Hasil untuk "Economic history and conditions"

Richard de Grijs

In the nineteenth century, the Dutch established time signals in their Atlantic colonies to synchronise maritime navigation with European standards. In Paramaribo (Suriname), a sophisticated sequence of apparatus -- including time balls, noon guns, discs and flags -- operated from 1851 until World War I. Naval officers aboard guard ships used sextants equipped with artificial horizons to determine local noon, thus integrating the colony into the global Greenwich-based cartographic system. This infrastructure was not merely technical; it became a civic ritual, with the daily noon gun structuring urban life and becoming a point of political negotiation between naval commanders and the colonial governor. In contrast, the Dutch Caribbean islands employed simpler, pragmatic systems. Curaçao used a daily time flag, a cost-effective solution suited to its climate and harbour scale, while smaller islands like Aruba and St. Eustatius relied on occasional noon guns. This diversity reflected a decentralised colonial administration that adapted technologies to local conditions and budgets. The history of these time signals reveals a process of hybrid adaptation, not simply replication of European models. They were shaped by environmental challenges, fiscal constraints and local politics, functioning simultaneously as navigational aids and civic landmarks. Their eventual decline, owing to budgetary pressures and new technologies like wireless telegraphy, underscores the fragile and negotiated nature of colonial scientific infrastructures.

Mario Zanon

Stability of economic model predictive control can be proven under the assumption that a strict dissipativity condition holds. This assumption has a clear interpretation in terms of the so-called rotated stage cost, which must have its minimum at the optimal steady state. However, contrary to dissipativity, for strict dissipativity the storage function cannot be immediately related to the value function of an optimal control problem formulated with the economic stage cost. We propose the novel concept of two-storage strict dissipativity, which requires two storage functions to satisfy dissipativity and be separated by a positive definite function. This new condition can be immediately related to optimal control by means of value functions and might be easier to verify than strict dissipativity. Furthermore, we prove that two-storage strict dissipativity is sufficient and necessary for asymptotic stability, it is related to strict dissipativity, and also to alternative approaches relying on the so-called cost-to-travel. Finally, we discuss commonly used and new terminal cost designs that guarantee asymptotic stability in the finite-horizon case.

Papa Yaw Owusu-Obeng, Steven R. Miller, Sarah Banas Mills et al.

The Midwest, with its vast agricultural lands, is rapidly emerging as a key region for utility-scale solar expansion. However, traditional power planning has yet to integrate local economic impact directly into capacity expansion to guide optimal siting decisions. Moreover, existing economic assessments tend to emphasize local benefits while overlooking the opportunity costs of converting productive farmland for solar development. This study addresses these gaps by endogenously incorporating local economic metrics into a power system planning model to evaluate how economic impacts influence solar siting, accounting for the cost of lost agricultural output. We analyze all counties within the Great Lakes region, constructing localized supply and marginal benefit curves that are embedded within a multi-objective optimization framework aimed at minimizing system costs and maximizing community economic benefits. Our findings show that counties with larger economies and lower farmland productivity deliver the highest local economic benefit per megawatt (MW) of installed solar capacity. In Ohio, for example, large counties generate up to $34,500 per MW, driven in part by high property tax revenues, while smaller counties yield 31% less. Accounting for the opportunity cost of displaced agricultural output reduces local benefits by up to 16%, depending on farmland quality. A scenario prioritizing solar investment in counties with higher economic returns increases total economic benefits by $1 billion (or 11%) by 2040, with solar investment shifting away from Michigan and Wisconsin (down by 39%) toward Ohio and Indiana (up by 75%), with only a marginal increase of 0.5% in system-wide costs. These findings underscore the importance of integrating economic considerations into utility-scale solar planning to better align decarbonization goals with regional and local economic development.

Alişan Burak Yasar, İbrahim Gundogmus, Derin Kubilay et al.

