Objective(s): Dental caries remains a prevalent chronic disease globally, with fluoride being a cornerstone in its prevention. Despite its proven efficacy, the implementation of fluoride-based strategies depends heavily on dentists' knowledge, attitudes, and practices. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Iranian dentists concerning fluoride application, as well as the barriers to its use. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among a convenient sample of 296 dentists. A validated questionnaire was used to collect data on dentists’ age, gender, dental specialty, working sectors and queries, such as the availability of specific guidelines for prescribing fluoride products in the workplace, self-reported practices regarding fluoride application, perceptions of barriers to fluoride use and level of agreement with statements regarding the effectiveness of fluoride in caries prevention. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were employed to summarize and compare responses based on demographic and professional characteristics at p<0.05. Results: 40% of dentists had access to fluoride prescription guidelines. Younger dentists and those in both public and private sectors were more likely to report guideline availability. While 73-97% of dentists agreed with the effectiveness of fluoride in caries prevention, only 50% recognized its benefits for individuals over 12 years old. Fluoride application was more prevalent for children under 12 (30-35%), compared to adults (10%). Barriers to fluoride use included low treatment tariffs (45%), skepticism about its effectiveness (42%), and time constraints (25%). Dentists favored restorative treatments for high-risk cases, with 80% recommending fluoride varnish and gel for children but fewer for adults. Conclusion: This study highlighted gaps in knowledge and practice regarding use of fluoride among Iranian dentists, particularly for adult patients. Barriers such as low reimbursement rates and skepticism about fluoride's effectiveness need to be addressed. Enhanced training, standardized guidelines, and policy interventions are essential to improve fluoride application efforts in Iran.
Background: Oral diseases, such as dental caries, periodontal diseases, and oral cancers, represent significant global public health challenges. With the COVID-19 pandemic, traditional diagnostic methods have limitations, thus highlighting the need for innovative, early, and non-invasive diagnostic approaches. Analyse and summarise publications globally through a comprehensive bibliometric study to help researchers suggest possible directions for future research. Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate global academic productivity, impact, and collaboration of electrochemical biosensors for oral diseases utilising bibliometrics based on annual number of publications, countries and regions, institution, authors, journals, citations and co-occurrences of author keywords over the last 20 years. Methods: This study employs bibliometric analysis to assess the research of electrochemical biosensors for oral diseases in the Web of Science from 2000 to 2023. Utilising VOSviewer, CiteSpace software, and Microsoft Excel, we conducted a bibliometric and visualised analysis of electrochemical biosensors for oral diseases. Results: The quantity of pertinent publications in this research domain displays a fluctuating but overall upward trend. In aggregate, there are 341 articles and 82 reviews, encompassing research contributions from 55 countries, 649 institutions, and involving 2068 authors. Among these publications, China, the USA, and India emerged as the predominant contributing nations. Predominantly, articles found their publication venue in “Biosensors & Bioelectronics.” Notably, the author with the highest number of publications and most influence is Wang, Joseph S. The top 3 keywords include “biosensor,”“sensor,”“saliva.” Conclusion: In this investigation, statistical analysis and network visualisation were conducted to reveal the research progress, trends, and trending topics on electrochemical biosensors for oral diseases via a thorough bibliometric analysis. We found that Despite these challenges, electrochemical biosensors hold significant promise for transforming oral disease diagnostics. Overcoming current technical barriers will improve both oral and systemic health outcomes.
Background: Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers offer a minimally invasive alternative for breast augmentation, appealing to young female patients seeking natural results and minimal recovery time. However, achieving optimal outcomes requires a thorough understanding of breast anatomy, filler properties, and safe injection techniques. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the anatomical considerations, techniques, and filler properties necessary for optimal breast augmentation using HA filler. It also explores patient selection, long-term safety and efficacy, and the management of complications. A review of key anatomical structures, including glandular tissue, fascial layers, vascular anatomy, and Cooper’s ligaments was conducted. Injection techniques, such as dual-plane and submuscular approaches, were analysed with a focus on pre-procedural imaging. Four cases of young female patients undergoing breast augmentation using HA filler (e.p.t.q. eve X, Jetema Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea) were analysed. The efficacy of HA fillers in achieving natural breast enhancement was demonstrated in all four cases. Ultrasound played a crucial role in ensuring accurate filler placement, reducing risks like vascular occlusion and filler migration. Patients reported high satisfaction and minimal complications, though periodic treatments were required for maintenance. HA filler-based breast augmentation is a safe and effective option for young female patients, delivering natural results with rapid recovery. Although the results can be temporary and maintenance treatment is required, HA fillers may offer a non-invasive alternative to silicone implants. Optimal outcomes can be achieved through a thorough understanding of anatomy, the use of highly cohesive fillers, and ultrasound-guided injection techniques.
Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates lead to the depletion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate involved in the mevalonate pathway. The effect of geranylgeraniol (GGOH) on human osteoblast and osteoclast activities suppressed by zoledronate was investigated in this study. The effect of GGOH on human osteoblasts and osteoclasts subjected to treatment with zoledronate was analyzed by assessing cell viability, osteoclast differentiation, resorption ability, gene expression, and protein synthesis. Cell viability suppressed by bisphosphonates in osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells was restored with GGOH. Osteoclast differentiation was analyzed by vitronectin receptor immunofluorescence staining, and the addition of GGOH to zoledronate significantly increased osteoclast differentiation compared with zoledronate alone. A trend of reversal of osteoclast resorption by GGOH was observed; however, it was not significant in all groups. The expression of ALP, type 1 collagen, and RUNX2 in osteoblasts was recovered by the addition of GGOH. Only CALCR expression in osteoclasts was significantly recovered by GGOH addition in the zoledronate group. Although the activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts were not entirely restored, the possibility that the topical application of GGOH in MRONJ patients or patients with dental problems and bisphosphonates might lessen the risk of development and recurrence of MRONJ is shown.
MohammadAmin Tarighat Esfanjani, Neda Gilani, Ali Tarighat Esfanjani
et al.
Abstract Objective Considering the rising prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), this study aimed to investigate the relationship between MetS and its components with oral and dental health in the adult population of the Azar cohort. Methods In this cross-sectional study oral health care behaviors, DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) index, and demographic data related to 15,006 patients (5112 in the MetS group and 9894 in the healthy group) of the Azar Cohort population aging from 35 to 70 were collected using appropriate questionnaires. The definition of MetS was based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria. Then, the risk factors of MetS related to oral health behaviors were determined by proper statistical analysis. Results The majority of MetS patients were female (66%) and uneducated (23%) (P < 0.001). In the MetS group, the DMFT index (22.15 ± 8.89) was significantly (p < 0.001) higher (20.81 ± 8.94) than the no MetS group. Not brushing at all was associated with increased odds of MetS (unadjusted OR = 1.12, adjusted OR = 1.18). Flossing less than once a day was associated with increased odds of abdominal obesity (unadjusted OR = 1.17, 95%CI = 1.03–1.32) and hyperglycemia (unadjusted OR = 1.88, 95%CI = 1.61–2.20). Conclusions This study showed that in MetS patients of the Azar cohort study, oral hygiene was worse compared to that in the no MetS group. Further studies are suggested to encourage oral hygiene among the general population which has more beneficiary effects than has been known before.
Abstract Background Economic evaluation of nonsurgical root canal treatment (NSRCT) and single-tooth implant (STI) provides useful information for medical decision. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of NSRCT versus single-tooth implant (STI) after 5-year treatment in a university affiliated hospital in Beijing, China. Methods 211 patients who underwent NSRCT and 142 patients who had STI were included and recalled after 5-year treatment. The propensity scores were used to match the cases of two treatment modalities. At recall, outcomes were determined based on clinical and radiographical examinations. For endodontically treated cases, absence or reduction of radiolucency were defined as success. Marginal bone loss (MBL) ≤ 4 mm were determined as success for implant cases. Direct and indirect costs were calculated in China Yuan (CNY). Patients’ willingness to pay (WTP) for each treatment modality was evaluated by questionnaires. A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed from the societal perspective. Results 170 patients with 120 NSRCT teeth and 96 STI were available at recall. Based on propensity score matching, 76 endodontically treated teeth were matched to 76 implants. Absence of the radiolucency was observed in 58 of 76 endodontically treated teeth (76%) and reduction of the radiolucency in 9 of 76 teeth (12%) and altogether the success rate was 88%. 100% implants were detected with marginal bone loss (MBL) ≤ 4 mm. The cost advantage of NSRCT (4,751 CNY) over STI (20,298 CNY) was more pronounced. Incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) was 129,563 CNY (STI-NSRCT) per success rate gained. It exceeded the patients’ willingness to pay value 7,533 CNY. Conclusions Clinical outcomes of NSRCT and STI could be predictable after 5-year treatment. NSRCT may be more cost-effective than STI for managing endodontically diseased teeth.
