Hasil untuk "Cattle"

Changbo Chen, Yuzhu Sha, Xiaoqiang Zhang et al.

To investigate the impact of maternal microbiota during lactation in different beef cattle breeds on their own immune levels, milk quality, and the growth and development of their offspring, this study measured the immune parameters, intestinal microbiota diversity, and milk quality of Pingliang red cattle and Simmental cattle, and performed a correlation analysis with the growth and development of their offspring. Our study showed that during lactation, Pingliang red cattle had significantly higher IL-6 levels than Simmental cattle, while the latter exhibited higher levels of immune factors such as IgG, IgA, IgM, IL-1β, and TNFα. The analysis of the intestinal microbiota of lactating cows found that Pingliang red cattle were rich in <i>Bacteroidetes</i> and <i>Fibrobacteres</i>, while Simmental cattle had a higher proportion of Actinobacteria. This difference may be related to the different adaptation strategies in energy metabolism and immune regulation between the two breeds. In addition, the analysis of milk quality between different beef cattle breeds revealed significant differences in protein, acidity, milk fat, and total solids. The correlation analysis found that <i>Alistipes_communis</i>, <i>Firmicutes_bacterium_CAG_110</i>, <i>Alistipes_communis</i>, <i>Paludibacter_propionicigenes</i>, <i>Alistipes_sp._58_9_plus</i>, and <i>Bacteroidales_bacterium_55_9</i> were associated with both milk quality and the growth of offspring calves, including body weight, body length, chest girth, and cannon circumference. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the intestinal microbiota, immune characteristics, and their effects on offspring health in different beef cattle breeds, and has important implications for breed selection and management strategies in the livestock industry.

Olga Wellnitz, Benjamin Jenni, Natascha Stoffel et al.

Oxytocin (OT), the peptide hormone whose release from the pituitary is essential to induce milk ejection, has been measured in blood plasma of dairy cows for decades. In the present study we tested the possible use of saliva instead of blood sampling to record OT release by using a commercially available ELISA for salivary OT measurement both in saliva and blood plasma. Measurements were performed to detect the expected OT increase in response to intravenous OT injections and during machine milking. Three dairy cows were injected with increasing dosages (0.5, 1, 5, and 10 IU i.v.) of OT, and blood and saliva samples were repeatedly taken during 1 h after injection. Furthermore, 5 cows were milked and blood and saliva samples were taken during and until 20 min after milking. To verify the expected release of OT during milking, we used our established RIA for measurements in plasma in parallel to ELISA measurements. Our results showed that the commercial ELISA kit used was able to detect the OT concentrations in both saliva and plasma. The massive increase of OT concentration after OT injection and during milking could be detected in plasma with both RIA and ELISA. However, we did not observe any change of salivary OT within the duration of the experiments. Our results showed that short-term increases in blood plasma OT, such as in response to OT injection or milking, were not reflected by increasing salivary OT concentrations.

Marcos Busanello, Maihury Corrêa Santo, Rodrigo de Almeida

The relationship between live BW (LBW) and mature BW (MBW) is critical for formulating optimal diets in dairy cattle, particularly regarding target BW (TBW) growth. Current nutritional guidelines suggest dairy cows reach MBW by the third calving (based on Holstein data), whereas beef cows reach it by the fourth calving. This study investigated LBW variations among different parities in Holstein and Jersey lactating cows, assessing the applicability of established proportion of MBW (%MBW) values across breeds. An observational study was conducted in dairy herds in Paraná State, Southern Brazil, comprising 19 Holstein and 9 Jersey herds, collecting LBW data at various growth stages. Nonlinear mixed models indicated MBW values of 705 kg for Holsteins and 460 kg for Jerseys, with Jersey cows showing faster maturation rate. Our findings revealed both breeds achieved recommended TBW verified by the %MBW at critical growth stages, but primiparous Jerseys exceeded the recommended values at first calving. Notably, while Holstein cows reach MBW by their third lactation, Jersey cows seem to achieve it by the fourth lactation, similar to beef cattle. This highlights the need for revised nutritional standards that better reflect the growth potential of different dairy breeds.