IntroductionEMDR 2.0, an innovative approach rooted in the conventional Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), has garnered attention due to its promising outcomes. The application of EMDR, whether it is EMDR or EMDR 2.0 protocol, in a group format, especially for conditions like Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, will provide significant opportunities in terms of economic feasibility and accessibility, ultimately leading to widespread use. Building on the established effectiveness of EMDR 2.0 in individual applications, this study examines its impact in group settings. This protocol is designed to provide a structured framework for implementing EMDR 2.0 within group contexts, paving the way for a nuanced understanding of its potential benefits in collective therapeutic settings. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of the online EMDR 2.0 Group Protocol(EMDR 2.0 GP) versus Improving Mental Health Training for Primary Care Residents(mhGAP) on individuals with a history of traffic accidents in a controlled way.MethodsIn this randomized-controlled study sample includes volunteers who were involved in traffic accidents and were given the randomized online EMDR 2.0 GP and mhGAP Stress management module. The participants were given a sociodemographic data form, Depression Anxiety Stress 21 scale (DASS-21) and Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Participants were evaluated with measurements before, after and “one month after the application.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 34.80(8.10) years and 88.0% (n=22) were female. The change in DASS-21 Anxiety (h2=0.136), Stress (h2=0.140), IES-R Avoidance (h2=0.134), Hyperarousal (h2=0.0148), Total (h2=0.223) scores of online EMDR 2.0 GP was determined to be statistically significant compared to the mhGAP group. However, no statistically significant difference was observed in DASS-21 Depression (h2=0.017), IES-R Intrusion(h2=0.094), scores between the two groups.DiscussionThe RCT of online EMDR 2.0 GP indicated that this newly developed protocol, when applied to groups, may be effective in reducing anxiety, stress, and traumatic symptoms among a non-clinical sample.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/study/, identifier NCT05596903.

Guy Ben-Ishai, Jeff Dean, James Manyika et al.

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) marks a pivotal moment in human history. It presents the opportunity for machines to learn, adapt, and perform tasks that have the potential to assist people, from everyday activities to their most creative and ambitious projects. It also has the potential to help businesses and organizations harness knowledge, increase productivity, innovate, transform, and power shared prosperity. This tremendous potential raises two fundamental questions: (1) Will AI actually advance national and global economic transformation to benefit society at large? and (2) What issues must we get right to fully realize AI's economic value, expand prosperity and improve lives everywhere? We explore these questions by considering the recent history of technology and innovation as a guide for the likely impact of AI and what we must do to realize its economic potential to benefit society. While we do not presume the future will be entirely like that past, for reasons we will discuss, we do believe prior experience with technological change offers many useful lessons. We conclude that while progress in AI presents a historic opportunity to advance our economic prosperity and future wellbeing, its economic benefits will not come automatically and that AI risks exacerbating existing economic challenges unless we collectively and purposefully act to enable its potential and address its challenges. We suggest a collective policy agenda - involving developers, deployers and users of AI, infrastructure providers, policymakers, and those involved in workforce training - that may help both realize and harness AI's economic potential and address its risks to our shared prosperity.

Xiao-Ming Wu, Jia-Feng Cai, Jian-Jian Jiang et al.

Robotic grasping in clutters is a fundamental task in robotic manipulation. In this work, we propose an economic framework for 6-DoF grasp detection, aiming to economize the resource cost in training and meanwhile maintain effective grasp performance. To begin with, we discover that the dense supervision is the bottleneck of current SOTA methods that severely encumbers the entire training overload, meanwhile making the training difficult to converge. To solve the above problem, we first propose an economic supervision paradigm for efficient and effective grasping. This paradigm includes a well-designed supervision selection strategy, selecting key labels basically without ambiguity, and an economic pipeline to enable the training after selection. Furthermore, benefit from the economic supervision, we can focus on a specific grasp, and thus we devise a focal representation module, which comprises an interactive grasp head and a composite score estimation to generate the specific grasp more accurately. Combining all together, the EconomicGrasp framework is proposed. Our extensive experiments show that EconomicGrasp surpasses the SOTA grasp method by about 3AP on average, and with extremely low resource cost, for about 1/4 training time cost, 1/8 memory cost and 1/30 storage cost. Our code is available at https://github.com/iSEE-Laboratory/EconomicGrasp.

Leye Zhang, Xiangxiang Tian, Chengli Zhang et al.

Deep Q-network algorithm is used to select economic span of bridge. Selection of bridge span has a significant impact on the total cost of bridge, and a reasonable selection of span can reduce engineering cost. Economic span of bridge is theoretically analyzed, and the theoretical solution formula of economic span is deduced. Construction process of bridge simulation environment is described in detail, including observation space, action space and reward function of the environment. Agent is constructed, convolutional neural network is used to approximate Q function,ε greedy policy is used for action selection, and experience replay is used for training. The test verifies that the agent can successfully learn optimal policy and realize economic span selection of bridge. This study provides a potential decision-making tool for bridge design.

