Stanton Heister, Felix Kin Peng Hui, David Ian Wilson
et al.
The 2015 Paris Agreement paved the way for the carbon trade economy, which has since evolved but has not attained a substantial magnitude. While carbon credit exchange is a critical mechanism for achieving global climate targets, it faces persistent challenges related to transparency, double-counting, and verification. This paper examines how Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) can address these limitations by providing immutable transaction records, automated verification through digitally encoded smart contracts, and increased market efficiency. To assess DLT’s strategic potential for leveraging the carbon markets and, more explicitly, whether its implementation can reduce transaction costs and enhance market integrity, three alternative approaches that apply DLT for carbon trading were taken as case studies. By comparing key elements in these DLT-based carbon credit platforms, it is elucidated that these proposed frameworks may be developed for a scalable global platform. The integration of existing compliance markets in the EU (case study 1), Australia (case study 2), and China (case study 3) can act as a standard for a global carbon trade establishment. The findings from these case studies suggest that while DLT offers a promising path toward more sustainable carbon markets, regulatory harmonization, standardization, and data transfer across platforms remain significant challenges.
The environmental impact of cryptocurrencies has attracted increasing scrutiny, largely due to the high energy consumption of blockchain networks. However, empirical research on the causal relationship between cryptocurrency trading activity and carbon emissions remains scarce. This study addresses this gap by analysing the dynamic interplay between cryptocurrency trading and CO₂ emissions for Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Binance Coin, using monthly data from January 2015 to September 2024. Employing the Toda-Yamamoto augmented Granger causality approach, we apply logarithmic transformations to ensure data stationarity and address integration and endogeneity concerns. Our results reveal a bidirectional Granger causality between Bitcoin trading and CO₂ emissions, suggesting a feedback loop between market activity and environmental impact. For Ethereum, we find a similar albeit weaker bidirectional causality from trading to emissions, while no significant causal link is detected for Binance Coin, likely reflecting its more energy-efficient consensus mechanism. These findings highlight the disproportionate environmental burden of proof-of-work cryptocurrencies and underscore the need for targeted regulatory responses. We recommend the adoption of carbon-sensitive crypto policies, such as mandatory energy usage disclosures and incentives for transitioning to sustainable consensus mechanisms. This study advances the environmental finance literature by providing robust empirical evidence on the links between digital asset markets and carbon emissions.
Henrique Rodrigues Lelis, Daniel Jardim Pardini, Eloy Pereira Lemos Junior
Compliance programs have legal, administrative and technological attributes that help organizations find solutions related to strategy, management and organizational governance. In turn, blockchain has been described as a digital system with potential for use in numerous activities, as any activity whose function is to protect and transfer digital assets can be impacted by the system. However, there are criticisms and reservations regarding its adoption by organizations, especially regarding issues related to the regulatory framework, corporate governance and technological management. From this perspective, it becomes relevant to relate the attributes of compliance programs to the development of blockchain in the organizational dimension, which is the proposal of this research. The gap explored with this research is to describe the implications that the attributes of compliance programs can bring to the development of blockchain technology, in the context of organizations. To explore the topic, a panel of experts and a Delphi round were created to structure a survey that sought evidence that demonstrates the existence or not of contributions from compliance programs to the development of the blockchain. This article presents the results relating to the organizational dimension of the doctoral thesis “Attributes of Compliance Programs for the blockchain, in the context of the Dimensions of the State, Organization and Individual”, defended by the first author, in the Doctoral program in Information and Management Systems of Knowledge at Universidade Fumec, with UNIVERSIDADE FUMEC and FAPEMIG as funding institutions.
Social sciences (General), Bibliography. Library science. Information resources
Blockchain technology has attracted attention from public sector agencies, mainly for its perceived potential to improve transparency, data integrity, and administrative processes. However, its concrete value and applicability within government settings remain contested, and real-world adoption has been limited and uneven. This raises questions regarding the conditions that promote or impede adoption at the institutional level. Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis is employed in this research to explore how the combined effects of national-level regulatory clarity, financial provision, digital readiness, and ecosystem engagement shape patterns of blockchain adoption in the European public sector. Rather than identifying any single factor as decisive, our findings reveal a plurality of institutional paths leading to high adoption intensity, with regulatory certainty and European Union funding appearing most frequently on high-consistency paths. In contrast, digital readiness indicators and national research and development budgets are substitutable, challenging resource-based perceptions of technology adoption and supporting a configurational understanding that accounts for institutional interdependence and contextuality. We argue that policy strategies cannot look for overall readiness but should place key institutional strengths relative to local conditions and public value objectives.
Information technology, Political institutions and public administration (General)
Abstract To address the challenges of low efficiency, complex processes, low accuracy, and high costs in financial management, this paper proposes utilizing blockchain and IoT technologies, specifically Blockchain-based Smart Contract and Biometric Multifactor Authentication (BCSC-BMFA), to develop an intelligent financial management system for technical institutions. The proposed BMFA system aims to provide secure and transparent data management, real-time monitoring and reporting, and automation of financial processes to improve accuracy, efficiency, and transparency. Blockchain-based ledgers are used to store financial data securely, along with IoT sensors such as Point-of-Sale (POS) sensors and asset tracking sensors, to capture real-time financial data, and smart contracts to automate financial processes. This framework improves accuracy and efficiency, reduces costs, and increases transparency and accountability. The system’s efficiency is evaluated using a pilot study to demonstrate its performance and effectiveness in a real-world scenario.
