Hasil untuk "English literature"

Josephine M. Randel, Barbara A. Morris, C. Douglas Wetzel et al.

C. Gorenstein, L. Andrade

D. Ben-Amos

proliferation. The German Volkskunde, the Swedish folkminne, and the Indian lok sahitya all imply slightly different meanings that the English term "folklore" cannot syncretize completely.' Similarly, anthropologists and students of literature have projected their own bias into their definitions of folklore. In fact, for each of them folklore became the exotic topic, the green grass on the other side of the fence, to which they were attracted but which, alas, was not in their own domain. Thus, while anthropologists regarded folklore as literature, scholars of literature defined it as culture.2 Folklorists themselves resorted to enumerative,3 intuitive,4 and operational definitions; yet, while all these certainly contributed to the clarification of the nature of folklore, at the same time they circumvented the main issue, namely, the isolation of the unifying thread that joins jokes and myths, gestures and legends, costumes and music into a single category of knowledge. The difficulties experienced in defining folklore are genuine and real. They

Tarek Rahman, Md Shaharia Hossen, Mark Protik Mondol et al.

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly integrated into education, university students preparing for English language tests are frequently shifting between traditional search engines like Google and large language models (LLMs) to assist with problem-solving. This study explores students perceptions of these tools, particularly in terms of usability, efficiency, and how they fit into English test preparation practices. Using a mixed-methods design, we collected survey data from 140 university students across various academic fields and conducted in-depth interviews with 20 participants. Quantitative analyses, including ANOVA and chi-square tests, were applied to assess differences in perceived efficiency, satisfaction, and overall tool preference. The qualitative results reveal that students strategically alternate between GPT and Google based on task requirements. Google is primarily used for accessing reliable, multi-source information and verifying rules, whereas GPT is favored for summarizing content, providing explanations, paraphrasing, and drafting responses for English test tasks. Since neither tool independently satisfies all aspects of English language test preparation, students expressed a clear preference for an integrated approach. In response, this study proposes a prototype chatbot embedded within a search interface, combining GPTs interactive capabilities with Googles credibility to enhance test preparation and reduce cognitive load.

E. Peña

Jéssica Soares Lopes

Analysing Gender in Performance is a practical textbook organised in occasionally overlapping chapters under different content tables, which provide an interdisciplinary and intersectional quality to the book. Both content and form offered by the internal organisation of the book provide quick and accurate retrieval of information for a wide range of readers from different research fields, catering to their different needs. The reader is then given the opportunity to craft their own path and make particular connections between the essays, which point to different directions but intersect in potentially interesting ways. 

C. Cuccurullo, M. Aria, Fabrizia Sarto

Parinthapat Pengpun, Krittamate Tiankanon, Amrest Chinkamol et al.

Machine translation (MT) in the medical domain plays a pivotal role in enhancing healthcare quality and disseminating medical knowledge. Despite advancements in English-Thai MT technology, common MT approaches often underperform in the medical field due to their inability to precisely translate medical terminologies. Our research prioritizes not merely improving translation accuracy but also maintaining medical terminology in English within the translated text through code-switched (CS) translation. We developed a method to produce CS medical translation data, fine-tuned a CS translation model with this data, and evaluated its performance against strong baselines, such as Google Neural Machine Translation (NMT) and GPT-3.5/GPT-4. Our model demonstrated competitive performance in automatic metrics and was highly favored in human preference evaluations. Our evaluation result also shows that medical professionals significantly prefer CS translations that maintain critical English terms accurately, even if it slightly compromises fluency. Our code and test set are publicly available https://github.com/preceptorai-org/NLLB_CS_EM_NLP2024.

Ahmed Heakl, Youssef Zaghloul, Mennatullah Ali et al.