Yijian Pan, Yongchang Ma, Bolin Shen et al.

The goal of our project is to use satellite data (including nighttime light data and remote sensing images) to give us some statistical estimation of the economic development level of a selected area (Singapore). Findings from the project could inform policymakers about areas needing intervention or support for economic development initiatives. Insights gained might aid in targeted policy formulation for infrastructure, agriculture, urban planning, or resource management.

Goran Hristovski, Gjorgji Gockov, Viktor Stojkoski

Recent studies highlight economic complexity's role in mitigating fiscal crises, often measured via an economy's trade structure. Trade, however, is just one facet of an economy's structure and omits critical innovative activities like research. Here, we investigate how a multidimensional approach to economic complexity-including both trade and research structures-relates to fiscal instability. By using data on over 230 national fiscal crises from 1995 to 2021 and hazard duration analysis, we assess how measures of trade and research complexity combine to explain crisis likelihood. We find that the interaction of complexity dimensions significantly reduces crisis probability, whereas individual indexes alone are not robust predictors. This suggests that economies focusing on a single dimension may be more vulnerable, thus highlighting the importance of balanced development across multiple areas. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers aiming to enhance economic resilience and mitigate fiscal risks.

Paul Dietschy

Chinmayi Jayakumar, B. Ramdas, Suganya Sankaran

Education is often posed as the harbinger of progress in discourses related to the development of marginalised Indigenous communities. However, since they entered the mainstream schools in the 1960s, the four Indigenous communities of Gudalur, India have experienced various forms of injustice in seeking formal education. This article draws from the work of the Vishwa Bharati Vidyodaya Trust, a community-driven organisation that has been working on matters related to the education of these four communities since 1996, and two research initiatives that captures the community’s voices on their experiences and aspirations related to education, to put forth recommendations for practice that is geared towards greater equality and justice for the children of Indigenous communities. Rooted in the belief that the active participation of the community is crucial to devising solutions that truly address in a sustainable manner the historical injustices faced by them, the article outlines various interventions at different sites of learning that builds community ownership and nurtures a meaningful continuum between the home and school environment of the children.

Masayu Dian Khairani, Kusmiyati Tjahjono, Ali Rosidi et al.

Stunting is a condition of failure or a child's growth process that is not following their age. Many factors can cause children to experience stunting both in terms of health and outside health, such as economic conditions, nutritional status experienced by mothers during pregnancy, malnutrition, and improper feeding and care early in life. The study aimed to determine pregnancy and birth history as risk factors for stunting in children aged 24-59 months. The study used a case-control design, with the number of subjects being 176 children, calculating subjects using total sampling techniques on case subjects and matching on control subjects. The research was conducted at the Pangkalan Balai Health Center, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra, in 2022. Data was collected for one month and then analyzed using the chi-square test and Logistic Regression. The results showed that parental income (p= 0,034; OR= 2,571), early marriage (p= 0,001; OR= 2,760), maternal age at pregnancy (p= 0,003; OR= 2,692), nutritional status at pregnancy (p=0,020; OR=2,080), birth length (p= 0,001; OR= 6,633) and birth weight (p= 0,044; OR= 3,632) are risk factors for stunting. The most influential determinant factor was the birth length. Conclusion, parental income, early marriage, age at risk of pregnancy, nutritional status of pregnant women, birth length, and birth weight are risk factors for stunting in children aged 24-59 months at Pangkalan Balai Health Center.

Nadezhda Purtova, Gijs van Maanen

This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the economics literature on data as an economic good and draws lessons for data governance. We conclude that focusing on data as an economic good in governance efforts is hardwired to only result in more data production and cannot deliver other societal goals contrary to what is often claimed in the literature and policy. Data governance is often a red herring which distracts from other digital problems. The governance of digital society cannot rely exclusively on data-centric economic models. We review the literatures and the underlying empirical and political claims concerning data commons. While commons thinking is useful to frame digital problems in terms of ecologies, it has important limitations. We propose a political-ecological approach to governing the digital society, defined by ecological thinking about governance problems and the awareness of the political nature of framing the problems and mapping their ecological makeup.

