Hasil untuk "Ancient history"

David Espinosa Espinosa

Fedor Sharko, Varvara Busova, Eugenia Boulygina et al.

Abstract Background Ancient DNA is a valuable source of information about the distant past of our planet. Reconstructing the past ecosystems is essential for understanding many aspects of life in the steppes of southern Siberia and Central Asia, where numerous human societies representing different archaeological cultures have lived. The remains of their activities, revealed by archaeological excavations, provide a wide range of sources for the cultural and natural/biological history of the region. One of the most enigmatic Iron Age archaeological cultures in southern Siberia is the Tashtyk culture, which dates back to the 1st – 7th centuries AD. The people of this culture inhabited the Minusinsk Basin and practiced different burial rites, including cremation. Thanks to the exceptional preservation of organic remains in individual Tashtyk burials we know of quite an unusual phenomenon: the placement of cremains into the human-like mannequins made from animal skin and filled with herbaceous plants. This study analyses ancient DNA extracted from the grass stuffing of a mannequin found in 2023 at the Oglakhty cemetery, which dates back to 250–300 AD. Our aim is to identify the plant species that were used to stuff the mannequin approximately 1,700 years ago, and to compare their diversity with that of modern-day plant species. This is particularly significant given that the Oglakhty region is part of the Khakassky State Nature Reserve, which was added to the UNESCO Tentative List in 2016 due to its biodiversity and concentration of archaeological sites. Results We sequenced the ancient DNA of a dried historical grass mixture in order to reconstruct the nearly complete chloroplast genomes of several apparent Poaceae species. Our analysis showed that, 1,700 years ago, the diversity of plant species in the Oglakhty area was similar to the modern meadow flora of the Minusinsk Basin. These included typical steppe and forest-steppe zone plant genera of Siberia, such as Holcus, Phleum, Poa, and Stipa. Interestingly, alongside the species commonly found in modern southern Siberian steppes and meadows, we discovered the rare, ephemeral, and protected moss grass, Coleanthus subtilis (Tratt.) Seidel ex Roem. et Schult. whose current distribution range spans highly fragmented areas of northern Eurasia and North America but not the Minusinsk Basin. Conclusion The herbaceous plant C. subtilis, whose DNA fragments were obtained through the metagenomic profiling of the human-like mannequin’s stuffing at the Oglakhty cemetery, provides new insights into the cultural and natural history of Siberia. Firstly, we identified several grass taxa in the mannequin’s stuffing. Most of them are characteristic for the steppe zone; the only exception is C. subtilis, which usually inhabits riverbanks. Therefore, we assume that, despite being primarily stuffed with the steppe plants, the Oglakhty mannequin was crafted on a riverbank, where C. subtilis might have got inside likely by chance. It is important to note that the stuffing process apparently took place after the vegetation season of C. subtilis in second half of summer and the beginning of autumn. Secondly, our research suggests that a population of C. subtilis, which is currently absent from the documented flora of southern Siberia, previously grew in the Minusinsk Basin wetlands. Our study highlights the need for field expeditions aimed to identify endemic populations of C. subtilis in the Yenisei River valley.

W. Guthrie

All volumes of Professor Guthrie's great history of Greek philosophy have won their due acclaim. The most striking merits of Guthrie's work are his mastery of a tremendous range of ancient literature and modern scholarship, his fairness and balance of judgement and the lucidity and precision of his English prose. He has achieved clarity and comprehensiveness.

Borja Martín Chacón

Este trabajo estudia la transformación urbana que distintas comunidades del nordeste de la Hispania Citerior experimentaron entre finales del s. II a.C. y principios del s. I a.C. A partir de los casos de Ilerda, Iesso y Aeso, se presta particular atención a la combinación de su morfología urbana romano-itálica con un contingente poblacional que prueba ser eminentemente indígena. Esta circunstancia se pone en relación con la promoción de la Galia Cisalpina en el año 89 a.C. mediante el expediente colonial latino de carácter municipalizante, un modelo en el que su contingente colonial estaba conformado principalmente por los antiguos habitantes de las comunidades promocionadas. Finalmente, se valora si la transformación urbana de estas comunidades hispanas pudo ir acompañada de una promoción jurídica mediante el expediente colonial latino, reproduciendo algunas de las características constitucionales atestiguadas en la promoción de la Cisalpina.