Motivated by the widespread increase in the phenomenon of code-switching between Egyptian Arabic and English in recent times, this paper explores the intricacies of machine translation (MT) and automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems, focusing on translating code-switched Egyptian Arabic-English to either English or Egyptian Arabic. Our goal is to present the methodologies employed in developing these systems, utilizing large language models such as LLama and Gemma. In the field of ASR, we explore the utilization of the Whisper model for code-switched Egyptian Arabic recognition, detailing our experimental procedures including data preprocessing and training techniques. Through the implementation of a consecutive speech-to-text translation system that integrates ASR with MT, we aim to overcome challenges posed by limited resources and the unique characteristics of the Egyptian Arabic dialect. Evaluation against established metrics showcases promising results, with our methodologies yielding a significant improvement of $56\%$ in English translation over the state-of-the-art and $9.3\%$ in Arabic translation. Since code-switching is deeply inherent in spoken languages, it is crucial that ASR systems can effectively handle this phenomenon. This capability is crucial for enabling seamless interaction in various domains, including business negotiations, cultural exchanges, and academic discourse. Our models and code are available as open-source resources. Code: \url{http://github.com/ahmedheakl/arazn-llm}}, Models: \url{http://huggingface.co/collections/ahmedheakl/arazn-llm-662ceaf12777656607b9524e}.

Lexington Whalen, Nathan Bickel, Shash Comandur et al.

Literacy, or the ability to read and write, is a crucial indicator of success in life and greater society. It is estimated that 85% of people in juvenile delinquent systems cannot adequately read or write, that more than half of those with substance abuse issues have complications in reading or writing and that two-thirds of those who do not complete high school lack proper literacy skills. Furthermore, young children who do not possess reading skills matching grade level by the fourth grade are approximately 80% likely to not catch up at all. Many may believe that in a developed country such as the United States, literacy fails to be an issue; however, this is a dangerous misunderstanding. Globally an estimated 1.19 trillion dollars are lost every year due to issues in literacy; in the USA, the loss is an estimated 300 billion. To put it in more shocking terms, one in five American adults still fail to comprehend basic sentences. Making matters worse, the only tools available now to correct a lack of reading and writing ability are found in expensive tutoring or other programs that oftentimes fail to be able to reach the required audience. In this paper, our team puts forward a new way of teaching English spelling and word recognitions to grade school students in the United States: Wordification. Wordification is a web application designed to teach English literacy using principles of linguistics applied to the orthographic and phonological properties of words in a manner not fully utilized previously in any computer-based teaching application.

Tongquan Zhou, Siyi Cao, Siruo Zhou et al.

ChatGPT is a publicly available chatbot that can quickly generate texts on given topics, but it is unknown whether the chatbot is really superior to human writers in all aspects of writing and whether its writing quality can be prominently improved on the basis of updating commands. Consequently, this study compared the writing performance on a narrative topic by ChatGPT and Chinese intermediate English (CIE) learners so as to reveal the chatbot's advantage and disadvantage in writing. The data were analyzed in terms of five discourse components using Coh-Metrix (a special instrument for analyzing language discourses), and the results revealed that ChatGPT performed better than human writers in narrativity, word concreteness, and referential cohesion, but worse in syntactic simplicity and deep cohesion in its initial version. After more revision commands were updated, while the resulting version was facilitated in syntactic simplicity, yet it is still lagged far behind CIE learners' writing in deep cohesion. In addition, the correlation analysis of the discourse components suggests that narrativity was correlated with referential cohesion in both ChatGPT and human writers, but the correlations varied within each group.

Vandan Mujadia, Ashok Urlana, Yash Bhaskar et al.

Generative Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable advancements in various NLP tasks. In this work, our aim is to explore the multilingual capabilities of large language models by using machine translation as a task involving English and 22 Indian languages. We first investigate the translation capabilities of raw large language models, followed by exploring the in-context learning capabilities of the same raw models. We fine-tune these large language models using parameter efficient fine-tuning methods such as LoRA and additionally with full fine-tuning. Through our study, we have identified the best performing large language model for the translation task involving LLMs, which is based on LLaMA. Our results demonstrate significant progress, with average BLEU scores of 13.42, 15.93, 12.13, 12.30, and 12.07, as well as CHRF scores of 43.98, 46.99, 42.55, 42.42, and 45.39, respectively, using 2-stage fine-tuned LLaMA-13b for English to Indian languages on IN22 (conversational), IN22 (general), flores200-dev, flores200-devtest, and newstest2019 testsets. Similarly, for Indian languages to English, we achieved average BLEU scores of 14.03, 16.65, 16.17, 15.35 and 12.55 along with chrF scores of 36.71, 40.44, 40.26, 39.51, and 36.20, respectively, using fine-tuned LLaMA-13b on IN22 (conversational), IN22 (general), flores200-dev, flores200-devtest, and newstest2019 testsets. Overall, our findings highlight the potential and strength of large language models for machine translation capabilities, including for languages that are currently underrepresented in LLMs.

