Hasil untuk "Commercial geography. Economic geography"

Jiaxin Liu, Yixuan Tang, Yi Yang et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in decision-making scenarios that involve risk assessment, yet their alignment with human economic rationality remains unclear. In this study, we investigate whether LLMs exhibit risk preferences consistent with human expectations across different personas. Specifically, we assess whether LLM-generated responses reflect appropriate levels of risk aversion or risk-seeking behavior based on individual's persona. Our results reveal that while LLMs make reasonable decisions in simplified, personalized risk contexts, their performance declines in more complex economic decision-making tasks. To address this, we propose an alignment method designed to enhance LLM adherence to persona-specific risk preferences. Our approach improves the economic rationality of LLMs in risk-related applications, offering a step toward more human-aligned AI decision-making.

Bahram Adrangi, Arjun Chatrath, Madhuparna Kolay et al.

The enterprise value (EV) is a crucial metric in company valuation as it encompasses not only equity but also assets and liabilities, offering a comprehensive measure of total value, especially for companies with diverse capital structures. The relationship between economic uncertainty and firm value is rooted in economic theory, with early studies dating back to Sandmo's work in 1971 and further elaborated upon by John Kenneth Galbraith in 1977. Subsequent significant events have underscored the pivotal role of uncertainty in the financial and economic realm. Using a VAR-MIDAS methodology, analysis of accumulated impulse responses reveals that the EV of air carrier firms responds heterogeneously to financial and economic uncertainties, suggesting unique coping strategies. Most firms exhibit negative reactions to recessionary risks and economic policy uncertainties. Financial shocks also elicit varied responses, with positive impacts observed on EV in response to increases in the current ratio and operating income after depreciation. However, high debt levels are unfavorably received by the market, leading to negative EV responses to debt-to-asset ratio shocks. Other financial shocks show mixed or indeterminate impacts on EV.

Yingxuan Yang, Ying Wen, Jun Wang et al.

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has transformed AI agents from passive computational tools into autonomous economic actors. This shift marks the emergence of the agent-centric economy, in which agents take on active economic roles-exchanging value, making strategic decisions, and coordinating actions with minimal human oversight. To realize this vision, we propose Agent Exchange (AEX), a specialized auction platform designed to support the dynamics of the AI agent marketplace. AEX offers an optimized infrastructure for agent coordination and economic participation. Inspired by Real-Time Bidding (RTB) systems in online advertising, AEX serves as the central auction engine, facilitating interactions among four ecosystem components: the User-Side Platform (USP), which translates human goals into agent-executable tasks; the Agent-Side Platform (ASP), responsible for capability representation, performance tracking, and optimization; Agent Hubs, which coordinate agent teams and participate in AEX-hosted auctions; and the Data Management Platform (DMP), ensuring secure knowledge sharing and fair value attribution. We outline the design principles and system architecture of AEX, laying the groundwork for agent-based economic infrastructure in future AI ecosystems.

Francesco Tiralongo, Emanuele Mancini, Raffaele Gattelli et al.

Invasive species are a growing threat to marine ecosystems, and the recent proliferation of the Atlantic blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) in the Po Delta (Italy) has had significant ecological and economic impacts, particularly on clam farming. This study explores the influence of C. sapidus on clam production in the Po Delta, combining biological and ecological data with socio-economic analysis. Field data collected between August and December 2023 from the Canarin and Scardovari Lagoons revealed seasonal fluctuations in crab abundance, with a peak in captures during the warmer months. The predatory behaviour of C. sapidus has led to a sharp decline in clam production, reaching near-zero levels in early 2024. Statistical analysis confirmed a strong correlation between the increase of the invasive crab population and the decrease in clam yields. This study also explores potential management strategies, including the economic valorisation of C. sapidus as a commercial resource, turning an ecological challenge into an opportunity. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted management interventions to mitigate the impact of this invasive species on local fisheries and ecosystems.