Julia Tandetzki, Holger Weimar

Boris Salazar

Para evaluar el papel de la ciencia en un posible gobierno progresista se utilizó un documento de la campaña de Gustavo Petro y Francia Márquez. La evaluación terminó en un debate fallido en el que ambas partes compartieron la idea errónea de una ciencia hegemónica, occidental o ancestral. Este artículo muestra que el texto apropiado para evaluar el papel de las ciencias es el Plan de Desarrollo del actual gobierno. La interacción dinámica entre sistemas complejos, ciencia del cambio climático, ciencias ambientales, ciencia de las ciudades –u ordenamiento territorial– y economía de la complejidad fundamenta la arquitectura del Plan y sus  objetivos y proyectos estratégicos. Ningún gobierno colombiano había tomado tan en serio a las ciencias en el diseño de su hoja de ruta básica.

Zihao Wang, Kun Li, Steve Q. Xia et al.

We investigate the effectiveness of different machine learning methodologies in predicting economic cycles. We identify the deep learning methodology of Bi-LSTM with Autoencoder as the most accurate model to forecast the beginning and end of economic recessions in the U.S. We adopt commonly-available macro and market-condition features to compare the ability of different machine learning models to generate good predictions both in-sample and out-of-sample. The proposed model is flexible and dynamic when both predictive variables and model coefficients vary over time. It provided good out-of-sample predictions for the past two recessions and early warning about the COVID-19 recession.

Mekonnin FT, Bulto GA

Firehiywot Teferi Mekonnin,1 Gizachew Abdissa Bulto2 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ambo General Hospital, Ambo, Ethiopia; 2Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Gizachew Abdissa Bulto Email gizachab@yahoo.comBackground: The World Health Organization recommends a caesarean section (CS) rate at health facilities from 10 to 15%, but the rate is higher at most of the institutions in different countries, including Ethiopia resulting in negative health-related and economic consequences. Vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC) is a safe and appropriate choice to decrease the rate of CS. Though the success rate is 60– 80%, the number of mothers who experience the trial of labor is decreasing and the overall CS rate is rising. There is also limited information on determinants of successful VBAC in Ethiopia. Therefore, the study aimed to identify determinants of successful VBAC at public hospitals in Ambo town.Methods: A Facility-based retrospective unmatched case-control study was employed at public hospitals in Ambo town, Ethiopia, from June 1 to July 1, 2020. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select cases (n=74) and controls (n=221). The data were collected using a structured questionnaire and it was filled IN by reviewing the client’s medical record. The data were entered into Epi Info and exported to SPSS for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out for data analysis. Finally, statistical significance was determined based on the odds ratio with its 95% confidence interval and a p-value of < 0.05.Results: Mothers whose age was less than 25 years and 25– 29 years (AOR: 8.88; 95% CI 3.03, 26.03) and (AOR: 5.37; 95% CI 2.28, 12.66), respectively, mothers who had a history of previous successful VBAC (AOR: 3.01; 95% CI 1.47, 6.13), had a history of previous spontaneous vaginal delivery (AOR: 3.85; 95% CI 1.84, 8.05) and cervical dilation ≥ 4cm at admission (AOR: 2.05: 95% CI 1.14, 3.67) were independent determinants of successful VBAC.Conclusion: The study identified that past and present obstetric conditions played a significant role in the success of VBAC. Therefore, health workers have to consider those predictors while counselling and choosing mothers for trial of labor after caesarean section (TOLAC).Keywords: determinants, vaginal birth after caesarean section, Ambo town

Barsi Boglárka

Martin Werding, Ernst Niemeier

Abstract In its June 2020 issue, Wirtschaftsdienst published an article entitled „Beitragsfinanzierung im ‚demografiegestressten‘ Rentensystem möglich“ by Ernst Niemeier. Martin Werding takes a different view in a reply, and Ernst Niemeier explains his point of view in a response.

Kazuki Ikeda, Shoto Aoki

The quest of this work is to present discussions of some fundamental questions of economics in the era of quantum technology, which require a treatment different from economics studied thus far in the literature. A study of quantum economic behavior will become the center of attention of economists in the coming decades. We analyze a quantum economy in which players produce and consume quantum goods. They meet randomly and barter with neighbors bilaterally for quantum goods they produced. We clarify the conditions where certain quantum goods emerge endogenously as media of exchange, called quantum commodity money. As quantum strategies are entangled, we find distinctive aspects of quantum games that cannot be explained by conventional classical games. In some situations a quantum player can acquire a quantum good from people regardless of their strategies, while on the other hand people can find quantum strategies that improve their welfare based on an agreement. Those novel properties imply that quantum games also shed new light on theories of mechanism design, auction and contract in the quantum era.