This article will look at the financial geographies and legacies of neo-colonialism to critique the emergence of blockchain financialization in the developing world. Blockchain “financialization” advances through the interplay of crypto imaginaries, new platform economies, and the trading infrastructure for highly leveraged financial products. The largest cryptocurrency exchange, Binance, has presented itself as a champion of the blockchain for development paradigm in Africa. Its success in the region relies on the use of community leaders, hackathons, and the lobbying of governments for regulatory concessions. Binance operates on two scales. Firstly, it is part of a fintech vanguard attempting to dismantle New Deal financial regulatory systems in the Global North (Omarova, Yale Journal on Regulation, 2019, 36, 735–793; Allen, H, DeFi: Shadow Banking 2.0?, 2022). Secondly, it as an agent of financialization in the developing world, promoting DeFi to map the speculative micro-financial practices of the Global South. Crypto and blockchain thus represent extensions of “subprime empire” (Schuster, Current Anthropology, 2021, 62, 389–411) in which marginal economic activities in fragile developing world contexts feed into the North-South extraction of value. This article will outline Binance’s forays into Nigeria as an example of the micro and macro scales of neocolonial finance and the interplay of infrastructure, territory, and the social imaginary in blockchain.
Dalė Dzemydienė, Aurelija Burinskienė, Kristina Čižiūnienė
et al.
The problems of developing intelligent service provision systems face difficulties in the representation of dynamic aspects of cargo transportation processes and integration of different and heterogeneous ICT components to support the systems’ necessary functionality. This research aims to develop the architecture of the e-service provision system that can help in traffic management, coordination of works at trans-shipment terminals, and provide intellectual service support during intermodal transportation cycles. The objectives concern the secure application of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to monitor transport objects and context data recognition. The means for safety recognition of moving objects by integrating them with the infrastructure of IoT and WSNs are proposed. The architecture of the construction of the e-service provision system is proposed. The algorithms of identification, authentication, and safety connection of moving objects into an IoT platform are developed. The solution of application of blockchain mechanisms for the identification of stages of identification of moving objects is described by analysing ground transport. The methodology combines a multi-layered analysis of intermodal transportation with extensional mechanisms of identification of objects and methods of synchronization of interactions between various components. Adaptable e-service provision system architecture properties are validated during the experiments with NetSIM network modelling laboratory equipment and show their usability.
Sergii Grybniak, Yevhen Leonchyk, Igor Mazurok
et al.
Abstract A consensus protocol is a crucial mechanism of distributed networks by which nodes can coordinate their actions and the current state of data. This article describes a BlockDAG consensus algorithm based on the Proof of Stake approach. The protocol provides network participants with cross‐voting for the order of blocks, which, in the case of a fair vote, guarantees a quick consensus. Under conditions of dishonest behavior, cross‐voting ensures that violations will be quickly detected. In addition, the protocol assumes the existence of a Coordinating network containing information about the approved ordering, which qualitatively increases security and also serves to improve network synchronization.
The article considers the process of digital transformation in the sphere of social entrepreneurship, which solves socially significant problems of public life, simultaneously providing a positive economic, social and environmental impact thereon. The use of the Internet and digitalisation of the economy transforms radically the cooperation processes between all involved actors. Social entrepreneurship is no exception. In this context, this paper explores the role of digitalisation in the development of social entrepreneurship. In order to achieve the set goal and analyse the available data, the authors used such general scientific methods of knowledge as abstraction, deduction, deconstruction, synthesis, analogy and axiomatics. The use of this methodological apparatus made it possible to conclude that the process of digitalisation and introduction of information technologies in the sphere of social entrepreneurship provides new tools supporting the activities in this sphere as well as changing the very context of social entrepreneurs’ work. This made it possible to highlight the factors influencing the development of digitalisation in social entrepreneurship, as well as to identify new and promising areas of digital transformation in the sphere of social entrepreneurship. These primarily include the use of the blockchain and smart contracts which offer new opportunities for financing, storing data and achieving social entrepreneurship goals.
Aiming at the problem that traditional cloud-based data sharing schemes rely on trusted third parties and only focus on data privacy protection or access control, a blockchain data sharing scheme based on localized difference privacy and attribute-based searchable encryption was proposed.The blockchain and cloud server were combined to store data chain by chain and provide efficient, reliable and tamper-proof data sharing.Firstly, the localization difference privacy was introduced to preprocess the shared data to protect the privacy of the data owner and resist the attack of the untrusted third party.Secondly, the searchable encryption technology and attribute-based encryption were combined to realize data privacy protection, support ciphertext retrieval, and provide fine-grained access control for shared data.Finally, the safety, the correctness proof, and the experimental analysis proves that the proposed scheme meets the safety objectives.