Prashant Garg, Thiemo Fetzer

As economics scales, a key bottleneck is representing what papers claim in a comparable, aggregable form. We introduce evidence-annotated claim graphs that map each paper into a directed network of standardized economic concepts (nodes) and stated relationships (edges), with each edge labeled by evidentiary basis, including whether it is supported by causal inference designs or by non-causal evidence. Using a structured multi-stage AI workflow, we construct claim graphs for 44,852 economics papers from 1980-2023. The share of causal edges rises from 7.7% in 1990 to 31.7% in 2020. Measures of causal narrative structure and causal novelty are positively associated with top-five publication and long-run citations, whereas non-causal counterparts are weakly related or negative.

Simplice A. Asongu, Nicholas M. Odhiambo

Abstract This study extends the attendant literature by assessing how financial inclusion moderates the incidence of employment on energy poverty in Ghana. The empirical evidence is based on interactive regressions within the remit of instrumental variables and pooled regressions. The findings show that negative synergies are apparent in the full sample and the male sub-sample, contrary to the rural, urban, and female sub-samples in which the findings are not significant to motivate the computation of net nexuses. It is important to note that negative synergies are apparent because the overall or net negative magnitude is higher than the corresponding unconditional negative magnitude of employment. Accordingly, it implies that while employment is negatively related to energy poverty, when employment is moderated with financial inclusion, the negative relationship tendency is higher. Policy implications are discussed, especially as it pertains to complementing employment strategies with financial inclusion measures in order to attain the UN SDG7 related to affordable and clean energy.

Yixun Kang, Ying Li

This paper investigates the extent to which China's economic growth and development influence poverty levels, focusing on the dichotomy between absolute and relative poverty. Leveraging data from sources like the World Bank, Statista, and Macrotrends, and employing economic frameworks such as the Lewis Model, Poverty Headcount Ratio, and Gini Coefficient, the study examines China's transformation from combating absolute poverty to addressing relative poverty. The findings highlight that robust economic growth from 2011 to 2022, driven by urban development and rural infrastructure investments, successfully eradicated absolute poverty and elevated rural incomes. However, this progress also exacerbated income inequality, as evidenced by a rising Gini Coefficient, complicating efforts to alleviate relative poverty. Through multidimensional analyses encompassing regional disparities, migration patterns, educational access, and societal factors, the paper underscores the dual impact of economic development on poverty alleviation. It concludes by advocating for policies that balance economic growth with equitable resource distribution to tackle persistent relative poverty and foster sustainable development.

Yu Cheng, Qin Yang, Liyang Wang et al.

In the realm of globalized financial markets, commercial banks are confronted with an escalating magnitude of credit risk, thereby imposing heightened requisites upon the security of bank assets and financial stability. This study harnesses advanced neural network techniques, notably the Backpropagation (BP) neural network, to pioneer a novel model for preempting credit risk in commercial banks. The discourse initially scrutinizes conventional financial risk preemptive models, such as ARMA, ARCH, and Logistic regression models, critically analyzing their real-world applications. Subsequently, the exposition elaborates on the construction process of the BP neural network model, encompassing network architecture design, activation function selection, parameter initialization, and objective function construction. Through comparative analysis, the superiority of neural network models in preempting credit risk in commercial banks is elucidated. The experimental segment selects specific bank data, validating the model's predictive accuracy and practicality. Research findings evince that this model efficaciously enhances the foresight and precision of credit risk management.

Tomohiro Hirano, Joseph E. Stiglitz

This paper presents a model that studies the impact of credit expansions arising from increases in collateral values or lower interest rate policies on long-run productivity and economic growth in a two-sector endogenous growth economy, with the driver of growth lying in one sector (manufacturing) but not in the other (real estate). We show that it is not so much aggregate credit expansion that matters for long-run productivity and economic growth but sectoral credit expansions. Credit expansions associated mainly with relaxation of real estate financing (capital investment financing) will be productivity-and growth-retarding (enhancing). Without financial regulations, low interest rates and more expansionary monetary policy may so encourage land speculation using leverage that productive capital investment and economic growth are decreased. Unlike in standard macroeconomic models, in ours, the equilibrium price of land will be finite even if the safe rate of interest is less than the rate of output growth.

