ensemble as the best classifier. In the DL branch, an enhanced BC-ConvNeXt model equipped with BiFPN and CBAM modules was developed to strengthen visual feature extraction. Building on these two optimal classifiers, the dynamic gating fusion model achieved the highest F1-score of 94.3% across seven key growth stages (V1, V2, R1, R2, R6, R7, R8). This result represents a significant improvement of 1.5% and 10.6% over the best performing ML and DL models, respectively. The superior performance arises from the intelligent arbitration of complementary strengths, with gating-weight analysis revealing a strategy that prioritizes ML predictions while leveraging DL for error correction. This work establishes a complete framework for near real-time crop phenology detection and demonstrates the strong potential of intelligent multi-modal fusion in high-throughput phenotyping.

Siyu Chen, Yupeng Tang, Chunyu Zhang et al.

Summary: Insect Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway plays a crucial role in antiviral defense, yet how arboviruses activate this pathway remains unclear. Here, we reveal that outer capsid protein of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) arbovirus (rice gall dwarf virus, RGDV) directly binds the Dome receptor’s extracellular domain, triggering receptor dimerization and JAK/STAT activation. Structural and mutational analyses pinpoint cysteine 743 in Dome as essential for viral recognition, establishing Dome as the first identified viral pattern recognition receptor (PRR) in insects capable of initiating JAK/STAT signaling, a pathway previously thought to be exclusively cytokine dependent. Furthermore, we identify viperin as a transcriptional factor STAT-regulated antiviral effector with broad-spectrum activity against multiple rice viruses. Intriguingly, RGDV’s nonstructural protein Pns11 competitively binds STAT, blocking its phosphorylation by JAK and nuclear translocation, thereby suppressing viperin expression. These findings elucidate how leafhopper Dome functions as a viral PRR and how arboviruses antagonize Dome-JAK-STAT signaling to promote persistent viral infection.

Maria V. Alvanou, Konstantinos Feidantsis, Ioannis Georgoulis et al.

Abstract Freshwater crayfish Pontastacus leptodactylus is an indigenous European species of considerable ecological and commercial significance. However, it is highly susceptible to the oomycete Aphanomyces astaci, the causative agent of crayfish plague. Although its importance is widely recognized, little information exists on how seasonality affects the physiology and welfare of this species. The present study was designed to (i) investigate seasonal effects on the physiological responses of P. leptodactylus in relation to abiotic factors and crayfish plague outbreak, and (ii) identify the most suitable period for restocking in temperate regions. To achieve this, we characterized for the first time the mRNA expression of hsp70, hsp90, hif-1α, ubiquitin, and gapdh (as endogenous control gene), alongside protein levels of Hsp70, Hsp90, hydroxylated Hif-1α, ubiquitin conjugates, cleaved caspases, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Our findings revealed that cold stress triggered both the heat shock response and apoptosis. Interestingly, despite the activation of apoptosis, which generally suppresses inflammation, IL-6 levels increased, suggesting a possible association with A. astaci infection. Moreover, elevated Hif-1α levels indicated hypoxic stress during warmer months, likely linked to reduced oxygen availability and turbidity. Overall results suggest that crayfish plague epidemics may intensify with rising temperatures, whereas winter appears to be the optimal period for restocking. Interestingly, in addition, freshwater crayfish in temperate latitudes are organisms that face both cold and heat stress seasonally in the same ecosystem.

Xin Liu, Xin Zhao, Yue Yan et al.

Abstract Abscisic acid (ABA) is a key plant hormone that regulates plant growth and response to stress . Pyrabactin resistance 1-like (PYR/PYL) proteins are ABA receptors involved in the initial steps of ABA signaling. Triticum monococcum L. subsp. aegilopoides is an important germplasm resource for wheat. In this study, we identified 15 PYL genes from T. monococcum L. subsp. aegilopoides and found that they were distributed across five chromosomes. Based on phylogenetic analysis, we classified these genes into three subfamilies. Members of each subfamily have similar gene structures and contain a common motif. Further analysis revealed that the promoters have multiple hormone-related elements. We found 7, 33, and 49 collinear gene pairs in three different ploidy wheat species (T. urartu, T. turgidum and T. aestivum), indicating that PYL genes are relatively conserved during the process of wheat polyploidization. Additionally, interaction networks and miRNA targets were predicted, revealing interactions between PYL proteins and key components of the abscisic acid signaling network. miR9666b-3p may serve as a central factor in PYL involvement in the abscisic acid network. Through RNA-seq analysis and qPCR validation, three genes (TbPYL2, TbPYL5, and TbPYL12) were found to potentially play a role in cold stress. These findings lay the groundwork for further research on PYL genes in T. monococcum L. subsp. aegilopoides.

