يعد النظام البرلماني شكل من أشكال الحكومة الديمقراطية النيابي ، وهو وليد ظروف سياسية اجتماعية اقتصادية ، وأن قيام النظام البرلماني العراقي وفق ما جاء في النظام الدستوري الذي أكده المجلس التأسيسي العراقي حيث وضع هذا المجلس الأسس الأولى لقيام أول حياة برلمانية عراقية ، ويكون شكل الدولة العراقية ذات حكومة ملكية وراثية وشكلها نيابي ووفق النظام البرلماني العراقي توجد هناك ثلاث هيئات تسهم في السلطة هي : (الملك ، الوزارة ، البرلمان) .
Islamic Architecture is characterized by its richness in many elements that were used in both architectural and decorative aspects such as the arches that were not innovations of Muslim architect, but were found in the buildings of the ancient civilizations and were inherited after that in Islamic architecture. The Muslim architect developed the arches in his buildings and presented them in new shapes. Among the various shapes of arches that appeared in Islamic architecture a formation that is composed of the overlapping of these arches with each other. What increased the importance of this formation is that the Muslim architect adapted it to have an architectural role beside their decorative aspects. The purpose of this paper is to study the usage of overlapping arches as a decorative and architectural element in Islamic architecture. The study looked into the origins of this element by investigating its earliest examples in ancient civilizations to determine how it emerged in Islamic architecture. Furthermore, the study traced back the initial attempts in Islamic architecture to use this element in both decorative and architectural roles, along with an assumption that its usage as architectural element is entrenched in Islamic architecture, as well as the arguments that support this assumption. Further to that, the research clarified the numerous shapes of overlapping arches used as decorative motifs in Islamic architecture and backed these shapes with examples to illustrate each of them. In addition, the paper also identified the cases where overlapping arches performed an architectural role in Islamic architecture. Finally, the paper clarified how the use of overlapping arches both as a decorative and architectural element moved to European architecture as an influence of Islamic architecture.
The article deals with the views of the leader of the “centre-left” François-Denis Tronchet on the interference of the legislative and executive branches of power in the political system of revolutionary France and the place of the king in it. One of the important problems facing the deputies of the National Constituent Assembly was to change the form of government that existed under the Old Regime, in which all power was in the same hands. The position of Tronchet, who thought in the spirit of the liberal majority for the abolition of absolutism and the subordination of the monarch to the law, at the same time, differed from the supporters of the influential royal power of Mirabeau, Lafayette, Le Chapelier, and from the adherents of the powerful parliament of Barnave, Duport, Alexander and Charles Lameth. Unlike the moderate deputies of the Assembly and the “left”, the representative of the “centre-left” expressed balanced judgments about the parity cooperation between the branches of power insisting on the significant role of the head of the executive branch. The Varennes crisis changed the views of many politicians. Tronchet was one of the main heralds of the liberal majority, who consolidated their intention to strengthen the executive branch of power in the person of the king and his agents, to complete the Constitution, to stabilize the situation in the country, to prevent the further radicalization of the revolution and the spread of republican mentality.
Archaeology, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Each stage of the fashion clothing lifecycle exerts multitudinous negative impacts on the planet. To date, research and policy interventions toward sustainable clothing consumption have largely concentrated on the initial and final life-stages of clothing production, and garment disposal. However, such efforts, even alongside industry technological advances, have failed to balance ever-expanding fashion consumption demand. More recently, alongside wider sustainability debates on sufficiency and consumption corridors, the active use phase of clothing lifecycle is emerging as a vital piece of the sustainability puzzle. An in-depth exploration of users’ real-life everyday interactions with clothing can facilitate a more comprehensive and holistic understanding of wearer garment interactions and use practices with implications for sustainable consumption. This paper presents the findings of an empirical, qualitative research study on the active use phase of clothing consumption in Ireland drawing on a complex intergenerational dataset gathered using in-depth problem-based interviews and wardrobe studies. Findings reveal that participants were largely unaware of both the positive impacts of prolonging wear and the adverse impact of frequent washing on clothing longevity and sustainability. A range of other barriers and enablers to sustainable clothing consumption also emerged, such as the impact of social media on repeat garment wear, the widespread disregard of garment care labels and the considerable acceptability of second-hand clothing wear. In providing such a snapshot into actual everyday clothing wear and care practices, we argue that it is possible to unlock insights into the various ways sustainable maximum use of clothing can be supported and we present implications for future sustainable policy development. We advocate that existing good practice in anti-consumption and sustainable maximum use must be recognised, understood, and promoted to become increasingly more widely culturally and socially acceptable and therefore, impactful in supporting sustainability transitions.
Environmental effects of industries and plants, Economic growth, development, planning
En el valle del río Genoa (centro-oeste de Chubut, Argentina), la información sobre las interacciones entre los grupos humanos y los animales es escasa. El hallazgo del sitio arqueológico Cueva de Plaza, en donde se recuperaron restos óseos humanos datados en hace aproximadamente 200 años AP, cuentas vítreas, materiales líticos y el único conjunto arqueofaunístico disponible hasta el momento en el valle, se presentó como una oportunidad para conocer si la asociación entre los restos humanos y los restos faunísticos respondía a un acompañamiento mortuorio o si, como sugería una primera evaluación, se debía únicamente a la actividad de mamíferos carnívoros. Los resultados sugieren que el sitio funcionó como madriguera de zorros con posterioridad a los entierros y ponen de manifiesto la importancia del análisis tafonómico dado que aportan información sobre la presencia de restos de fauna en contextos mortuorios y sobre la intensidad de uso humano del sitio.