Vanessa Nunes Leal, Tiago do Prado Paim, Darliane de Castro Santos et al.

Integrated crop-livestock systems play a crucial hole on sustainable intensification due simultaneous increase the land use efficiency and minimize nutrient leaching due an intensification of nutrient cycling. However, these benefits depend on a good planning and management of the production system. The main objective of this study was to investigate biomass composition, soybean yield and beef cattle performance using three distinct forage cultivars within two cropping systems: Integrated Crop-Livestock System (ICLS) and the Pure Crop System (CS). The three forage cultivars used were: Urochloa ruziziensis, Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés, and Megathyrsus maximus cv. BRS Quênia. The experimental area was split into 24 plots, with each plot assigned one of the cropping systems and a specific forage cultivar. The ICLS involved soybean cultivation during spring-summer followed by cattle grazing during the autumn-winter. Conversely, the CS functioned as a pure crop system, utilizing soybean cultivation alongside forage as a cover crop. Soybean yield did not differ between ICLS and CS, neither between forage cultivars (4110 ± 627.0 kg ha−1). Animal performance did not differ between forage cultivars, resulting in average daily gain equals to 0.538 ± 0.316 kg of BW day−1. Animal production per area also was not affected by forage cultivars, yielding 145.0 ± 56.8 kg of BW ha−1. For comparison between systems, beef cattle production was converted in soybean equivalent based on commodities values. ICLS proportionated an increment of 624 ± 135 kg ha−1 per year of soybean equivalent yield, representing 15% increase in land use efficiency compared to the CS system. Therefore, beef cattle grazing in off-season of cash crops can enhance the sustainable intensification of food production. The forage species choice seems not be a paramount question for this model of ICLS.

Tatiana Labre da Silva, Fernanda de Jorge Gouvêa

Minas Frescal cheese is a relevant nutritional source in the diet, and its consumption is expressive and growing. However, the unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol present in its lipid fraction are susceptible to oxidation, with implications for health issues, due to quality losses and the formation of harmful compounds for consumers. Due to the importance of dairy products associated with the enhancement of food quality and clean production practices, it is important to the lipid fraction, identifying the composition of fatty acids and cholesterol content. The food industry uses different strategies for the use of antioxidants to reduce lipid oxidation and increase shelf life. Herbs and spices are natural ingredients widely used not only as a food flavoring but also for their health attributes. The present study is a literature review on the lipid composition of Minas Frescal cheese and the use of natural additives to protect against lipid oxidation. Thus, the use of vegetable sources in Minas Frescal cheese, in addition to providing flavor, aroma, and color, is an option for natural preservatives to replace synthetic additives, and presents antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer compounds, with protective potential against undesirable reactions, corroborating to consumer demand for healthy food.

J. Denis-Robichaud, N. Barbeau-Grégoire, M.-L. Gauthier et al.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the validity of laboratory culture, Petrifilm and Tri-Plate on-farm culture systems, as well as luminometry to correctly identify IMI at dry-off in dairy cows, considering all tests to be imperfect. From September 2020 until December 2021, we collected composite milk samples from cows before dry-off and divided them into 4 aliquots for luminometry, Petrifilm (aerobic count), Tri-Plate, and laboratory culture tests. We assessed multiple thresholds of relative light units (RLU) for luminometry, and we used thresholds of ≥100 cfu/mL for the laboratory culture, ≥50 cfu/mL for Petrifilm, and ≥1 cfu for Tri-Plate tests. We fitted Bayesian latent class analysis models to estimate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) for each test to identify IMI, with 95% credibility interval (BCI). Using different prevalence measures (0.30, 0.50, and 0.70), we calculated the predictive values (PV) and misclassification cost terms (MCT) at different false negative-to-false-positive ratios (FN:FP). A total of 333 cows were enrolled in the study from one commercial Holstein herd. The validity of the luminometry was poor for all thresholds, with an Se of 0.51 (95% BCI = 0.43–0.59) and Sp of 0.38 (95% BCI = 0.26–0.50) when using a threshold of ≥150 RLU. The laboratory culture had an Se of 0.93 (95% BCI = 0.85–0.98) and Sp of 0.69 (95% BCI = 0.49–0.89); the Petrifilm had an Se of 0.91 (95% BCI = 0.80–0.98) and Sp of 0.71 (95% BCI = 0.51–0.90); and the Tri-Plate had an Se of 0.65 (95% BCI = 0.53–0.82) and Sp of 0.85 (95% BCI = 0.66–0.97). Bacteriological tests had good PV, with comparable positive PV for all 3 tests, but lower negative PV for the Tri-Plate compared with the laboratory culture and the Petrifilm. For a prevalence of IMI of 0.30, all 3 tests had similar MCT, but for prevalence of 0.50 and 0.70, the Tri-Plate had higher MCT in scenarios where leaving a cow with IMI untreated is considered to have greater detrimental effects than treating a healthy cow (i.e., FN:FP of 3:1). Our results showed that the bacteriological tests have adequate validity to diagnose IMI at dry-off, but luminometry does not. We concluded that although luminometry is not useful to identify IMI at dry-off, the Petrifilm and Tri-Plate tests performed similarly to laboratory culture, depending on the prevalence and importance of the FP and FN results.