Bing Wang, Shuai Hao, Qiuliang Zhang

The stability and dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) pools in forest soils are crucial for assessing and predicting the effectiveness of forest carbon sequestration. Various factors such as soil depth, nutrients availability, crustal elements, pH, and stand characteristics (tree type, tree age) influence the stability of SOC pools. To better understand SOC stability of cold temperate forest soil, soil samples were collected from 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, 20–40 cm, and 40–60 cm depths in a Larix gmelinii forest. Then, the distribution characteristics of SOC pools under different protection mechanisms and their influencing factors were examined. Our results showed that the unprotected SOC pool was the highest, while the physical–chemical protected SOC pool was the lowest. Total organic carbon (TOC) had a linear positive relationship with unprotected and physical-protected SOC pools, and a logarithmic positive relationship with physical–chemical protected and chemical-protected SOC pools. Soil depth was the predominant factor affecting the SOC pools of each protection mechanism. The physical–chemical protected SOC pool significantly differed from forest types and forest ages, and the chemical-protected SOC pool was associated with the synergistic effects of forest age and type. Furthermore, soil moisture and acidity, and the crustal elements may play prominent role in the variation of SOC pools in the Larix gmelinii forests. Our findings suggested that the silt- and clay-associated SOC pools in the Larix gmelinii forest soils had approached or achieved saturation, while more organic C was fixed in the relatively active unprotected SOC pool. This unprotected pool was more sensitive to ecosystem change, indicating its importance in assessing forest carbon sequestration. Our study provided insights into the active and dynamic SOC pools in forest soils and their responses to different environmental factors. These findings can be utilized to accurately assess the carbon sink potential of cold temperate forest soils and inform the management of forest ecosystems.

Binbin Wang, Guijun Yang, Hao Yang et al.

The acquisition of maize tassel phenotype information plays a vital role in studying maize growth and improving yield. Unfortunately, detecting maize tassels has proven challenging because of the complex field environment, including image resolution, varying sunlight conditions, plant varieties, and planting density. To address this situation, the present study uses unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing technology and a deep learning algorithm to facilitate maize tassel identification and counting. UAVs are used to collect maize tassel images in experimental fields, and RetinaNet serves as the basic model for detecting maize tassels. Small maize tassels are accurately identified by optimizing the feature pyramid structure in the model and introducing attention mechanisms. We also study how mapping differences in image resolution, brightness, plant variety, and planting density affect the RetinaNet model. The results show that the improved RetinaNet model is significantly better at detecting maize tassels than the original RetinaNet model. The average precision in this study is 0.9717, the precision is 0.9802, and the recall rate is 0.9036. Compared with the original model, the improved RetinaNet improves the average precision, precision, and recall rate by 1.84%, 1.57%, and 4.6%, respectively. Compared with mainstream target detection models such as Faster R-CNN, YOLOX, and SSD, the improved RetinaNet model more accurately detects smaller maize tassels. For equal-area images of differing resolution, maize tassel detection becomes progressively worse as the resolution decreases. We also analyze how detection depends on brightness in the various models. With increasing image brightness, the maize tassel detection worsens, especially for small maize tassels. This paper also analyzes the various models for detecting the tassels of five maize varieties. Zhengdan958 tassels prove the easiest to detect, with R² = 0.9708, 0.9759, and 0.9545 on 5, 9, and 20 August 2021, respectively. Finally, we use the various models to detect maize tassels under different planting densities. At 29,985, 44,978, 67,466, and 89,955 plants/hm², the mean absolute errors for detecting Zhengdan958 tassels are 0.18, 0.26, 0.48, and 0.63, respectively. Thus, the detection error increases gradually with increasing planting density. This study thus provides a new method for high-precision identification of maize tassels in farmland and is especially useful for detecting small maize tassels. This technology can be used for high-throughput investigations of maize phenotypic traits.

Hanghang Liu, Peifang Chong, Shipeng Yan et al.

