O artigo investiga as moralidades desejadas e as possíveis de serem “cumpridas” no seio do casamento e no da família na cidade de Belém das décadas iniciais do século XX. Assim, compreender como as pessoas pensavam as temáticas conúbio, constituição familiar e ruptura a dois são as bases destas reflexões. Destarte ficou-se atento à lógica de que se o casamento se mostrou, para alguns, essencial e
importante, por significar proteção e refúgio; para outros a sua ruptura e mesmo a não celebração do ato apresentaram-se caminhos viáveis. Diante disso, procurei
intercruzar conjunto documental dito viável à fundamentação proposta, a saber: quatro autos contenciosos de desquite, de onde analisei cartas a eles anexas, três jornais (A Palavra, A Semana e O Estado do Pará), um jurista (Clovis Bevilaqua) e o Código Civil de 1916.
Epistemology. Theory of knowledge, History (General)
La didáctica de las ciencias se ha consolidado como una disciplina autónoma, aunque vinculada a los contenidos de las ciencias y a su historia. Dentro de esta disciplina se advierte ya la existencia de subdisciplinas cuyas diferencias radican en la ciencia particular de la que se ocupen: tal es el caso de la didáctica de la Biología. En este artículo se estudia la posibilidad de aplicar la idea de “orden natural”, ideada por Stephen Toulmin, a un caso particular de la didáctica de la biología: la enseñanza de las teorías de la evolución. Nos permite distinguir, de forma mucho más adecuada de como se explica en muchos manuales, entre el lamarckismo y el darwinismo. Asimismo, vemos que no hay cambio en el “orden natural” al pasar del darwinismo clásico a la teoría sintética de la evolución, cuyo “orden natural” está concentrado en la ley de Hardy-Weinberg. También nos permite ver que la teoría sintética de la evolución y el equilibrio puntuado comparten el mismo “orden natural”, pero no la explicación a la alteración del mismo, lo que las convierte en teorías alternativas. Finalmente podemos explorar, con la idea de “orden natural” la teoría evo-devo, previa definición del concepto de “espacio morfogenético”. Vemos que esta teoría y la teoría sintética de la evolución no comparten el mismo “orden natural”, lo que las hace complementarias, y no alternativas.
Biology (General), Epistemology. Theory of knowledge
Knowledge organization or information organization, in a narrower sense, is an area of Library and Information Science (LIS) concerned with activities such as document description, indexing, and classification performed in bibliographic and cybergraphic repositories for their rapid and economic retrieval for use by society. Knowledge organization is an essential second level knowledge product; while a first level knowledge production studies the scientific phenomenon via general social epistemology, especially in the guise commanded by Steve William Fuller’s program. In this second level, knowledge organization studies the problem of mechanisms and existing bibliographic systems and the extent to which they are congruent with the realities of the communication process and the findings of epistemological research via special social epistemology, an academic discipline created by Jesse Shera and Margaret Egan. Additionally, the definition of “symbol” as the essential object of information science is examined, following the theoretical foundation of information developed by Norbert Elias’ “The Symbol Theory”.
O presente texto analisa o protagonismo do Alembamento e do Lobolo, como ritos de casamentos em Angola e Moçambique. Para o resultado da pesquisa, adotamos o campo dos estudos interdisciplinares em Humanidades nas áreas da História Cultural e da Antropologia, por meio da abordagem qualitativa que lida diretamente com as questões das ciências humanas. O Alembamento e o Lobolo, variando de nomes em quaisquer regiões da África subsaariana, são vistos como casamentos que consistem em uma série de rituais e obrigações de oferendas em volta da prática de dar o dote. Apesar das ingerências coloniais ocidentais em torno da inferiorização desses casamentos, os ritos resistiram e continuam sendo os maiores símbolos culturais que reforçam o poder feminino e as alianças entre as famílias em ambas as sociedades africanas.
Epistemology. Theory of knowledge, History (General)
Knowledge is a fundamental concept in Islam, and its acquisition, dissemination, and application are deeply rooted in the Quran and the Sunnah (the teachings and practices of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him). This paper explores the Islamic perspective on knowledge, its sources, and its implications for the development of an epistemological framework. It examines the Quranic verses and Hadith (sayings and actions of the Prophet) that emphasize the significance of knowledge and its role in shaping human understanding. Furthermore, it delves into how Islamic epistemology, derived from the Quran and the Sunnah, offers a unique approach to knowledge acquisition and its ethical dimensions. This paper touches upon a significant aspect within Islamic thought. This critical paper delves into how knowledge is conceptualized within the Qur'an and the Sunnah, subsequently drawing on Said Nursi's exegesis in the Risale-i Nur collection to outline an Islamic epistemology. Nursi's interpretation serves as a pivotal link between the scriptural foundations of Islam and the construction of a robust framework for understanding knowledge, its acquisition, and application.