Daniel Sousa-Dias, Daniel Amyot, Ashkan Rahimi-Kian
et al.
Advances in energy generation and distribution technology have created the need for new power management paradigms. Transactive energy markets are integrated software and hardware systems that enable optimized energy management and direct trading between prosumers. This literature review covers unresolved security and privacy vulnerabilities in the proposed implementations of such markets. We first performed a coarse search for such implementations. We then combed the resulting literature for references to privacy concerns, security vulnerabilities, and attacks that their system was either vulnerable to or sought to address. We did so with a particular focus on threats that were not mitigated by the use of blockchain technology, a commonly employed solution. Based on evidence from 28 peer-reviewed papers, we synthesized 14 categories of concerns and their proposed solutions. We found that there are some concerns that have been widely addressed, such as protecting trading history when using a public blockchain. Conversely, there were serious threats that are not sufficiently being considered. While a lack of real-world deployment has limited information about which attacks are most likely or feasible, there are clear areas of priority that we recommend to address going forward, including market attacks, false data injection attacks, single points of failure, energy usage data leakage, and privacy.
Mansour Mededjel, Ghalem Belalem, Fatima Zohra Nesrine Benadda
et al.
The emergence of the Internet of things (IoT), associated with the explosion in the number of connected objects, and the growth in user needs, makes the Internet network very complex. IoT objects are diverse and heterogeneous, which requires establishing interoperability and efficient identity management on the one hand. On the other hand, centralized architectures such as cloud-based ones can have overhead and high latency, with a potential risk of failure. Facing these challenges, Blockchain technology, with its decentralized architecture based on a distributed peer-to-peer network, offers a new infrastructure that allows IoT objects to interact reliably and securely. In this paper, a new approach is proposed with a three-layer architecture: layer of sensing and collection of data made up of the IoT network, layer of processing and saving of data exchanges at the Blockchain level, and access and visualization layer via a web interface. The prototype implemented in this study allows all transactions (data exchanges) generated by IoT devices to be recorded and stored on a dedicated Blockchain, assuring the security of IoT objects' communications. This prototype also enables access to and visualization of all data and information, thus enhancing the IoT network's transparency.
Identity and Access Management (IAM) systems are crucial for any information system, such as healthcare information systems. Health IoT (HIoT) applications are targeted by attackers due to the high-volume and sensitivity of health data. Thus, IAM systems for HIoT need to be built with high standards and based on reliable frameworks. Blockchain (BC) is an emerging technology widely used for developing decentralized IAM solutions. Although, the integration of BC in HIoT for proposing IAM solutions has gained recent attention, BC is an evolving technology and needs to be studied carefully before using it for IAM solutions in HIoT applications. A systematic literature review was conducted on the BC-based IAM systems in HIoT applications to investigate the security aspect. Twenty-four studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria and passed the quality assessment were included in this review. We studied BC-based solutions in HIoT applications to explore the IAM system architecture, security requirements and threats. We summarized the main components and technologies in typical BC-based IAM systems and the layered architecture of the BC-based IAM system in HIoT. Accordingly, the security threats and requirements were summarized. Our systematic review shows that there is a lack of a comprehensive security framework, risk assessments, and security and functional performance evaluation metrics in BC-based IAM in HIoT applications.
Aiming at the deficiency that blockchain technology is too sensitive to the binary-level changes of high resolution remote sensing (HRRS) images, we propose a new subject-sensitive hashing algorithm specially for HRRS image blockchains. To implement this subject-sensitive hashing algorithm, we designed and implemented a deep neural network model MultiRes-RCF (richer convolutional features) for extracting features from HRRS images. A MultiRes-RCF network is an improved RCF network that borrows the MultiRes mechanism of MultiResU-Net. The subject-sensitive hashing algorithm based on MultiRes-RCF can detect the subtle tampering of HRRS images while maintaining robustness to operations that do not change the content of the HRRS images. Experimental results show that our MultiRes-RCF-based subject-sensitive hashing algorithm has better tamper sensitivity than the existing deep learning models such as RCF, AAU-net, and Attention U-net, meeting the needs of HRRS image blockchains.
In most countries, traffic congestion has reached a level where managing traffic is tedious for regulatory bodies. The traffic management faced many issues such as route routing based on congestion, delivery of messages/emails to end-users, and real-time allocation of parking slots. There have been many works on predicting parking prices for traffic management, but most favor users or owners and are not secure. To address these issues, a blockchain and Interplanetary File System (IPFS)-based parking price prediction scheme (<italic>PADaaV</italic>) is proposed to facilitate the users to reserve a parking slot securely and efficiently. It mainly focuses on ensuring security, privacy, and transparency for parking slot owners and users. Furthermore, we employ a second price auction model to optimize the parking price for users, and parking slot owners can also get benefit from it. The performance of the <italic>PADaaV</italic> has been simulated for 100 users with 40 parking slots based on different auction models. The various performance parameters considered are profit for users, profit for parking slot owners, overall revenue of the system, scalability, computation time, and data storage cost. The performance results show that the <italic>PADaaV</italic> is secure and beneficial for users and parking slot owners.