Yue Hu, Klaus J. Dehmer, Evelin Willner et al.

Legumes have a high demand for phosphorus (P) but also have effective physiological and morphological strategies of P mobilisation. In order to evaluate the inter- and intraspecific P efficiency of small-grain legumes under contrasting long-term P management, eight accessions each of alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i> L.) and red clover (<i>Trifolium pratense</i> L.) were cultivated in two consecutive growing periods from 2020 to 2021 in a field trial established in 1998. Six treatments (no P, triple-superphosphate (TSP), biomass ash, cattle manure, biowaste compost, and biowaste compost + TSP) were considered as P sources. While the yield clearly varied between both growing seasons, the differences between alfalfa and red clover were relatively small (4.7 vs. 4.9 Mg ha⁻¹ in 2020 and 12.0 vs. 10.5 Mg ha⁻¹ in 2021, <i>p</i> < 0.05). Even after more than 20 years of P management, crop yields were hardly affected by mineral P sources (TSP and biomass ash) while organic fertilisers increased the yields and nutrient uptake of plants and also raised soil P pools and the activities of soil enzymes in comparison to the control. A relevant crop effect was only found for the nitrogen (N) leaching with higher mineral N contents in 60 to 90 cm soil depth measured for red clover compared to alfalfa (11.8 vs. 4.8 kg ha⁻¹, <i>p</i> < 0.05). Our results emphasise the high P efficiency of small-grain legumes without pronounced inter- or intraspecific differences. The yield-enhancing effect of organic amendments was related to higher soil fertility rather than to P supply.

Razieh Eshraghisamani, Amanda J. Mirto, Joyce Wang et al.

To cause disease Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis needs to enter mammalian cells, arrest phagosomal maturation and manipulate the host immune system. The genetic basis of the bacterial capacity to achieve these outcomes remains largely unknown. Identifying these genes would allow us to gain a deeper understanding of MAP’s pathogenesis and potentially develop a live attenuated Johne’s disease vaccine by knocking out these genes. MAP genes demonstrated to be essential for colonization in the natural host, ruminants, are unknown. Genome-wide transposon mutagenesis and high-throughput sequencing were combined to evaluate the essentiality of each coding region in the bacterial genome to survive in dairy calves. A saturated library of 3,852 MAP Tn mutants, with insertions in 56% of TA sites, interrupting 88% of genes, was created using a MycoMarT7 phagemid containing a mariner transposon. Six calves were inoculated with a high dose of a library of MAP mutants, 1011 CFUs, (input) at 2 weeks of age. Following 2 months of incubation, MAP cells were isolated from the ileum, jejunum, and their associated lymph nodes of calves, resulting in approximately 100,000 colonies grown on solid media across 6 animals (output). Targeted next-generation sequencing was used to identify the disrupted genes in all the mutants in the input pool and the output pool recovered from the tissues to identify in vivo essential genes. Statistical analysis for the determination of essential genes was performed by a Hidden Markov Model (HMM), categorizing genes into essential genes that are devoid of insertions and growth-defect genes whose disruption impairs the growth of the organism. Sequence analysis identified 430 in vivo essential and 260 in vivo growth-defect genes. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of the in vivo essential and growth-defect genes with the highest reduction in the tissues revealed a high representation of genes involved in metabolism and respiration, cell wall and cell processing, virulence, and information pathway processes. This study has systematically identified essential genes for the growth and persistence of MAP in the natural host body.