Advertising, which is but one link in the value chain of marketing, is the hallmark of the postmodern world, ubiquitous and dominant in all public spaces and spheres of life. A random count of billboards, posters, and electronic and digital advertisements can attest to this without recourse to systematic empirical evidence. However, there is a need to interrogate the basis of this status quo, its ‘superstructure’ and ‘base’, and address the impact of advertising on African peoples and their values; how they are influenced and directed in public sphere in African localities, where their values should be predominant. The impetus that inspired the thematic exploration of this article is that in public spaces where indigenous languages and values should logically be dominant, they are marginalised and patronised, in ways that are cynical and are an instrument of capitalist motives and agenda. This article seeks to explore manifestations of this marginalisation and undermining of values of speakers of Bantu and other African languages in advertisements, a genre that is so ubiquitous that it imposes a subliminal crisis among indigenous languages speakers, who are demographically in the majority on the African continent. The impact of this genre pervades spaces in languages, in style, diction, and undertones that have an ideological impact in environments and settings where African languages and values are expected to be predominant, or at least should indigenously and logically be strongly anchored. This premise is the base of my inquiry.
Contribution: This dominance is achieved by means of visual and textual images of advertisements that have sought to ‘sustain alienation’ and establish subordination of the consumer.
The Intelligence of Hands
Attributing artificiality solely to technological intelligences certainly means distinguishing their capabilities from those of the human mind, whose biological origin, however, runs the risk of becoming synonymous with an immutable nature. Adopting a palaeontological perspective, the contribution, conversely, seeks to draw attention to the close evolutionary link between our brains and the practices of the living body. Such a reflection is intended to recall not only the constructed nature of our intelligences, but also to show how, in removing the plasticity of the body, Cartesian Modernity was instead inspired by a machinic model of the brain that rendered the mind an immaterial and static entity. Therefore, trying to probe the presence of this approach between the lines of some conceptions of A.I. is a necessary premise both to read human intelligere in terms of a specific articulation of the artificial and to reposition its relationship with other machinic intelligences in the more horizontal perspective of a respectful heterogeneity.
E. M. Zaitsev, I. G. Bazhanova, M. V. Britsina
et al.
Relevance. The development of effective and safe vaccines for pertussis prevention remains an urgent public health challenge.Aim. To study the protective activity and safety of acellular pertussis vaccine (AcPV) containing a complex of protective antigens from freshly isolated and vaccine strains of Bordetella pertussis.Materials and methods. Freshly isolated (No. 287, and No. 317) and vaccine (No. 305 and No. 475) B. pertussis strains with «non-vaccine» and «vaccine» allelic variants of the pertussis toxin (PT) subunit A gene, the PT promoter gene, the pertactin gene, the fimbria 2 gene, and the fimbria 3 gene strains were used for the production of AcPV.Results. All the studied variants of AcPV were harmless in the test of changes in the body weight of mice and sensitivity to histamine. The protective activity of AcPV3 (strains No. 287, No. 317 and No. 305) and AcPV1 (strains No. 287, No. 305 and No. 475) was higher than that of AcPV2 (strains No. 317, No. 305, and No. 475). IgG antibody titers to PT were also higher in mice immunized with AcPV1 and AcPV3.Conclusion. The higher protective activity of AcPV3 and AcPV1 may be associated with the genotype of strain No. 287, which has a ptxP3 PT promoter and is characterized by an increased level of PT production and high virulence. The most promising for further preclinical and clinical studies is AcPV3, which contains 2/3 of the antigens of the dominant «non-vaccine» genotype and 1/3 of the «vaccine» genotype, corresponding to the genes of PT, pertactin and fimbria to the currently circulating B. pertussis strains.
Nosso foco nesse artigo se concentra na discussão sobre a regulamentação da profissão de historiador como um problema para história pública, e vice-versa. Se por um lado temos uma demanda para reorientação do que é ser um profissional que produz, pensa, escreve e se dá a leitura, por outro temos um grupo que advoga pela abertura e expansão do que pode ser a definição do “título” historiador. Uma disputa que claramente aponta para determinar de quem é a posse, quem de fato detém o “monopólio” da produção do conhecimento histórico, e que se orienta pelas vias da “legalidade”, ou regulamentação verticalizada em um projeto de lei que dá orientações sobre aqueles que “podem” ou tem o “direito” de ter a alcunha de Historiador.
Epistemology. Theory of knowledge, History (General)
Resenham-se oito artigos de prestigiosos autores sobre a proposta filosófica de Peter Strawson referentes a epistemologia, lógica, teoria do conhecimento, metafísica, filosofia da linguagem e as réplicas a eles realizadas por Strawson.