Mohammad Reza Khami, Maryam Baghizadeh Fini, Sohee Kim
et al.
Objectives: Professionalism is essential to a strong trusted patient-doctor relationship, which is believed, could lead to more patient compliance and treatment outcomes. The purpose of our study was the development and psychometric analysis of an assessment tool for the professional behavior of dental students.
Materials and Methods: The study was done in the School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. After providing a pool of various criteria to assess professionalism, an expert panel prepared the primary version of the tool. The tool was set in a questionnaire frame to explore the significance level and evaluation feasibility of each criterion. The questionnaire was completed by tutors of the “Medical Ethics” course (N=6). After necessary revisions, in order to evaluate face and content validity, the checklist was given to eight experienced dental educators to determine the relevance, clarity and simplicity of the questions. At the second stage, the final checklist with 37 items was given to dental educators to evaluate twenty students. To assess the reliability of this checklist, at least two professors evaluated each student and the weighted- was calculated. Minor revisions were done according to feedbacks.
Results: According to the obtained data, the total validity of the tool (S-CVI) was 100%. In all items, except just for one item, the weighted- was greater than or equal to 0.5, showing sufficient reliability of these items.
Conclusion: The designed tool to evaluate the professionalism among dental students in different clinical departments seems to be both valid and reliable.
Additive manufacturing (AM), which is also called rapid prototyping/3D printing/layered manufacturing, can be considered as a rapid conversion between digital and physical models. One of the most used materials in AM is polylactic acid (PLA), which has advantageous material properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and nontoxicity. For many medical applications, it is considered as a leading biomaterial. In dentistry, in addition to its uses in dental models (education, teaching, simulation needs), it can be used for therapeutic objectives and tissue engineering. The fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique, also called fused deposition modeling (FDM), is widely used as an AM technique to perform complex and functional geometries directly from CAD files. In this review, the objective was to present the different challenges and future perspectives of this additively manufactured material by using FFF in dentistry areas. Some suggestions for future directions to extend to more dental applications (support structures, lattice structures, etc.) and to consider more criteria (sustainability, uncertainty etc.) will be discussed. Advanced studies such as machine learning (ML) techniques will be suggested to reduce the failure cases when using the additively manufactured PLA by FFF in dentistry.
Learning dental procedures is a complex task involving the development of fine motor skills. The reported use of theories and/or evidence for designing learning activities to develop the fine motor skills needed for dental practice is limited. The aim of this review is to explore the available body of knowledge related to learning motor skills relevant to dentistry. Evidence from studies investigating motor skill learning highlights the negative impact of self-focus and self-regulation on learning outcomes, particularly during the early stages of learning. The development of activities and schedules that enable novices to demonstrate characteristics similar to experts, without the reported long period of ‘deliberate practice’, is clearly of value. Outcomes of learning implicitly are important in dentistry because working under stressful conditions is common, either during undergraduate study or in practice. It is suggested that learning implicitly in the simulation stage can reduce disrupted performance when transitioning to clinical settings. Therefore, further investigation of effective methods for learning dental fine motor skills is indicated, using approaches that result in robust performance, even under stressful conditions.
Saqib Ali, Saqlain Bin Syed Gilani, Juzer Shabbir
et al.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive investigative technique that is used to obtain high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) images of biological structures. This method is useful in diagnosing diseases of specific organs like the eye, where a direct biopsy cannot be conducted. Since its inception, significant advancements have been made in its technology. Apart from its initial application in ophthalmology for retinal imaging, substantial technological innovations in OCT brought by the research community have enabled its utilization beyond its original scope and allowed its application in many new clinical areas. This review presents a summary of the clinical applications of OCT in the field of medicine (ophthalmology, cardiology, otology, and dermatology) and dentistry (tissue imaging, detection of caries, analysis of dental polymer composite restorations, imaging of root canals, and diagnosis of oral cancer). In addition, potential advantages and disadvantages of OCT are also discussed.