MAN MARIANA, CATUTOIU OANA LETITIA

In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between innovation and performance at the level of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It is considered to carry out a literature review in which the data of twenty relevant studies are collected, these constituting the basis from which applied research starts. In the process of reviewing the studies, elements such as the applied research methodology, performance evaluation variables, innovation evaluation variables and the results obtained from the research were identified. The results indicated that through innovation, SMEs can become more profitable. The ability to innovate products, processes, marketing and management has helped improve the business performance of SMEs.

Metaiche Mohammed el Amin

This paper analyzes the challenges and opportunities within Algeria's business environment, focusing on key factors such as administrative procedures, access to credit, investor protection, and the cost of doing business. Using data from the World Bank Group's Doing Business reports, this study identifies the main obstacles facing businesses and provides recommendations to enhance Algeria’s economic competitiveness. The analysis highlights the need to streamline administrative processes, improve access to finance, strengthen investor protection, and reduce operational costs. Additionally, this paper underscores the importance of reviewing and improving the variables and data used by the World Bank Group to ensure better future rankings for Algeria. The findings aim to help policymakers and practitioners gain a comprehensive understanding of the business environment and identify critical areas for reform to foster investment and economic growth.  

Ha Nguyen

Credit risk is a crucial topic in the field of financial stability, especially at this time given the profound impact of the ongoing pandemic on the world economy. This study provides insight into the impact of credit risk on the financial performance of 26 commercial banks in Vietnam for the period from 2006 to 2016. The financial performance of commercial banks is measured by return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and Net interest margin (NIM); credit risk is measured by the Non-performing loan ratio (NPLR); control variables are measured by bank-specific characteristics, including bank size (SIZE), loan loss provision ratio (LLPR), and capital adequacy ratio (CAR), and macroeconomic factors such as annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth and annual inflation rate (INF). The assumption tests show that models have autocorrelation, non-constant variance, and endogeneity. Hence, a dynamic Difference Generalized Method of Moments (dynamic Difference GMM) approach is employed to thoroughly address these problems. The empirical results show that the financial performance of commercial banks measured by ROE and NIM persists from one year to the next. Furthermore, SIZE and NPLR variables have a significant negative effect on ROA and ROE but not on NIM. There is no evidence found in support of the LLPR and CAR variables on models. The effect of GDP growth is statistically significant and positive on ROA, ROE, and NIM, whereas the INF is only found to have a significant positive impact on ROA and NIM.

Yuxin Hu

This article presents an analysis of China's economic evolution amidst demographic changes from 1990 to 2050, offering valuable insights for academia and policymakers. It uniquely intertwines various economic theories with empirical data, examining the impact of an aging population, urbanization, and family dynamics on labor, demand, and productivity. The study's novelty lies in its integration of Classical, Neoclassical, and Endogenous Growth theories, alongside models like Barro and Sala-i-Martin, to contextualize China's economic trajectory. It provides a forward-looking perspective, utilizing econometric methods to predict future trends, and suggests practical policy implications. This comprehensive approach sheds light on managing demographic transitions in a global context, making it a significant contribution to the field of demographic economics.

SANDA MIHAI-RĂZVAN, MILITARU ELIAN-GABRIEL

Supreme audit institutions (SAIs) have recently undergone major paradigm shifts regarding their role and purpose in the public framework, starting from simple guardians of public finances to becoming a provider of consultancy and foresight for the optimization of public mechanisms and policies. However, the current trend stems from their own preoccupation for social accountability and relevance, while their legal framework lags behind, often antiquated in design and approach. Furthermore, the diversity in SAIs’ mandates, organizational models and relation to legislature, coupled with somewhat overlapping SAI theoretical models, led us to perform an in-depth research on the constitutional and legal framework of EU member states’ SAIs, in order to better bring to light their constitutional or parliamentary origins, the relation to governments and parliaments and their governance typology. The research contributes by adding clarity to a less-researched field – that of supreme audit institutions and their legal foundation. To our best knowledge, this is the first EU-wide comparative study of the constitutional al legal framework that underpins the member states’ SAIs and its results help better classify some of the European SAIs, even changing some of their governing models from their own description.

Said SAIL

The aim of this research is to discover the reality of Euro-Mediterranean cooperation in the field of fossil and renewable energies, And to accomplish this study, we adopted a scientific methodology that focuses on the use of the descriptive and analytical approaches.We have reached the conclusion That, the development of renewable energy, is still below the level of cooperation reached by the two parties in fossil energy.