In this article, we set out to publish the results of extensive excavations conducted in the late 1980s and early 1990s by staff and students of the Archaeology Department, University of the Witwatersrand, at two Late Iron Age stone-walled compounds in the western foothills of the Suikerbosrand massif, near Johannesburg. While these two compounds, Sun Shadow and Boschoek, have been extensively cited in the literature, their data have never been published. Here, we analyse the distribution of their collected artefacts, in conjunction with their field maps, to better understand the spatial organisation of these two Molokwane-style stone-walled compounds. We were also interested to assess the merits of revisiting under-analysed archaeological materials housed in the University of the Witwatersrand’s collections. The results revealed frustrating gaps and shortcomings in the collections, but also shed new light on the social organisation of these settlements. Overall, we feel that the exercise was worthwhile and we encourage similar such studies in the future, allowing researchers to explore the scientific potential of the masses of buried treasure within the university’s collections.
В статье освещены результаты комплексного анализа лепной керамики поселения эпохи поздней бронзы Бурла-3, выполненного по методике А. А. Бобринского. На основании исследования формовочных масс керамических сосудов установлено, что гончарная традиция представлена несколькими группами, связанными с разным по происхождению населением. Основной является автохтонная технология использования в качестве добавок шамота. Вместе с тем выделяются инокультурные приемы по применению дресвы. Приемы конструирования сосудов позволили выявить, что доминирующей является технологическая схема саргаринско-алексеевской культуры. Корреляция полученных данных с орнаментальной схемой керамического комплекса позволила разграничить несколько групп керамики: «саргаринско-алексеевскую», «донгальскую», «ирменскую» и гибридные типы между ними.
ABSTRACT Here I provide a perspective on the palaeogenetic revolution from an archaeologist who has spent the last four years working alongside palaeogeneticists. I address the questions posed for this journal issue by talking through some of the recurrent comments I have encountered from archaeologists regarding the results of palaeogenetic analyses, particular the renewed emphasis on migrations influencing certain cultural transitions in later prehistoric Europe. Most of the antagonism between the two approaches stems from misunderstandings regarding each other’s implicit methods, questions and epistemologies. Palaeogenetic studies are far from infallible, particularly when it comes to characteristing the archaeological evidence, but many of the common points of criticism levelled at them by archaeologists are often misguided. If we can move past a climate antagonism and suspicion around palaeogenetics, synthesis with the archaeological evidence provides tantalizing opportunities for developing richer understandings of the archaeological record and the lives of people in the past.
Se analizan las formas de reorganización del "yo" de mujeres migrantes a partir de un estudio sobre la migración peruana en la ciudad chilena de Arica, en la frontera entre Chile y Perú. Luego de describir el contexto sociohistórico de la ciudad, detallaré la propuesta metodológica desarrollada para el estudio. De la mano de la perspectiva transnacional de los estudios de la migración, analizaré algunas consideraciones teóricas fundamentales sobre el concepto de simultaneidad, definiéndolo como una relación dialéctica en tres dimensiones, a partir de las cuales, se articulan formas contradictorias de subjetividad. Para ilustrar mis reflexiones, relataré ejemplos de situaciones y diálogos del trabajo de campo que evidencian las formas particulares de la construcción del "yo" por parte de mujeres migrantes, discutiendo su producción simultánea y transnacional.
Abstract Airborne remote sensing for archaeology is the discipline that encompasses the study of archaeological remains using data collected from an airborne platform by means of digital or film-based aerial photography, airborne laser scanning, hyperspectral imaging etc. So far, airborne hyperspectral scanning or – more accurately – airborne imaging spectroscopy (AIS) has occupied only a very small niche in the field of archaeological remote sensing: besides reasons of cost, the common archaeologically-insufficient ground-sampling distance can be considered the main limiting factor. Moreover, the technical processing of these data sets with a high level of potential redundancy needs specialized software. Typically, calculation of band ratios and a principal component analysis are applied. As a result, the few practical applications of archaeological AIS have not been entirely convincing so far. The aim of this paper is to present new approaches for analysing archaeological AIS data. The imagery under study has a ground-sampling distance of 40 cm and covers the Roman town of Carnuntum (Austria). Using two algorithms embedded in a specifically developed MATLAB ® toolbox, it will be shown how the extracted archaeological information can be enhanced from high-resolution hyperspectral images. A comparison with simultaneously acquired vertical photographs will indicate the specific advantages of high-resolution AIS data and the gain one can obtain when exploiting its potential using any of the newly presented methods.
This research vestigates a new comparative architectural study about Andalusian – Moroccan mihrabs , similarities and differences through the remaining mihrabs from Umayyad era , kings of communities , Morabitin , Amohads , Beni Nasr , Al-Marenin ,Al-Saadin as well as showing the diversity in covering methods such as molluscous , lobed domes , stlactites domes , half lobed domes , octal , smooth , in addition to a study of architectural elements as their plan, arches, transition areas, types of domes , and comparing them with contemporary ones in Andalus and Morocco .