In the contemporary epistemology, many theories have been advanced about the nature of perception and the way it represents the external world. As one of such theories, “epistemological realism” argues that knowledge of the external world is possible and this world exists independent from man’s knowledge; and, our knowledge is a description of this world. Epistemological realism may be classified under two groups: “direct” and “indirect”. At the first look, it seems that there are some common points between Mulla Sadra’s theory of perception on the one hand and each of direct and indirect realism on the other. When one reflects upon the case, however, he will find that there are some differences between them and because of Mulla Sadra’s special theory concerning ontology inevitably some sort of “indirect Sadrean realism” will emerge which will be explained in this paper. In the doctrine of “unity of the knower and the known object”, immaterial reality of knowledge has been introduced as an intermediate between the knower and the external known object; and, “the correspondence between the linear beings of essence” explains how the perception represents the external world. It will be argued in this paper that perceiving a material object in the light of perceiving an immaterial and Ideal being in a world other than the world of nature, even though it is internally consistent with other Sadraean doctrines, is somehow far from ordinary understanding of sense perception.
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
In Dark City (Alex Proyas,
1998), people live in a city that is
constantly in the dark. The city is in
fact a laboratory constructed by a race
of Strangers who live below the urban
surface to do experiments aimed at
discovering what makes human beings
human. The Strangers will survive only by
becoming like them. To find out what
humanity is, but assuming it is
essentially related to memory, every day
they paralyze all human activity, extract
memories from individuals, mix them, and
inject them back. When people wake up,
they are totally different persons – but
do not know it. This article examines
how, starting with such a situation, Dark
City explores the role of memory in
personhood, the problem of authenticity,
and the status of “false” memories in
making the self, and how the connect to the experimental psychology and the neuroscience of memory.
A noção de desejo é essencial na filosofia de Sartre, que a trata de forma ontológica em O ser e o nada, descrevendo o modo pelo qual o Para-si é desejo necessário e ao mesmo tempo frustrado de ser Em-si-Para-si. No entanto - e isso não costuma ser estudado pelos comentadores que se voltam para essa questão - a noção de desejo também aparece como essencial em O imaginário, no qual o filósofo descreve a forma pela qual esse desejo se mostra diferentemente diante de objetos percebidos e de objetos imaginados. Este artigo pretende mostrar como a noção ontológica de desejo está relacionada à descrição de desejo, particularizando as distintas formas de seu fracasso. Embora o fracasso seja constitutivo do desejo, mostraremos que há uma distinção nessa frustração, que se dá por meio do modo de existência de cada objeto (tendo o objeto real uma existência independente do sujeito que o visa, e o objeto irreal tendo existência apenas enquanto é visado).*
A tradução árabe de alguns trechos do tratado de metafísica <em>Elementatio Theologiae</em> de Proclo, conhecida com o nome de <em>Liber de Causis </em>e atribuída erroneamente a Aristóteles, influenciou três grandes pensadores dominicanos da Idade Média: Alberto Magno, Tomás de Aquino e Meister Eckhart. Composto de trinta e uma proposições, defende a tese da existência de uma causa primeira que dá o ser a tudo o que existe, sem nenhuma exceção<em>.</em> Os estudiosos são unânimes em reconhecer que este livro pseudo-epigráfico possui um peso relevante nos momentos centrais da obra eckhartiana, tanto latina quanto alemã. Em particular, o turíngio lança mão da <em>auctoritas</em> do <em>Liber de Causis</em> para sustentar a imanência-transcendência simultânea da Causa Primeira nas criaturas, a doutrina da hierarquia dos entes, a concepção do ser como <em>ratio prima </em>da criaturalidade, a inefabilidade de Deus. Além desses aspectos ontológicos, este trabalho apresenta também o aspecto especificamente antropológico do esvaziamento de toda criatura como <em>conditio sine qua non</em> para a união com o único Uno (<em>einic ein</em>), como traço inconfundível da presença do <em>Liber de Causis </em>na obra de Meister Eckhart.
This paper aims to organize a reflection about the recent developing field of synthetic biology. It is structured into three main parts. The first one tries to point out the features of this emerging field (the analogies and the differences with the genetic engineering); the second one analyzes the terms and the concepts we can find in the fundamental article by Venter et al. (and in the recent article published by La Jolla Institute’s researchers); the third one delineates the principal outcomes of synthetic biology’s applications, in particular, for the formulation of the concept of life. Therefore it is proposed a connection between artificial life’s science and human enhancement. In fact I think it is possible to clarify human enhancement problem by a specific investigation of synthetic biology’s main characteristics.
This work investigates Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s concept of chiasme and his philosophical link with the biology by Adolf Portmann. The paper invokes a different meaning of "profondeur" surfaces, according to the notion of self-presentation. Through the studies of Merleau-Ponty, Arendt and Portmann himself it emerges the possibility of overcaming the opposition between inside/outside and a new conception of inter-animal-ity.