This article examines the history of customs operations in Yalta Uyezd of Taurida Governorate in the second half of the 19th century. Based on archival documents (some of them are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time), the article traces the main stages of the customs structures on the Southern Coast of Crimea: the Yalta customs outpost (which later received the status of customs) and the Alushta customs transit point. One of the distinctive features of their operations was the emergence of the Crimean Riviera as one of the most attractive resort regions of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century, which led to a significant influx of Russian citizens for recreation and medical treatment. This was followed by the active development of the entire resort infrastructure of the Southern Coast of Crimea as well as an increase in the volume of trade transactions conducted through the customs offices located there. The documents on their establishment, staff, and activities, reports and dispatches from representatives of the regional administration, lists of employees and other materials studied by the author made it possible to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the activities of these bodies. The specific features of their administrative communications and the content of business correspondence with higher-level agencies were revealed. The information on trade turnover, the powers of customs officials, and their activities was ascertained. The information on measures taken against individuals deemed politically unreliable by the authorities, goods prohibited from import into the empire, and organization of anti-smuggling measures was obtained. The information on the control and accounting of export-import transactions conducted through the Yalta customs office and the Alushta customs transit point was analyzed.
History of Civilization, History (General) and history of Europe
Riccardo Montanari, Philippe Colomban, Maria Francesca Alberghina
et al.
There has been long-standing debate as to whether <i>Kami Fumi-e</i> (paper images to be trampled on) had actually been used in image trampling sessions as part of the 250-year persecution of Christianity enforced by the Tokugawa Shogunate. Sacred images of Christianity officially recorded to have been trampled on are housed in the permanent collection of the Tokyo National Museum and are almost uniquely made of metal alloy. The controversy regarding paper images, apart from the medium being considered unsuitable for such extreme use, was fueled by the appearance of a significant number of them in museum collections and institutions worldwide in the 20th century. Most of the prints bear dates from different eras of the Edo period, sometimes hundreds of years apart; therefore, long-standing arguments regarding their authenticity marked the last century. In order to distinguish later copies from potentially original pieces, if ever existed, XRF, Raman, and FTIR analytical techniques were used to study the materials characterizing them. In addition, detailed observation of the main visual features (overall design composition, inscriptions, paper support, etc.) was carried out to highlight potential discrepancies that could pair with scientific evidence and lead to a definitive conclusion.
Andrei Crisan, Massimiliano Pepe, Domenica Costantino
et al.
Cultural heritage conservation demands interdisciplinary and complex documentation and analysis while facing increasing pressure to adopt sustainable and productive practices. This paper bridges these gaps by proposing a methodology and a set of requirements for Building Information Modeling (BIM) models aligned with European directives for sustainability and productivity in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector. Leveraging 3D scanning and intelligent models, we establish information needs specific to conservation, encompassing material properties, historical data, and decay analysis. Interoperability, compatibility with advanced analytical tools, and open-source formats are emphasized for seamless data integration and accessibility. We further introduce two use cases for BIM-enabled heritage conservation, illustrating the application of our proposed methodology in real-world scenarios. These cases exemplify how BIM models cater to the specific needs of cultural heritage sites, from their initial condition assessment to ongoing preservation efforts. Through these examples, we demonstrate the adaptability of BIM technology in capturing and managing the complex information associated with heritage conservation, including structural details, material characteristics, and historical significance. Our work highlights the potential of BIM to revolutionize heritage conservation practices, offering a digital backbone for documentation, analysis, and management that aligns with sustainability and productivity goals.
Ignacio Clemente-Conte, Ermengol Gassiot Ballbè, Javier Rey Lanaspa
et al.
Con este trabajo queremos llamar la atención sobre el proceso de excavación y análisis de materiales líticos provenientes de contextos calizos, como son los correspondientes a la vertiente sur de los Pirineos. La experiencia adquirida durante la excavación de Coro Trasito (Tella-Sin, Huesca) nos ha permitido distinguir entre los clastos y los fragmentos naturales de la propia cueva, una serie de lascas y fragmentos de caliza que presentan rastros de haber sido utilizados como instrumentos de trabajo. Este conjunto supone el 33,3% de los restos líticos recuperados en el sitio, porcentaje similar al del sílex (un 33,1%). En este conteo no se contemplan los cantos en caliza, que sí se han registrado en otros sitios del Neolítico antiguo del Pirineo central. La ausencia de este registro en otros yacimientos no permite realizar comparaciones en cuanto al desarrollo tecnológico de los grupos neolíticos que habitaron ese territorio.