David Brakke

A collection of extra-biblical scriptures written by the gnostics, updated with three ancient texts including the recently discovered Gospel of Judas. “The one indispensable book for the understanding of Gnosis and Gnosticism.”—Harold Bloom. This definitive introduction to the gnostic scriptures provides a crucial look at the theology, religious atmosphere, and literary traditions of ancient Christianity and Hellenistic Judaism. It provides authoritative translations of ancient texts from Greek, Latin, and Coptic, with introductions, bibliographies, and annotations. The texts are organized to reflect the history of gnosticism in the second through fourth century CE. This second edition provides updates throughout and adds three new ancient texts, including the recently discovered Gospel of Judas.

Á. Kocsis, C. Scotese

Abstract Sea levels shape the face of the Earth, define processes of sedimentation, and influences the evolution of life via the distribution of habitats. Ancient topographies can be reconstructed using the history and understanding of tectonic processes, lithological evidence, and present-day topographies. Paleogeographic reconstructions must accommodate ever newer sources of geological data, so we can refine and improve our model of ancient topography and bathymetry. Here, we assess the accuracy of a Phanerozoic set of digital paleogeographic maps by testing the proposed distribution of flooded shallow seas and land using fossil occurrence data from the Paleobiology Database. After noting a moderate match, we modified the positions of the coastlines and continental margins of these topographic models to reflect times of maximum transgression. Using the updated paleogeographic maps, we outline the changes of land and shallow marine areas over time and suggest ways they can be used for further investigations of our planet's history.

Sophie Ling-chia Wei

In the translation history of late imperial China, the Jesuit enterprise played a significant role in translating Western scientific knowledge, a role they performed in tandem with proselytization. The Jesuit Figurists’ re-interpreting and re-writing of the ancient Chinese classics pivoted on symbols, figures, and Chinese characters. The father at the helm of this journey, Joachim Bouvet (1656–1730), embarked on his own Figurist path, navigating by the symbols, figures, and Chinese characters from the <i>Yijing</i>. His followers Joseph Henri Marie de Prémare (1666–1736) and Jean François Foucquet (1665–1741) continued on this track, each further developing his own interpretation of the <i>Dao</i>. Here I will present and explore Foucquet’s journey of the <i>Dao</i> and his presentation of the Christian God and Jesus Christ as Daoist sages by investigating his Chinese, French, and Latin manuscripts that discuss his reinterpretation of the <i>Dao</i> in the Chinese classics, especially the <i>Yijing</i> and <i>Daodejing</i>. In these manuscripts, Foucquet adopted typological exegesis and exhibited his inheritance of the Confucian-Christian-<i>Dao</i> synthesis from his senior Bouvet; he also identified the <i>Dao</i> as Deus and the Oneness of the Dao as the unity of the Holy Trinity. This micro-historical case study of Foucquet’s interpretation of the <i>Dao</i> shows how his navigating the strait between the Scylla and Charybdis of the emperor and the Holy See factored into his trajectory of interpreting the <i>Dao</i>; it also demonstrates that in response to being challenged by his own brothers in the Catholic Church, he cleaved to typological exegesis and Confucian-Christian-<i>Dao</i> synthesis. The significance of this paper lies in that the early understanding of the <i>Dao</i> was manipulated, especially among the Figurists, both as a tool for proselytization and as a bridge to link the East with the West.

Pierre Pontier

Abstract : In a speech that Isocrates presents as a last praise of Athens, the place of royalty seems at first sight secondary. However, a close analysis of the speech shows that the political reflection is based on a network of references to kingship that can be seen in the prologue, in the constitutional discussion and in the contrasting figures of the Great King, Agamemnon, Theseus and the Spartan kings. By highlighting some of these figures (Agamemnon and Theseus in particular), refraining from criticizing the Spartan kings, Isocrates tries to promote a specific model of democracy and a political project in line with his panhellenic ideals, despite his lost illusions and his old age.

Chi-Zao Wang, Xue-Er Yu, Mei-Sen Shi et al.