Meriç Tutku Özmen

From 1584 to 1599, Shakespeare wrote two tetralogies of history plays covering the period from the reign of Richard II to Henry VII. As Elizabeth’s age (she was fifty-seven in 1590), her problematic right to the crown, and the fact that the crown would pass to the Stuart dynasty, whose Catholic members had previously been excluded as potential successors, unless the queen would leave an heir make history plays popular among the theatregoers in Shakespeare’s time. In his history plays, Shakespeare is concerned with the problems of rebellion, the divine right of kings, and the nature of kingship. In his portrayal of kings, the playwright is more concerned with the monarchs’ actions rather than their eloquent speeches. The king in each play, as well as several other characters, provides insight and embodies a different approach to the idea of an ideal monarch. Each king differs from the other in crucial ways and has unique weaknesses and strengths. The hardships of being a king and the responsibility it brings are central to these plays, and the soliloquies delivered by the characters draw attention to what actually makes a king or gives him the right to rule, a question that has been considered at key points throughout the sequence of the history plays. Hence, this paper aims to scrutinize the transformation of the idea of a king and the concept of kingship in Shakespeare’s Henriad, namely Richard II, Henry IV Part 1, Henry IV Part 2, and Henry V.

I. A. Dzhanyan, M. S. Novruzbekov, O. D. Olisov et al.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, accounting for more than 800,000 deaths annually. Surgical removal of the neoplasm remains the most effective treatment option. Partial liver resection is an adequate solution for patients without cirrhosis or with well-compensated cirrhosis, orthotopic liver transplantation is necessary in patients with early stage HCC on the background of cirrhosis. Tumor recurrence remains a major limitation of long-term survival of patients after liver transplantation. Posttransplant immunosuppression reduces the body's antitumor defense, which is provided by natural immunity. This contributes to the development and progression of the tumor process. Purpose of the study: to analyze domestic and foreign publications that present treatment options for HCC recurrence after liver transplantation. Literature sources were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, eLibrary databases. The search was conducted in Russian and English by keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapy of HCC relapse, orthotopic liver transplantation, RETREAT index, regorafenib, nivolumab. The authors presented a review of the data on the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors to prevent HCC recurrence. The results of the analysis of literature sources showed that the issue of post-transplant immunosuppression is relevant. The large number of studies and clinical case reviews leaves hope that an effective way of immunosuppression for recurrent HCC patients after liver transplantation will soon be found.

D. Weber, J. Wolfson, M. Swartz et al.

Alex DiChristofano, Henry Shuster, Shefali Chandra et al.

Past research has identified discriminatory automatic speech recognition (ASR) performance as a function of the racial group and nationality of the speaker. In this paper, we expand the discussion beyond bias as a function of the individual national origin of the speaker to look for bias as a function of the geopolitical orientation of their nation of origin. We audit some of the most popular English language ASR services using a large and global data set of speech from The Speech Accent Archive, which includes over 2,700 speakers of English born in 171 different countries. We show that, even when controlling for multiple linguistic covariates, ASR service performance has a statistically significant relationship to the political alignment of the speaker's birth country with respect to the United States' geopolitical power. This holds for all ASR services tested. We discuss this bias in the context of the historical use of language to maintain global and political power.

Peter Sullivan, Toshiko Shibano, Muhammad Abdul-Mageed

ASR systems designed for native English (L1) usually underperform on non-native English (L2). To address this performance gap, \textbf{(i)} we extend our previous work to investigate fine-tuning of a pre-trained wav2vec 2.0 model \cite{baevski2020wav2vec,xu2021self} under a rich set of L1 and L2 training conditions. We further \textbf{(ii)} incorporate language model decoding in the ASR system, along with the fine-tuning method. Quantifying gains acquired from each of these two approaches separately and an error analysis allows us to identify different sources of improvement within our models. We find that while the large self-trained wav2vec 2.0 may be internalizing sufficient decoding knowledge for clean L1 speech \cite{xu2021self}, this does not hold for L2 speech and accounts for the utility of employing language model decoding on L2 data.