Denis Solène, Burnez-Lanotte Laurence, Trampota František
Technological analysis of variations in blade production and the flow of siliceous raw materials revealed new understandings of different types of socio-economic functioning on a supra-regional scale. In this article, we are focusing on supra-regional relationships between technical groups and the social dynamics involved in early Neolithic mobility within the communities of East Belgium. A detailed technological analysis was done to highlight discrete characteristics that permit the identification of distinct technical groups within the village of Vaux-et-Borset. Four technical groups have been identified in the Blicquy/Villeneuve-Saint-Germain village, whereas two technical groups have been highlighted for the previous Linear Pottery culture (LPC) occupation. The search for the origin of the different technical groups was to understand the micro-processes of Neolithization in East Belgium. A central area with a high-density population during the pioneer LPC colonization, Hesbaye became a peripheral occupation area of the Blicquy/Villeneuve-Saint-Germain culture. This fringe territory seemed to attract neighbouring communities in different ways. Multidirectional dynamics seems to characterize this small territory leading to the coexistence of a high diversity of technical groups.
The case history in the colonial context was a hybrid form, caught between bureaucratic pressures toward racialization, aggregation, and generalization, on the one hand, and the individualistic bias of the genre, on the other. This tension posed a problem for colonial rulers. In their drive to harvest neat, ideologically reliable knowledge about the minds of colonial subjects, officials and researchers in the 20th-century British Empire read case histories in selective ways, pared them down to simplistic fables, and ultimately bypassed them whenever they could. In other words, although they worked mightily to bend the case history to their purposes, they never fully succeeded. The authority granted to personal testimony and the capaciousness of the detail in case histories always contained a subversive potential. As a result, the politics of the colonial case history were underdetermined, overflowing the categories and resisting the generalizations that colonial rulers sought to impose.
V prispevku sta predstavljeni analiza in interpretacija posnetkov lidar površja slovenskega Krasa. Ugotovljeni so bile različne oblike in vzorci parcelacij, domnevno iz obdobja prazgodovine in antike. Ti so bili razvrščeni v skupine glede na obliko parcel in načina delitve zemlje. Narejen je bil poskus predstavitve njihovega sosledja ter s tem rekonstrukcija nastanka in razvoja kulturne krajine.
I reconstruct my own journey into the history of the human sciences, which I show to have been a process of discovering the metaphysical standing of the human. I begin with Alexandre Koyré’s encounter with Edmund Husserl in the 1930s, which I use to throw light on the legacy of Kant’s ‘anthropological’ understanding of the human, which dominated and limited 19th-century science. As I show, those who broke from Kant’s strictures and set the stage for the 20th-century revolutions in science - from Hegel, to John McTaggart, to Max Weber - typically were pursuing crypto-theological questions about how a finite being can comprehend an infinite universe. This journey is about the ‘common measure’ of being human, which is what links Plato to Kuhn, but has been most consistently taken up by law. I suggest that in seeking this ‘measure of man’, we may discover that to be human is not necessarily to be Homo sapiens, which would suggest a radical reorientation of the history of the human sciences.
The comparative analysis of folk-names lists from the Jordanes’ Getica 116 (“Hermanaric’s arctoi gentes” in author’s reconstruction, information comes from the middle 4th century AD) and early Russian chronicles points towards the independent character of both sources showcasing dynamic changes in the ethnic and linguistic map of Eastern Europe between the 4th and the 10–11th centuries. The fi rst three names of the Hermanaric’s list are addressed further. In Aunxis Vas must have been the predecessors of Vepsians, who lived on the south-eastern Ladoga lake shores and probably spoke a southern Lappish dialect. In Abroncas Merens are considered to have been the northernmost Merya groups along the northern bend of Volga (on the territories nowadays covered by the Rybinsk sea waters). Mordens in Miscaris are rather unlikely the direct ancestors of Mordvinians (Moksha and Erzya), but an Iranian-speaking group of Trans-Uralian origin, which had brought the Iranian name *mordi ‘murderers’ to the middle Volga in the 2nd–3rd сenturies AD. In the 4th century they lingered on as Iranian speaking or, although already assimilated by the local population, still kept their name. The land Miscar- must be identified with the Russian Meshchera, which was not what is known today as the Meshchera depression on the left bank of the Oka river, but the region between the lower Oka and the lower Sura rivers. Several problems of substrate toponymy of the upper and middle Volga region, including possible etymologies of the studied names, are also discussed.