Abstract Background Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations are often associated with bioenergetics, disease, and speciation and can be used to track the history of women. Although advances in massively parallel sequencing (MPS) technology have greatly promoted our understanding of the population’s history (especially genome-wide data and whole Y chromosome sequencing), the whole mtDNA sequence of many important groups has not been fully studied. In this study, we employed whole mitogenomes of 209 healthy and unrelated individuals from the Daur group, a Mongolic-speaking representative population of the indigenous groups in the Heilongjiang River basin (also known as the Amur River basin). Results The dataset presented 127 distinct mtDNA haplotypes, resulting in a haplotype diversity of 0.9933. Most of haplotypes were assigned to eastern Eurasian-specific lineages, such as D4 (19.62%), B4 (9.09%), D5 (7.66%) and M7 (4.78%). Population comparisons showed that the Daurians do have certain connections with the ancient populations in the Heilongjiang River basin but the matrilineal genetic composition of the Daur group was also greatly influenced by other non-Mongolic groups from neighboring areas. Conclusions Collectively, the whole mtDNA data generated in the present study will augment the existing mtDNA database. Our study provides genetic links between the Daur population and the aborigine peoples from Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region. But on the whole, compared with other Mongolic-speaking groups, the modern Daur population is closer to the East Asian ancestry group.

Hossain Gorji, Mohammad Jorfi, Seyyed Abolfazl Sajadi et al.

Introduction: Seyed Mohammad Saeed Al-Haboubi is one of the contemporary poets who was born in Najaf in 1266 AH and died in 1333 AH. Al-Habubi's poetic themes were a description of nature and the sincere praise of religious friends and elders. His poetic genius along with the classical culture of Najaf granted his poetry a high position while avoiding degeneration. The present study examines the foregrounding in the divan of Mohammad Saeed Haboubi and helps the audience to better understand the concept of temporalization, stylistics and semantics. To express the ability and the art of grain in foregrounding poetic themes, verbal and semantic constructions are used. One of the aims of this research is to acquaint the audience with the formalistic aspects of the poet's poems, on which no research has been done yet. The poet, on the basis of imagination and emotion, brings up the repetitive words of the standard language to which the audience is accustomed in a new and fascinating way in the form of poetry. In his poetry, the change in the structure of syntactic sentences and devices gives new life to ordinary speech.The words acquire music and allitration that have a greater impact on the audience. Defamiliarization takes place in language too. The change in the prosodic weight of classical poetry to new poetry is one of the signs of abnormality. Poetry is a kind of de-familiarization in language, which, according to formalist theories, is divided into two categories: deviation and extra regularity. Jeffrey Leech has categorized these norms into two types: linguistic and semantic. According to Leach's theory, which novel element in Bean's poems has a higher value in semantic deviation?, what forms of stylistic and temporal familiarization have appeared in Habubi's poetry?, and how has the semantic novelty foregrounded the ambiguous words in his poetry? Methodology: No research has been done on the foregrounding in Habubi's poems so far. So, this article intends to use a descriptive-analytical method to examine the poet's abnormality in constructing forms of aesthetics and reviving words based on Leach's theory. The research method of this research is qualitative and descriptive using content analysis, which is done to objectively and qualitatively explain the content and concept of written texts in a systematic way. In the present article, the studied components are foregrounding, semantic deviation, deviation, extra regularity, and semantics of Seyed Mohammad Saeed Haboubi's poems based on Leach’s theory. Due to the importance of foregrounding in the literature, this research is of significance. Results and Discussion: The subject of this research in the field of extra regularity is how the poet describes some elements of novel such as "ambiguity", "proportionality" and "repetition" to define "polysemy", "semantic network" and "phonology". In terms of rule-making, how did the poet use "archaism" to relate the text to ancient culture, and how did he use the words of astronomy to improve the music and the image? The research findings can be reviewed in several areas. The result of the research refers to the function of different types of "Equivoque "in explaining ambiguous words, motivating the reader and foregrounding the relationship between words and meanings. The poet has also used "archaism" in both literary and religious forms, using a variety of Arabic terms in the field of symbolism and astronomy to create poetic images. Lexically, the result of this research on "Al-Haboubi" poems refers to the dual relationship between word and meaning. The choice and arrangement of words in a poetic sentence indicates the semantic connection of the words with the history of the language of poetry. According to Leech's theory, "temporal deviation" in the form of "archaism" in his poetry has two religious and literary forms. The use of ancient words, in addition to recalling historical events in the reader's mind, has refreshed repetitive words. Regarding religious archaism, the common affairs of Muslims, such as Hajj, have a higher percentage than the other religious issues, such as the religion of the poet and the signs of unity among Muslims in monotheism. In literary archaism, he has referred to the words of the poets of the pre-Islamic period, such as Amr al-Qays and Zuhair ibn Abi Aslami. He also refers to the brilliant history of Arabic poetry and uses its methods to create novelty in the repetitive words of his time. Haboubi uses the words Arabic grammar and astronomy more than anything else in "Stylization". He used these words to create an imaginary rhyme array. In "Semantic Abnormality", he has used novel method for imaginative illustration and polysemy for the audience. Using an array of repeated letters and consonants, the poet has foregrounded the allitration of letters in his poem. He used observance better in poetry. In most verses, he has used a proportional array. It has become a semantic network of words to create a picture of a subject in the mind of the audience. Seyed Haboubi has used these devices to do foregrounding in poetry.