Andrea Puma, Milena Brugnara, Paolo Cavarzere
et al.
Suprasellar arachnoid cysts represent a rare occurrence in the pediatric population and usually cause symptoms related to mass effect and can occasionally cause endocrine dysfunctions. The association between SAC and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) in the pediatric population has rarely been described previously. In most cases, SIADH is temporary and resolves by treating the underlying cause. The first-line treatment consists of fluid restriction in asymptomatic children. Oral urea and demeclocycline are other effective treatment options. Vaptans are a new class of medication for the management of SIADH. These agents are a nonpeptide vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist that selectively antagonizes the antidiuretic effect of AVP, resulting in excretion of diluted urine or “aquaresis.” Their efficacy has been shown in adult patients with euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia. However, evidence is lacking in pediatric patients with SIADH. We report the case of a 9-year-old female child with a SAC, who underwent endoscopic fenestration at the age of 2 years. After surgery she developed chronic hyponatremia due to SIADH. Hyponatremia was refractory to treatment with fluid restriction, oral sodium, and urea. In order to normalize serum sodium levels, tolvaptan treatment was started on a compassionate-use basis; 24–48 h later serum sodium levels returned to normal. To date, tolvaptan has been used regularly for 6 years with no side effects occurring during the treatment period. This is the first case of a child with chronic SIADH secondary to SAC successfully treated with tolvaptan. Further studies are needed to demonstrate its usefulness on a broader case series.
Introduction
Patients with severe mental illness experience physical health inequities. They are less likely to receive preventative care and adequate treatment for physical illnesses. Physical health screening of patients receiving antipsychotics is usually carried out every six months. This comprises screening bloodwork and ECGs, and the sharing of results with family physicians.
Objectives
We sought to investigate whether the pandemic affected the receipt of routine physical health screening in patients managed by an Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) Service.
Methods
A comprehensive chart review was performed on 62 ACT patients. We compared the receipt of screening bloodwork and ECGs from March—December 2020 to the same period in 2019. Results were analyzed using McNemar’s Chi square test with Yates’ correction.
Results
Patients were less likely to have received an ECG during the pandemic period. 69% received an ECG from March—December 2019 versus 42% from March—December 2020 (χ2= 7.76, p<0.01). Similarly, patients were less likely to have received screening bloodwork during the pandemic period (69% vs. 50%, Χ2= 4.32, p<0.05). Qualitative discussion with ACT staff regarding the 39 patients who had not received an ECG and/or bloodwork during the pandemic period revealed system-related (8%), patient-related (23%), and Covid-related (69%) barriers to screening. Covid-related barriers included transport concerns and lab closures.
Conclusions
ACT patients were less likely to have received routine health screening during the Covid-19 pandemic. Thus, the pandemic may have exacerbated physical health inequities for patients with severe mental illness. Covid-related barriers to screening represent an important target for intervention.
Disclosure
No significant relationships.
Sami Aldhuwayhi, Saquib Ahmed Shaikh, Amar Ashok Thakare
et al.
The global pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has put the world in a panic situation. It has been evident that the geriatric population is more susceptible to acquire this infection. Thus, due to this ongoing crisis, geriatric individuals cannot visit a dental operatory, and there is the possibility of their dental needs and emergencies to remain unattended. Partial or complete edentulism is very prevalent among the geriatric population, and prosthodontic management of these patients is essential for their well-being. However, the prosthesis can lead to various emergencies of the oral and its supporting structures. There are currently no available recommendations to address these prosthodontic emergencies in geriatric individuals during this pandemic period. Hence, the aims of this minireview were to discuss the common prosthodontic emergencies in the geriatric population and provide recommendations to manage these issues during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak.
Greig D. Taylor, Katherine Carr, Helen J. Rogers
et al.