This work aims at studying the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of <i>Reaumuria soongorica</i> to salt stress. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) techniques to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in <i>R. soongorica</i> leaves treated with 0, 200, and 500 mM NaCl for 72 h. The results indicated that compared with the 0 mM NaCl treatment group, 2391 and 6400 DEGs were identified in the 200 and 500 mM NaCl treatment groups, respectively, while 47 and 177 DEPs were also identified. Transcriptome and proteome association analysis was further performed on <i>R. soongorica</i> leaves in the 0/500 mM NaCl treatment group, and 32 genes with consistent mRNA and protein expression trends were identified. <i>SYP71</i>, <i>CS</i>, <i>PCC13-62</i>, <i>PASN</i>, <i>ZIFL1</i>, <i>CHS2</i>, and other differential genes are involved in photosynthesis, vesicle transport, auxin transport, and other functions of plants, and might play a key role in the salt tolerance of <i>R. soongorica</i>. In this study, transcriptome and proteome association techniques were used to screen candidate genes associated with salt tolerance in <i>R. soongorica</i>, which provides an important theoretical basis for understanding the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance in <i>R. soongorica</i> and breeding high-quality germplasm resources.

Shengnan Kang, Xuemin Zhang, Mingfang Zhang et al.

Lilium concolor var. pulchellum is a perennial herbaceous plant with high ornamental and edible value; it is a critical breeding parent of Asiatic hybrids. In this study, we reported the complete chloroplast genome of L. concolor var. pulchellum. The total size of the genome is 152,126 bp with a GC content of 37.0%. It has a conserved quadripartite structure comprising 136 genes, including 38 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, 83 protein-coding genes, and 7 pseudogenes. Phylogenetic analysis strongly supported a close relation between L. concolor var. pulchellum and L. callosum. The complete plastome sequence of L. concolor var. pulchellum could provide useful information for phyletic evolution of the genus Lilium.

A.S. Plotnikova

The article is devoted to the review of various methodological approaches to the estimation of natural fire danger (NFD), as well as to the creation, updation and application of the NFD maps, which are offered by modern Russian scholars. The scale of natural fire danger assessment recommended for use and developed by I. S. Melekhov is presented and analyzed. The methodological drawbacks of this scale as stated by modern researchers are indicated. The paper reviews the development of a new methodological approach to compilation of regional scales for assessing the natural fire danger of forests, by taking into account the links between forest growth conditions as well as seasonal and climatic conditions in the regions of the Russian Federation. The method for mapping of natural fire danger on the basis of maps of plant combustible materials, proposed by the scientific group of the V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, is studied. We consider studies of the Mytischi Branch of Bauman Moscow State Technical University related to investigation if the possibility for applying mathematical modeling methods for long-term forecasting of changes in NFD under different scenarios of forest management. The method for annual mapping of NFD classes, proposed in the CEPF RAS, is presented. An example of the use of NFD maps in assessing the probability of forest fires in the ICARP FEB RAS is considered. Future research areas are identified, namely, a cartographic representation of the created regional scales of NFD and the results of mathematical modeling of long-term changes in NFD.

Caifang Zhang, Zhaoli Lin, Youxiong Que et al.

Abstract Background Straw retention is a substitute for chemical fertilizers, which effectively maintain organic matter and improve microbial communities on agricultural land. The purpose of this study was to provide sufficient information on soil fungal community networks and their functions in response to straw retention. Hence, we used quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Illumina MiSeq (ITS rRNA) and FUNGuild to examine ITS rRNA gene populations, soil fungal succession and their functions under control (CK) and sugarcane straw retention (SR) treatments at different soil layers (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm) in fallow fields. Result The result showed that SR significantly enhanced ITS rRNA gene copy number and Shannon index at 0–10 cm soil depth. Fungi abundance, OTUs number and ACE index decreased with the increasing soil depth. The ANOSIM analysis revealed that the fungal community of SR significantly differed from that of CK. Similarly, significant difference was also observed between topsoil (0–20 cm) and subsoil (20–40 cm). Compared with CK, SR decreased the relative abundance of the pathogen, while increased the proportion of saprotroph. Regarding soil depth, pathogen relative abundance in topsoil was lower than that in subsoil. Besides, both sugarcane straw retention and soil depths (topsoil and subsoil) significantly altered the co-occurrence patterns and fungal keystone taxa closely related to straw decomposition. Furthermore, both SR and topsoil had higher average clustering coefficients (aveCC), negative edges and varied modularity. Conclusions Overall, straw retention improved α-diversity, network structure and fungal community, while reduced soil pathogenic microbes across the entire soil profile. Thus, retaining straw to improve fungal composition, community stability and their functions, in addition to reducing soil-borne pathogens, can be an essential agronomic practice in developing a sustainable agricultural system.