Jean-Claude Carrière

This text, taking the form of a short synthesis, deals with the “wildness” or “savagery” (negative or positive) which characterises, according to the ancient theoricians of the City-State, the (non-) human beings living outside the space or the time of the city, Primitives and Barbarians ; and with the reversal which uses the idea of wildness in the very heart of the City-state in order to condemn its real functioning. The chapter examines : - the crisis of the City-State model in democratic Athens at the end of the 5th century and the beginning of the 4th under the influence of the “naturalistic” current in sophistic thought : in Comedy (Aristophanes), in History (Thucydides), in Philosophy (the lion-man of Callicles and the dog-men of the Cynics) ; - the strong theorization, in the 4th century, of the “juste milieu” and “moderation” in politics, (Isocrates, Xenophon and Aristotle) which definitively ensured the triumph of the City-State model for eight centuries ; - the reversal brought about by Rome’s violent predation and by the experience of exclusion put into practice by the imperial city, which resulted in the world city becoming a model of absolute injustice.

Ghazaleh Mosleh, Parmis Badr, Zohreh Abolhassanzadeh et al.

Anal fissure is an ischemic ulcer that occurs in anoderm and it has no obvious etiology and pathophysiology in current medicine. Anal fissure has a profound history in Persian and Persian medicine and wallflower (<em>Erysimum cheiri </em>(L.) Crantz) has been a common medication in this case. Traditional oil and/or dilute decoction of wallflower has been introduced as an effective topical medicine for anal fissure in Persian medicine.The aim of this study was to demystify the ancient wisdom in administration of low-dose wallflower for anal fissure, via the view point of modern pharmacological mechanisms. The basic idea and source of information was according to Persian and Arabic medicine manuscripts of the medieval Islamic era. Electronic literature was searched for related phytochemical and pharmacological studies available in Scopus, Google scholar, Pubmed and ScienceDirect databases from 1900 to 2018. The results showed that different parts of wallflower contain several types of cardiotonic steroids, isothiocyanates and flavonoids. Low-dose topical cardiotonic steroids, below their IC₅₀, could have potential effects on the ischemic condition of anal fissure ulcer and collagen synthesis in the local fibroblasts, by stimulation of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump. Furthermore, other active compounds in wallflower are isothiocyanates that could be responsible for tissue protective effects by induction of NRf2 expression and activating TRPA1 channels. Also wallflower flavonoids are responsible for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and wound healing properties. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that low-dose topical wallflower administration is hypothesized to have anal fissure healing potential in conventional medicine. This study has introduced a novel mechanistic approach for anal fissure treatment.