C.F.A. Lage, S.E. Räisänen, H. Stefenoni et al.

Odalis Carrera Sáname , Ángel Ceró Rizo , Roberto Vázquez Montes de Oca et al.

To estimate the repeatability values of productive and reproductive traits, 257 observations were made to 34 river buffalo cows on a dairy buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) farm, at Ruta Invasora Cattle Company, in Ciego de Ávila, Cuba. The buffalo herds were naturally bred, and were manually milked between 4:00 and 6:00 am; the animals grazed on native and introduced grass all the year. One stud was used per of 30-40 cows. The reproduction data were collected from individual control charts, which included the calving number, weight at weaning (WW), weight at breeding start (WBS), calving-calving interval (CCI), and milk production (MP). SPSS, version 23, for Windows was used to estimate the repeatability of the variables studied (weight at weaning, weight at breeding start, calving interval, and milk production), according to the variance components by the general linear model for inter and intra cow variance components. The repeatability values achieved were 0.41 ± 0.03 for WW; 0.50 ± 0.04 for IWM; 0.01 ± 0.03 for CCI; and 0.65 ± 0.06 for MP. High repeatability values for milk production occurred thanks to the absence of previous genetic selection.

Gleidiana Amélia Pontes de Almeida, Marcelo de Andrade Ferreira, Janaina de Lima Silva et al.

Objective The study aimed to evaluate sugarcane bagasse as roughage in lactating cow on feed intake, digestibility, ingestive behavior, milk production and composition, and microbial protein synthesis. Methods Ten Girolando cows at initial body weight of 450±25.6 kg and at 143.7±30.7 days in milk were assigned in two 5×5 Latin square designs. Five 21-day experimental periods were adopted (1° to 14-day: diets adaptation period; 15° to 21-day: data collection and sampling period). The diets consisted of four different levels of sugarcane bagasse (45%, 50%, 55%, and 60%) and a control diet, commonly adopted in the region, based on spineless cactus (25% sugarcane bagasse), formulated to meet 12 kg/d milk yield. Results The dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and total digestible nutrients intakes and DM and OM digestibilities observed for 45% and 50% bagasse inclusion were similar to control diet, while that 55% and 60% bagasse inclusion were lower. Cows fed control diet, and bagasse diets of 45%, and 50% levels had the nutritional requirements attended, that guaranteed 12 kg/d of milk yield. The crude protein intake and digestibility of cows fed 45%, 50%, and 55% of bagasse inclusion were similar to control diet. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake and digestibility differ for all bagasse diets related to control diet, while the non-fiber carbohydrates intake and digestibility for cows fed 45% of bagasse were similar for control diet. The intakes and digestibilities of nutrients decreased linearly in function of bagasse inclusion; NDF and indigestible NDF intakes did not vary. The ruminating time, feeding and rumination efficiency, microbial protein synthesis and milk yield decreased linearly with sugarcane bagasse inclusion. Conclusion Sugarcane bagasse decreases milk production; however, its inclusion level in between 45% to 50% associated to concentrate could replace diets based on spineless cactus for crossbred dairy cow's producing 12 kg/d of milk.

Čengić Benjamin, Varatanović Nazif, Mutevelić Tarik et al.