Nadiya Agustiadie, Silviana Silviana

The aim of this research are to determine the pedagogical competence of teachers in teaching English at MTsN 5 Aceh Utara. The design of this research is descriptive qualitative. In finding the valid data about the Analysis of Teacher Pedagogic Competence in the English Teaching and Learning Process, the researchers used data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation. From the results of research in the preparation of the author's thesis on the Analysis of Teacher Pedagogic Competence in the English Teaching and Learning Process, the authors can conclude that: the pedagogic of the English teacher at MTS N 5 Aceh Utara is very good, in the process of learning and teaching English each teacher prepares lesson plans (RPP) first, make an annual program, every semester make a promissory note (semester program) and compile a syllabus. when the process of learning to teach English, the teacher uses the right method for each material to be delivered so that students do not feel bored, every teacher takes a direct approach to students who are lacking in learning English, even the teacher teaches English to students by spelling like learning read Indonesian, and students who do not understand will be imprisoned individually.

Ilona Sármány-Parsons

In 1894, Gustav Klimt was commissioned to create a series of allegorical paintings for the University of Vienna. When the paintings were revealed in 1900, professors and the general public voiced strong resistance to their permanent installation. Art historical literature on the Vienna Secession and the Faculty Painting affair has tended to take the position of advocating for modern art, casting the entire debate as a fight for artistic freedom wherein Klimt was a victim of conservative philistines. Other literature on the Faculty Paintings focusses on the erotic message of the pictures; the works are viewed as documents of a sexual identity crisis that burst to the surface in fin de siècle Vienna. This article is a newly translated English version of a chapter titled “1900—Pyrrhic Victory: The Press Campaigns Surrounding the Faculty Paintings,” from Secession expert Ilona Sármány-Parsons’ book *Die Macht der Kunstkritik: Ludwig Hevesi und die Wiener Moderne* *(The Power of Art Criticism: Ludwig Hevesi and Viennese Modernism)* (Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 2022; translated from Hungarian edition, Budapest: Balassi Kiadó, 2019). Contrary to the two aforementioned framings of Klimt’s Faculty Paintings, the article examines the role of art critics in the affair and argues that the discourse around the event actually reveals reasonable criticisms of philosophical, rhetorical and artistic stagnation in the Secession movement. While a broad spectrum of contemporaneous critical voices are invoked, the influential critic Ludvig Hevesi’s contributions to the debate come under particular scrutiny.

Grietje E. Knol-de Vries, Marco H. Blanker

Introduction:: Dysfunction of the pelvic floor may lead to pelvic floor symptoms within different domains simultaneously, such as lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), bowel symptoms, pelvic organ prolapse, sexual problems and genito-pelvic pain. The aim of this scoping review is to provide an overview of the prevalence of concomitant pelvic floor symptoms, and the associated risk factors, in the general male and female population, and to identify knowledge gaps. Methods:: A literature search was conducted in the electronic database PubMed to identify relevant articles published in English. Articles were eligible when at least two different pelvic floor symptom domains were mentioned, or one type of pelvic floor symptom was mentioned as a risk factor for another pelvic floor symptom, and when the study was conducted in the general adult population or in the primary care setting. Results:: In total 91 articles were selected, describing data from 73 different (cohort) studies. Twenty articles were found describing concomitant pelvic floor symptoms in both sexes, predominantly assessing double incontinence (DI). Twenty-six articles were found in male (sub)populations, of which 25 articles described the co-occurrence of sexual problems with another type of pelvic floor symptom. Concomitant LUTS and erectile dysfunction was common with prevalence estimates ranging from 14%–61%. Prevalence of DI in male populations ranged between 1%–14%. Forty-five articles were found in female (sub)populations. Most articles described DI, with prevalence rates ranging between 4%–15%. About a quarter to one third of females had one or more pelvic floor symptoms (i.e. urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse) and around 1% had two or three of the above mentioned pelvic floor symptoms. Conclusion:: For males, there is limited information on concomitant pelvic floor symptoms, especially including bowel symptoms and pelvic pain. When bowel symptoms are assessed, this is done predominantly in studies assessing DI. In the female population, pelvic pain and sexual dysfunction are rarely studied. In general, less research is performed in the male population than in the female population.