Martin Oliva

Nové výzkumy v Krumlovském lese postupně zaplňují hiáty mezi hlavními etapami zdejší těžby suroviny pro štípanou industrii. Objevují se i data z doby kultury badenské, jevišovické a nejnověji i nálevkovitých pohárů. Střední část mocné a rozsáhlé haldy na svahu ve východní části II. revíru patří do sklonku mezolitu, ale její západní část se vršila od doby kultury nálevkovitých pohárů do období kultury badenské. Sediment tvořily hlíny s různým podílem písku a granodioritového detritu, obohacené průsakem železa. Intaktního dna bylo dosaženo v hloubce 380 cm. Do doby kultury nálevkovitých pohárů (KNP) byl datován parohový kopáč z hloubky 260 cm a klasifikována byla industrie z jeho okolí a podloží. Další datum z doby KNP jsme získali z parohového rypadla, které leželo spolu s dalším parohem v písčitém sedimentu v hloubce 340 cm v sondě na okraji temene. O 60 cm níže se objevila těžená sloj, spadající do dále nesledované šachty. Štípaná industrie je technologicky málo reprezentativní, ale prokazuje, že na místě docházelo jen k testování a prvotní úpravě vytěžených kusů rohovce, přičemž všechna zdařilejší upravená jádra byla odnášena k další redukci jinam. Tím tato činnost navazuje na předchozí mladolengyelskou extrakci. Oproti tomuto období však těžba ustupuje a rozmáhá se opět až v kultuře zvoncovitých pohárů, odkdy však téměř všechna vytěžená surovina zůstává na místě, kde se i zpracovává, aniž by byla známa distribuce výrobků.

Juan Carlos Moreno García

W. Branicki, J. odzimierz, drzejewski et al.

Турова Н.П. / Turova N.P.

Средневековый пещерный комплекс над г. Ялтой расположен на высоте около 1250 м над уровнем моря. Он состоит из двух пещер Иограф I и II. В первой из них некогда располагался храм, известный по рисункам художников конца XIX — начала XX вв., во второй пещере — «малой», по словам краеведов, была «келья» или «молельня», «место древнего поселения». В результате археологических раскопок 2011—2013 гг. внутри пещеры Иограф I удалось локализовать остатки храма и исследовать естественную нишу, находящуюся между южной стены храма и восточной стены пещеры. Здесь на скальной поверхности обнаружены прочерченные изображения крестов и надписи, а в культурном слое найдены многочисленные предметы личного благочестия, украшения, детали этнографического костюма, фрагменты церковной утвари и пр. Эти материалы свидетельствуют о том, что ниша была особо почитаемым местом и использовалась для вотивных приношений. При исследовании пещеры Иограф II также найдены украшения, предметы личного благочестия. Пещерный христианский комплекс хребта Иограф является уникальным археологическим памятником, своеобразным христианским святилищем, вокруг которого собрано множество легенд и преданий. Это единственный из известных в южной части Крымских гор и Южного Берега Крыма христианский пещерный комплекс. Анализ полученных материалов из пещер позволяет выделить пять этапов в истории средневекового христианского комплекса, начавшейся в X (XI?) — XIII вв. и продолжающейся до наших дней. / The medieval cave complex over Yalta is located at the height about 1250 m above sea level. It consists of two caves Iograf I and II. In the first of them the temple known on drawings of artists of the end of XIX — beginnings of the XX centuries, in the second cave — "small" once was located, according to local historians, there was "cell" or "chapel", "a place of the ancient settlement". As a result of archeological excavations of 2011 — 2013 in a cave of Iograf I was succeeded to localize the remains of the temple and to investigate the natural niche which is between the southern wall of the temple and east wall of a cave. Here on a rocky surface the drawn images of crosses and an inscription are found, and numerous subjects of personal piety, ornament, a detail of an ethnographic suit, fragments of church utensils and so forth are found in an occupation layer. These materials testify that the niche was especially esteemed place and was used for the votivnykh of gifts. At research of a cave Iograf II jewelry, subjects of personal piety is also found. The cave Christian complex of Iograf Ridge is a unique archaeological monument, a peculiar Christian sanctuary round which the set of legends and legends is collected. It is the Christian cave complex, only from the Crimean Mountains and the Southern Coast of the Crimea, known in the southern part. The analysis of the received materials from caves allows to allocate five stages in the history of a medieval Christian complex, begun in X (XI?) — XIII centuries and proceeding up to now.

Alexander W. Breitkopf

Vasco Gil Mantas

<p>As fontes itinerárias essenciais do estudo das vias romanas da Lusitânia, Itinerário de Antonino, Cosmografia do Anónimo de Ravena e Itinerário de Barro de Astorga indicam um total de 56 estações viárias, 27 das quais ainda não identificadas com segurança. O presente artigo aborda os diferentes problemas que ainda subsistem e as suas causas e procura actualizar o quadro da geografia viária lusitana.</p><p> </p>

M. Bortolini, F. Salzano, Mark George Thomas et al.

Lisa Moed, T. Shwayder, M. Chang