Clinical and subclinical disorders and diseases cause reproductive failures and decline in milk production. Etiology of disorders is mainly because of pathological effect of microorganisms, lapses in nutrition and lodging, as well as in management. After partition, body is under stress and milk yield is highest, which favors appearance of metabolic and infective diseases. Status of puerperium, number of lactation, body condition score and season of parturition, have highest effect to cyclic ovarian activity. Regular development of dominant follicles, ovulation, formation of corpus luteum and luteolysis is necessary for establishment of regular cyclic ovarian activity, which leads to better fertility. Experiment had included 50 cows during first 52 days of lactation. Cows were separated in two main groups, those with normal puerperium - NP (n=32) and abnormal puerperium - AP (n=18). Examinations have been performed during period of 6 to 52 days postpartum. Ovarian dominant follicles have been observed using diagnostic ultrasound linear scanner. The highest number of dominant follicles are present during first two examinations, then their number declines and later in last two examinations rise again. Decrease in number of dominant follicles in both groups is most expressed in period of 14-30 days. During first examination, left ovaries have more dominant follicles, compared with right ovaries, while during later examinations, it is changed in favor of right ovaries. Increased number of vital dominant follicles from period 38-45 days postpartum and absence of abnormal uterine content in lumen in same period postpartum is sign of upcoming fertile estrus.

Т. Hryhorenko, N. Savenko, А. Bazaieva et al.

Purpose. To investigate the effect of the bacterial fertilizer "Phosphobacterin" on the formation of the hydrochemical regime, development of the natural food supply and fish productivity in the growing ponds. Methodology. The work was conducted according to generally accepted hydrochemical,, microbiological, hydrobiological and fish farming methods. Findings The article presents the results of a study of the productivity of growing ponds with different methods of the application of the bacterial fertilizer "Phosphobacterin". It was found that the hydrochemical regime of the experimental ponds was formed under the effect of the source of water supply and measures aimed at intensifying the development of the natural food supply and was favorable for the development of feed organisms and the cultivation of fish seeds. Application of the bacterial fertilizer at the beginning of the growing season along the water pond surface proved to be little effective for increasing the productivity of the pond ecosystem as a whole. A more effective method of increasing biological productivity, including fish productivity of growing ponds, was the application of "Phosphobacterin" during the growing season both on the bed and on the water surface in combination with the organic fertilizer - cattle humus. In the experimental pond under complex fertilization, the average phytoplankton biomass during the growing season was 1.5 times, bacterioplankton 1.1 times, zoobenthos 2.6 times higher, and the obtained total fish productivity was 1.2 times higher than in the control pond (when applying only cattle humus). Originality. The peculiarities of formation of hydrochemical and hydrobiological (phyto-, bacterio-, zooplankton, zoobenthos) regimes of growing ponds and the fishery indices are studied, both for bacterial fertilizer "Phosphobacterin" independently and together with the traditional organic fertilizer - cattle humus. Practical value. Based on the obtained results, we developed temporary recommendations for using the bacterial fertilizer "Phosphobacterin" to increase the productivity of growing ponds.

Suprio Guntoro, Anak Agung Ngurah Badung Sarmuda Dinata, I Wayan Sudarma

The development of free-range chicken farm is constrained by expensive food prices. On the other hand,feses of cattle had potential use as a source of feed. This study was conducted to determine the response ofcow feses and probiotics administration in the diet of laying range chicken. The study was conducted over 6months using 240 free-range chickens aged 8 months. Research was arranged in a completely randomized designwith 8 treatments and 5 replications. The treatment given were ration in accordance with the farmers formulacomprising: concentrate: 25%, corn 40% and rice bran 35% (P0) and ration as P0, with the substitution of ricebran with fermented cow feses each treatment with level 10 % (P1), 15% (P2) and 20% (P3) and ration as atP0, P1, P2 and P3 that received additional probiotic (Bio L) 1 cc / L of drinking water (P4, P5, P6 and P7). Theparameters were observed are: egg production (hen day), egg weight, feed intake, FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio)mortality and physical composition of eggs. The results showed that the diet which containing fermented cowfeses 20% did not decreased egg production and feed efficiency. The combination of fermented cow feses at thelevel of 20% with a probiotic (Bio L) 1 cc / L of drinking water showed that egg production  increased althoughit is not significant and reduce the number of FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio). In conclusion the use of fermentedcow feses up to the level of 20% in the diet both with and without the administration of probiotics, has no effecton physical composition of eggs.