Abstract Background Decision analytic models are often used in economic evaluations to estimate long-term costs and effects of treatment which span beyond the time-frame of a clinical trial, therefore providing a better understanding of the long-term implications of decisions that conventional trial-based economic evaluations fail to provide. This is particularly relevant for considering oral health interventions in children as treatments may affect adult oral health. However, in the field of child oral health there has not been an evaluation of the quality and scope of decision analytical models which extend into adulthood. The aim of this review is to examine the scope and quality of decision modelling studies, with horizons extending into adulthood, within the field of child oral health. Methods The following databases were searched: NHS Economic Evaluation Database (CRD York), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, the Cochrane Library and Econlit. Full economic evaluations, in the field of child oral health, published after 1997 which included a decision model with a horizon that extended beyond the age of 18 years old were included. Included studies were appraised against the Drummond checklist and the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards by calibrated reviewers. Results Four hundred studies were identified, of which nine met the inclusion criteria. Of the nine, eight were cost-effectiveness models. The majority focussed on the prevention or management of dental caries. The mean percentage of applicable Drummond checklist criteria met by the studies in this review was 82% (median = 85%, range = 54–100%). Discounting of costs and performing an incremental analysis were noted as key methodological weaknesses. The mean percentage of applicable CHEERS criteria met by each study was 82% (median = 87%, range = 32–96%). Justifying the type of model, analytical methods used, and sources of funding were most commonly unreported. Conclusions There is a paucity of decision analytical models in the field of child oral health. Most of those that are available are of high methodological and reporting quality.
Aim. To study the state of oral mucosa and rationale of Its changes In patients with a laboratory-con^rmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, moderate severity.Materials and methods. A retrospective single-center study was conducted on patients who were In the Infectious diseases department from May to June 2020 with an Initial diagnosis of ICD-X: J18.9: coronavirus Infection. This study Included 90 patients aged 24 to 83years (52 male and 38 female, average age 53.6 ± 9.7years).Results. C-reactIve protein was Increased In 81 Individuals upon admission (44.15 ± 31.8 mg /dl). Twenty patients had Increased tibrinogen values (average Increased tibrinogen values were 5.96 ± 1.6 g /1). The analysis for D-dImer was held In 15 patients (average value 348 ± 103.68 ng/ml), 10 people from that with the increased indicators (435 ± 24 ng / ml). Hemorrhagic manifestations occurred in 12 (13.3%) patients, whose history was not burdened. Pronounced xeroderma of the facial region and angular cheilitis were detected in 21 (23.3%) patients. In 80 patients (88.8%), an examination of the mucous membrane of the tongue was observed plaque from white, lightyellowto brown. In 36(40%) patients, pigmentation was detected in the area of the attached gingiva on the upper and lower jaws.Conclusions. With COVID 19 (SARS-CoV-2), changes in oral mucosa are not the primary cause, but appear as a result of drug treatment and disease progression, despite the fact that the oral cavity is one of the sources of entry gates for infection.
Background: Renal allograft recipients develop several complications such as infections and neoplasms.
New onset diabetes mellitus is a common transplant complication but rarely coexist with Kaposi
sarcoma. Case report: We report the case of a 42-year-old banker who presented with polyuria,
polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss and dark spots in the lower limbs 8 months after he had received a
live-related kidney transplant in India. He is not a known diabetic and had no family history of diabetes
mellitus. His post-transplant immunosuppressive drugs included Myfortic® (mycophenolate),
tacrolimus and prednisolone. At presentation he was wasted, dehydrated and afebrile, with multiple
hyperpigmented nodules and plaques in both his lower limbs. Random blood glucose was 38mmol/l,
had 2+ glucosuria and no ketones. Biopsy of skin lesions showed features of Kaposi sarcoma. A
diagnosis of post-transplant diabetes mellitus and Kaposi sarcoma was made. His treatment included
soluble insulin and antibiotics. Tacrolimus was changed to sirolimus and mycophenolate was reduced to
360mg twice daily. Conclusion: Coexistence of diabetes mellitus and Kaposi sarcoma occurs rarely
among kidney transplant recipients. Evaluation of transplant recipient who developed diabetes for
malignancies such as Kaposi sarcoma will improve patient and graft survival.