POPEANGĂ VASILE NICOLAE

To achieve the projected objectives of the European customs policy, customs regimes play a decisive role. Within them, the special ones are extremely important, because they provide economic operators with a series of facilities, which allow them to increase their competitiveness in the global commercial competition. In our analysis, we carry out a review of the normative and operational requirements of each special customs regime, as well as a presentation of its advantages, noting their overall positive contribution to the activity of European entrepreneurs.

Muhammad Amir Qureshi, A. Lal, M. S. Nawaz-ul-Rehman et al.

Plant viruses are responsible for the most devastating and commercially significant plant diseases, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. The genus begomovirus is the largest one in the family Geminiviridae, with a single-stranded DNA genome, either monopartite or bipartite. Begomoviruses are transmitted by insect vectors, such as Bemisia tabaci. Begomoviruses are the major causative agents of diseases in agriculture globally. Because of their diversity and mode of evolution, they are thought to be geographic specific. The emerging begomoviruses are of serious concern due to their increasing host range and geographical expansion. Several begomoviruses of Asiatic origin have been reported in Europe, causing massive economic losses; insect-borne transmission of viruses is a critical factor in virus outbreaks in new geographical regions. This review highlights crucial information regarding Asia’s four emerging and highly destructive begomoviruses. We also provided information regarding several less common but still potentially important pathogens of different crops. This information will aid possible direction of future studies in adopting preventive measures to combat these emerging viruses.

Jacob Crossley, A. N. M. Taufiq Elahi, Mohammad Ghashami et al.

In this article, we present a cost-effective approach to the precision measurement of heat flux using commercial thermoelectric modules (TEMs). Two different methods of measuring heat flux with TEMs are investigated, namely passive mode based on the Seebeck effect and active mode based on the Peltier effect. For both modes, a TEM as a heat fluxmeter is calibrated to show a linear relation between the voltage across the TEM and the heat flow rate from 0 to 100 mW. While both modes exhibit sufficiently high sensitivities suitable for low heat flow measurement, active mode is shown to be $\sim$7 times more sensitive than passive mode. From the speculation on the origin of the measurement uncertainty, we propose a dual TEM scheme by operating the top TEM in passive mode while its bottom temperature maintains constant by the feedback-controlled bottom TEM. The dual-TEM scheme can suppress the sensitivity uncertainty by up to 4 times when compared to the single-TEM passive mode by stabilizing the bottom temperature. The response time of a 1.5 cm $\times$ 1.5 cm TEM is measured to be 8.90 $\pm$ 0.97 seconds for heating and 10.83 $\pm$ 0.65 seconds for cooling, which is slower than commercial heat fluxmeters but still fast enough to measure heat flux with a time resolution on the order of 10 seconds. We believe that the obtained results can facilitate the use of a commercial TEM for heat flux measurement in various thermal experiments

Becky Pham, Weiyu Zhang

Existing literature on digital signage is growing but has not always emphasized the cognitive processes of the audience. This research aims to address this gap by studying how young women in Singapore cognize commercial digital signage in shopping malls and what cause them to do so. Using cognitive ethnography and taking the situated action approach, our findings suggest a comprehensive list of factors, both external and internal, that influence young women's cognition of commercial digital signage in both positive and negative ways. The research's practical implications are discussed.

David Carriere-Acco

This article relates lessons learned about Indigenous supplier engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic. It explores how the Public Services and Procurement Canada (PSPC), Indigenous Services Canada (ISC), and the National Indigenous Organization partnered to form a COVID-19 supplier taskforce to drive PPE and COVID-related service contracting opportunities to Indigenous suppliers to help businesses survive a prolonged economic shutdown. It was successful when both governments and organizations found a way to work together. Challenges included determining ways to support long-term working relationships and agreements, developing required tools and processes, and identifying contracting opportunities. This article describes the journey partners took under the leadership of Cando. Finally, the article concludes with actions taken by the taskforce to ensure that Indigenous suppliers have a place in Canada's economic recovery.