Saliha Ünver-Okan

Wood-harvesting activities are conducted by contractors through tendering based on prices determined by the amount of transported wood, land conditions and transport method parameters. Managers should determine the average completion time of the work and the base price accurately to prevent both work and contractor losses prior to the tender and note the same in the tender contract. Thus, prediction of productivity in wood production is of great importance in the determination of the work duration and cost. In this context, the aim of the present study was to determine the most accurate estimation model that would predict productivity (Pe) based on log volume (Vt), route slope (P) and winching distance (D) in uphill cable skidding activities with a drum tractor. In the current study, estimation models were developed that use both linear regression through SPSS employing all data and the robust regression method that minimizes the effect of outliers. Harvesting units were selected among pure spruce (Picea orientalis (L.) Link) stands via the uphill cable-skidding method with a tractor in the North-East of Turkey. Route slope, winching distance, log volume and time-consumption data were collected in the chosen harvesting units and productivity prediction models were developed with these data. In this study, the productivity estimation was performed using linear regression in SPSS and robust regression methods prepared in MATLAB environment. The coefficients calculated by these methods were statistically tested, and it was determined that the winching distance coefficient was insignificant with both methods. Thus, the productivity estimation model was re-determined with both methods based on the slope and log volume parameters, and the findings were compared. Additionally, the standard errors of the coefficients of both models were compared and it was concluded that the robust method was more sensitive than the SPSS regression method.

Sheng-Hua Wu, Chia-Ling Wei, Yu-Ting Lin et al.

Four new species of Aleurodiscus sensu lato with echinulate basidiospores are described from East Asia: A. alpinus, A. pinicola, A. senticosus, and A. sichuanensis. Aleurodiscus alpinus is from northwest Yunnan of China where it occurs on Rhododendron in montane habitats. Aleurodiscus pinicola occurs on Pinus in montane settings in Taiwan and northwest Yunnan. Aleurodiscus senticosus is from subtropical Taiwan, where it occurs on angiosperms. Aleurodiscus sichuanensis is reported from southwest China on angiosperms in montane environments. Phylogenetic relationships of these four new species were inferred from analyses of a combined dataset consisting of three genetic markers, viz. 28S, nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), and a portion of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene, TEF1.

Retno Agnestisia, Akiko Ono, Luna Nakamura et al.

Inonotus obliquus is a medicinal fungus in the family Hymenochaetaceae and commonly known as chaga. The sclerotium of this fungus has been used as a traditional medicine for long time. In this study, we present the mitochondrial genome sequence of I. obliquus. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is 119,110 base pairs in length and contained genes for 58 Open reading frames, 2 ribosomal RNAs, and 30 transfer RNAs. Consequently performed phylogenetic analysis indicates that this fungus is closely related to Sanghuangporus sanghuang which belongs to the same family Hymenochaetaceae. We first reported about the complete mitochondrial genome of fungi belonging to the genus Inonotus.

Ender Hazir, Kücük Huseyin Koc

The objective of this study was to evaluate the surface coating performance using water base, solvent base and powder coating on medium density fiberboard. Samples were coated using water-base, solvent-base and powder coating. Coating performance was performed by using adhesion strength, surface coating hardness, layer thickness and rapid deformation test. The results were analyzed with two different statistical methods. Adhesion strength, layer thickness and surface hardness were determined by using ANOVA analysis, while results of rapid deformation test were analyzed by using Kruskal-Wallis method. According to these results, coating type was effective factor on the adhesion strength, surface coating hardness, layer thickness and rapid deformation test. Water-based painting application for adhesion strength and impact deformation resistance was higher than solvent-based coating. In the powder coating application, although surface coating hardness was higher than solvent and water base coating application, rapid deformation results were lower than solvent and water base coating applications. Adequacy of models was performed R-square (R²) and Adjusted R-square (Adj-R2) values. R2 values of adhesion strength, layer hardness and film layer thickness were 93.60 %, 95.33 % and 73.90 %, respectively. Adj-R2 values of adhesion strength, layer hardness and film layer thickness were 93.45 %, 95.23 % and 73.30 %, respectively.