Introduction: Radiologic differences in the mandible between genders have been evaluated; however, studies are lacking in comparison of prepuberty and postpuberty. The purpose of this study was to measure the gonial angle (GA), ante GA (AGA), bicondylar breadth (BB), mental index (MI), minimum ramus breadth (MRB), bigonial width (BW), and ramus height (RH) on panoramic radiographs obtained from Turkish patients and to elucidate how those measurements relate with age and gender in pre- and post-pubertal period. Materials and Methods: Panoramic radiographs of patients aged between 5 and 50 years old were taken according to the manufacturer's instructions. A total of 760 radiographic images were evaluated (19 groups, n = 40). GA, AGA, BB, MI, MRB, BW, and RH values were measured on digital panoramic radiographs using Java Image Processing Software on the images. The data were analyzed by independent sample t-tests and regression analysis using a software program (P < 0.05). Results: Only AGA values were statistically significant between male and female patients in both prepubertal and postpubertal periods (P < 0.05). A statistically significant difference was found in AGA, BB, MI, MRB, BW, and RH in postpubertal period between male and female patients (P < 0.05). Besides, when the ages between 5 and 20 years were analyzed, all parameters except for GA and AGA were significantly correlated positively with age in both genders. Conclusions: Only AGA values can be used for gender determination both in prepubertal and postpubertal period. In addition, BB, MI, MRB, BW, and RH values were correlated positively with age in both prepubertal and postpubertal groups.
Logan R. Van Nynatten, Aaron L. Johnson, Brennan S. Dirk
et al.
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) accessory protein Nef, plays an essential role in disease progression and pathogenesis via hijacking the host cellular membrane-trafficking machinery. Interestingly, HIV-1 group-M subtypes display differences in the rate of disease progression. However, few reports investigated how the cellular behaviors and activities of Nef isolates from reference strains may differ between HIV-1 group-M subtypes. Here, we characterize how differing cellular distributions of Nef proteins across group-M subtypes may impact protein function using immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometric analysis. We demonstrate that Nef variants isolated from HIV-1 group-M subtypes display differences in expression, with low expressing Nef proteins from reference strains of subtypes G (F1.93.HH8793) and H (BE.93.VI997) also displaying decreased functionality. Additionally, we demonstrate variations in the subcellular distribution and localization of these Nef proteins. Nef from subtype G (F1.93.HH8793) and H (BE.93.VI997) reference strains also failed to colocalize with the trans-Golgi network, and were not differentially localized to cellular markers of multivesicular bodies or lysosomes. Strikingly, our results demonstrate that HIV-1 Nef proteins from reference strains G (F1.93.HH8793) and H (BE.93.VI997) highly colocalize with labeled mitochondrial compartments.
مقدمه: عشایر گروهی از مردم با سطح اقتصاد پایین و تحصیلات اندک و دسترسی محدود به خدمات بهداشتی درمانی هستند. این مطالعه در نظر داشت سلامت دهان و رفتارهای بهداشت دهان و دندان این جمعیت خاص را ارزیابی کند. مواد و روشها: در این مطالعه میدانی، 200 نفر در سنین 18 تا 60 سال توسط نمونه گیری دو مرحله ای (خوشه ای و سپس آسان) از دهستان عشایری و چشمه لنگان شهرستان فریدون شهر در بهار و تابستان 1395 مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. معاینات دندانپزشکی به منظور تعیین شاخصهای دندان های پرشده و کشیده شده و دارای پوسیدگی (DMFT) و شاخص پرودنتال جامعه CPI(Community Periodontal Index) انجام شد. کد 0 نشان دهنده لثه نرمال، کد 1، وجود خونریزی خودبه خودی با همراه پروب، کد 2، نشان دهنده وجود جرم، کد 3، نشان دهنده وجود پاکت 5-4 میلی متری بود. رفتارهای بهداشتی دهان و دندان و هم چنین عادات تغذیه ای از طریق چک لیست ارزیابی شد. دادهها پس از جمع آوری در نرم افزار SPSS با ویرایش 22 وارد شد و آنالیز آماری دادهها به کمک آزمونهای T-test، ANOVA و مجذور کای انجام شد (05/0=α). یافته ها: 83 نفر (5/41 درصد) مرد و 117 نفر (8/58 درصد) زنشامل 163 نفر (5/81 درصد) از دهستان عشایری و 37 نفر (5/18درصد) از دهستان چشمه لنگان بودند. 1/29 درصد (58 نفر) اصلاً دندانها را تمیز نمیکردند و تنها 3 درصد (6 نفر) هر روز مسواک میزدند. میانگین DMFT معادل 6/5±6/9 (28-0) که حدود 56 درصد سهم این شاخص مربوط به کشیدن و 40 درصد پوسیدگی بود. اختلاف معنی داری بین زن و مرد وجود نداشت ولی بین گروههای سنی اختلاف معنی داری مشاهده شد (001/0P