Annytha Ina Rohi Detha, Frans Umbu Datta

Objective: Sopi and Moke are two traditional wines in Indonesia. The present study aimed at investigating the antimicrobial effects of Sopi and Moke as compared to other commercial disinfectants. Materials and methods: The alcohol level and pH of the traditional wines (Sopi and Moke) were determined by alcohol meter and pH meter, respectively. The susceptibility test was perfomed to determine the antimicrobial activity of Sopi against Escherichia coli which was isolated from cattle, and the activity of Moke was tested against Salmonella sp. which was a local isolate of poultry. Results: In susceptibility test, Sopi showed 17.5 mm in zone of inhibition against E. coli, while Formades and reg;, a commercial disinfectant showed 16 mm of zone of inhibition against the same bacteria. Moke showed 17.5 mm inhibition zone against Salmonella sp., whereas Antisep and reg;, a commercial disinfectant had 28 mm of inhibition zone against the same isolate. Conclusion: The results indicate that Sopi and Moke have antimicrobial effects on E. coli and Salmonella sp., respectively. The findings of this study suggest that Sopi and Moke can be used as potential antimicrobial agents. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(3.000): 282-285]

Reginaldo Nassar Ferreira , Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel , Rosemary Laís Galati et al.

The study was conducted to evaluated the site and extent of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), methionine (Met), lysine (Lys), and threonine (Thr) digestion of corn and byproducts obtained from corn germ mixed with different amounts of extruded or non-extruded ether extract (EE) in dairy cattle. Treatments consisted in eight types of feed and two processing in a 4 × 2 factorial design. There were four feeds: corn grain cracked (Corn), corn germ meal with 1% EE (CG1), corn germ meal with 7% EE (CG7), and corn germ meal with 10% EE (CG10). The feeds were processed in one of two ways: extruded (Ex) and not extruded. In situ techniques were used to determine DM, CP, Met, Lys, and Thr partial and total tract digestion. A basic diet was compounded of corn germ meal, soybean meal and coastcross hay in a 70:30 roughage to concentrate ratio. There was no interaction (P>0.05) between feeds and processing method. Extrusion improved (P<0.05) total tract digestibility of corn DM but not CP. Intestinal digestibility was similar (P>0.05) for corn and corn germ meal mixed with 7 and 10% EE, regardless of EE processing method. The CP total tract digestibility of corn germ meal with 1% nonextruded EE was 16.62% higher (P<0.05) than that of the extruded form. The best total CP digestibility was obtained for corn germ meal with 7% EE, independently of the processing method. The effects of EE processing method on partial and total digestibility differed between amino acid. Corn and corn byproduct extrusion may improve dry matter digestibility, but do not necessarily influence crude protein digestion. Ruminal and intestinal digestibility of Met, Lys, and Thr depends on both feed type and processing method. Therefore, amino acid availability should be considered individually.

Z. Edea, M.S.A. Bhuiyan, T. Dessie et al.

Knowledge about genetic diversity and population structure is useful for designing effective strategies to improve the production, management and conservation of farm animal genetic resources. Here, we present a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of genetic diversity, population structure and admixture based on 244 animals sampled from 10 cattle populations in Asia and Africa and genotyped for 69 903 autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mainly derived from the indicine breed. Principal component analysis, STRUCTURE and distance analysis from high-density SNP data clearly revealed that the largest genetic difference occurred between the two domestic lineages (taurine and indicine), whereas Ethiopian cattle populations represent a mosaic of the humped zebu and taurine. Estimation of the genetic influence of zebu and taurine revealed that Ethiopian cattle were characterized by considerable levels of introgression from South Asian zebu, whereas Bangladeshi populations shared very low taurine ancestry. The relationships among Ethiopian cattle populations reflect their history of origin and admixture rather than phenotype-based distinctions. The high within-individual genetic variability observed in Ethiopian cattle represents an untapped opportunity for adaptation to changing environments and for implementation of within-breed genetic improvement schemes. Our results provide a basis for future applications of genome-wide SNP data to exploit the unique genetic makeup of indigenous cattle breeds and to facilitate their improvement and conservation.

S. Grant, D. E. Suckling, H. K. Smith et al.

D. Poppi, D. Minson, J. Ternouth