Istikomah Istikomah, Imam Suhadi, Marhani Marhani

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa pendapatan dan elastisitas produksi usaha ternak ayam kampung secara intensif. Data penelitian diambil cross section produksi di Kecamatan Sangatta Utara dan Bengalon. Metode analisis yang digunakan fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglass. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata pendapatan usaha ternak ayam kampung secara intensif sebesar Rp. 15.495.617/periode atau Rp. 5.165.205/bulan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis regresi linier berganda diperoleh persamaan Ŷ= 0,136 + 0,944 log X1 + 0,075 log X2 + 0,105 log X3 -0,141 log X4 + 0,193 log X6 + (Vi-Ui). Berdasarkan nilai Elastisitas produksinya menunjukkan alokasi input perlu ditambah. Melihat nilai RTS sebesar 1,176 usaha ini menguntungkan. Hal ini menunjukkan usaha ini berada pada skala increasing return sehingga masih layak untuk dikembangkan.

Selim Çağatay, Celal Taşdoğan, Reyhan Özeş

In Turkey, a legal requirement of blending bio-ethanol with conventional fuels has been imposed, and this is likely to increase in the future. The blending target policy is multi-dimensional as it has direct and indirect impacts on agricultural and factor markets, trade and budget deficit, income distribution, food security and on environment. In this study, policy analyses are carried out to investigate whether the blending target is feasible and sustainable in terms of the economic structure of Turkey. Analyses were carried out by employing an agricultural bilateral trade model and agriculture focused social accounting matrix. Findings suggest that target rate can be feasible and harmless on food security, if the extra required supply is provided through tariff reduction particularly on imports of wheat and maize rather than promoting their production through price premiums. For achieving sustainability of the target blending rate, new supportive policies have to be implemented to create alternative job opportunities in the rural areas and/or to shift farmers for alternative crops.

Indira K. MAISSUPOVA, Dani N. SARSEKOVA, Jan WEGER et al.

In temperate climatic conditions, plantations of poplar and willow species provide sustainable production of biomass. Short rotation coppice plantations on agricultural lands have a great potential to increase the amount of biomass available for the production of biofuels, bioenergy and bioproducts. We studied and measured the growth of poplar and willow clones in two experimental research sites in Batys and Astaninskiy in the steppe zone of Astana in northern Kazakhstan. We measured tree heights, stem diameters at breast height and crown diameter. The mean height of 6-years-old trees of the "Kazakhstanskiy" hybrid poplar was 4.03 m in the Batys site, which is 1.6 m less than the height of poplars from the Astaninskiy experimental site that were measured in autumn. The results of this study show different reactions of selected clones/cultivars of poplar and willow to climatic conditions of northern Kazakhstan as well as their usability for biomass production in plantations under limiting hydrological conditions.

Sarveh Hosseinzadeh, Maryam Ghorbani, Porya Biprva

This research was conducted to determine the physical properties of poplar wood treated with silica colloidal nanoparticles prepared from rice husk using ash making and alkaline digestion. Test samples were prepared according to ASTM-D1037 standard with the dimension of 2×2×2 cm and then were impregnated ina cylinder according to Bethell method applying five concentration levels of soluble colloidal silica nanoparticles (0, 1.2, 1.7, 2.2 and 3.2%). Nanoparticle retention and absorption, density changes, water absorption, and anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) were determined. Nano silica absorption was determined as 119.8, 169.5, 196.3 and 214.7 % corresponding to 1.2, 1.7, 2.2 and 3.2 % nanoparticle addition, respectively. Nano-silica retention in the lowest and the highest treatment level were 1.2 and 9.3%. Results showed that the density increased from 0.37g/cm³ in control samples to 0.40 g/cm³ at the highest level of nano-silica absorption. Water absorption increased by increasing nano-silica absorption. However, dimensional stability of impregnated samples increased. After the longest immersion time, average swelling volume of the sample impregnated with nano-silica was decreased in comparison with the control sample. With increasing nano-silica absorption, anti-swelling efficiency of impregnated samples treated at the 1.2, 1.7, 2.2 and 3.2 % level and immersed for 168h was 36.5, 42.9, 34.7 and 26.8 %, respectively.