Hasil untuk "Veterinary medicine"

Sascha Albert Bräuninger, Damian Alexander Motz, Sebastian Praetz et al.

Ammonium ferric hexacyanoferrate is a veterinary-medical milestone and antidote against radiocesium, well-known as Giese-salt after the Chernobyl disaster fed to domestic and wild animals, which shows even a rich interplay of properties in nanostructural chemistry and ferromagnetism. Among the broad analytical techniques, the ambivalence of macroscopic micrometer-sized agglomerates and nanoparticle sizes, a suggested enlarged Fe(II)$-$C$\equiv$N$-$Fe(III) bond length by Fe K-edge XAFS results and multi-level spin relaxation in $^{57}$Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy are highlighted. This sets this underestimated compound in a new light, e.g., for modern biomedicine and biofunctionality, extending its essential importance in addition to hypothetical future nuclear incidents

Göktuğ Bender, Samer Faraj, Anand Bhardwaj

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become increasingly central to precision medicine by enabling the integration and interpretation of multimodal data, yet implementation in clinical settings remains limited. This paper provides a scoping review of literature from 2019-2024 on the implementation of AI in precision medicine, identifying key barriers and enablers across data quality, clinical reliability, workflow integration, and governance. Through an ecosystem-based framework, we highlight the interdependent relationships shaping real-world translation and propose future directions to support trustworthy and sustainable implementation.

Swarn S. Warshaneyan, Maksims Ivanovs, Blaž Cugmas et al.

We present a comprehensive study on fully automated pollen recognition across both conventional optical and digital in-line holographic microscopy (DIHM) images of sample slides. Visually recognizing pollen in unreconstructed holographic images remains challenging due to speckle noise, twin-image artifacts and substantial divergence from bright-field appearances. We establish the performance baseline by training YOLOv8s for object detection and MobileNetV3L for classification on a dual-modality dataset of automatically annotated optical and affinely aligned DIHM images. On optical data, detection mAP50 reaches 91.3% and classification accuracy reaches 97%, whereas on DIHM data, we achieve only 8.15% for detection mAP50 and 50% for classification accuracy. Expanding the bounding boxes of pollens in DIHM images over those acquired in aligned optical images achieves 13.3% for detection mAP50 and 54% for classification accuracy. To improve object detection in DIHM images, we employ a Wasserstein GAN with spectral normalization (WGAN-SN) to create synthetic DIHM images, yielding an FID score of 58.246. Mixing real-world and synthetic data at the 1.0 : 1.5 ratio for DIHM images improves object detection up to 15.4%. These results demonstrate that GAN-based augmentation can reduce the performance divide, bringing fully automated DIHM workflows for veterinary imaging a small but important step closer to practice.

Li-Tao Che, Li-Tao Che, Ahmed H. El-Sappah et al.

IntroductionThis study investigated whether glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) can alleviate the reproductive toxicity of Zearalenone (ZEN) in replacement gilts.MethodsEighty Landrace × Yorkshire gilts were randomly assigned to four dietary groups: control (basal diet), ZEN (1 mg/kg), GA (400 mg/kg), and ZEN + GA (1 mg/kg ZEN + 400 mg/kg GA).ResultsThe onset of estrus advanced significantly in all treatment groups, with the GA and ZEN + GA groups showing the most pronounced changes. Puberty onset occurred earlier in the ZEN group and was further advanced by GA supplementation. ZEN exposure impaired uterine and ovarian development, while GA improved organ development and mitigated the abnormalities in the ZEN + GA group. Hormonal analysis revealed that ZEN reduced estradiol (E2) and luteinizing hormone (LH), whereas GA elevated all measured hormones. The ZEN + GA group showed a partial recovery in hormone levels, excluding E2. Histological examination of liver tissue in the ZEN group revealed focal hepatocellular necrosis and lymphocyte infiltration, which GA notably attenuated. ZEN upregulated 3α/3β/17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) gene expression in the liver and duodenum, while GA co-administration downregulated most HSD genes except hepatic 3α-HSD.Discussion and conclusionThese findings suggest that GA can alleviate ZEN-induced reproductive toxicity via modulation of endocrine and hepatic metabolic pathways.

Luyao Hao, Luyao Hao, Fengmiao Zhao et al.

In recent years, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been associated with increased respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases in cattle. Comprehensive monitoring and investigations into the virus's pathological features are crucial for developing effective prevention strategies. This study investigated BVDV prevalence and pathogenicity in farms undergoing elimination protocols, with a focus on characterizing a novel Cytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (CP-type BVDV) strain (HH839) isolated from a symptomatic calf in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. During 2021 and 2022, 103 bovine samples were screened for BVDV via nucleic acid detection. Positive cases underwent viral isolation using MDBK cells. The HH839 strain was analyzed for cytopathic effects, ultrastructure (electron microscopy), antigenicity (serum neutralization), and genetic lineage (whole genome sequencing). Pathogenicity of Cytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (CP-type BVDV) infected group, Noncytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (NCP-type BVDV) infected group, and the mixed-infection group of CP-type and NCP-type BVDV was evaluated in New Zealand White rabbits, with viral distribution and histopathological damage assessed in multiple organs. We identified 33 positive BVDV nucleic acid cases, resulting in a positivity rate of 32.04%. Five strains of NCP-type BVDV were isolated, yielding a 15.15% separation rate, alongside one strain of CP-type BVDV with a separation rate of 3.03%. The CP strain HH839 was isolated from a severely symptomatic calf in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. The HH839 strain demonstrated significant cytopathic effects in MDBK cells, including cellular crumpling and syncytia formation, with a concentration of 5.23 log10TCID50/0.1 mL. Electron microscopy revealed a spherical morphology with a diameter of 40–60 nm. Genetic analysis indicated a close relationship with the BVDV FBS-D8 strain from the BVDV-1d subtype. Pathogenicity trials showed slight fever and minor body weight loss in infected subjects, with BVDV detected in the trachea, lungs, spleen, and small intestines, predominantly in the spleen. The isolation of HH839, a pathogenic CP-type BVDV-1d strain, underscores the coexistence of multiple BVDV biotypes in regional cattle populations. Enhanced pathogenicity observed in mixed infections highlights complex viral interactions. These findings emphasize the necessity for sustained surveillance and biotype-specific control strategies to mitigate BVDV-associated economic losses in livestock industries.

Miguel Carrillo Parraguez, Miguel Carrillo Parraguez, Eduardo Ponssa et al.

Despite its sociocultural and economic importance, dairy farming in Uruguay has not experienced a significant increase in cattle stocks in recent decades, partly due to low reproductive efficiency and a high risk of calf mortality. Neospora caninum is one of the primary abortive pathogens in dairy cattle; however, the economic losses caused by neosporosis in Uruguay remain uncalculated. This study aimed to assess the direct annual economic losses for the primary dairy sector (dairy farmers) due to abortions resulting from bovine neosporosis in the Uruguayan herd. An adjusted bioeconomic model was used to estimate the economic losses from early (second gestational trimester) or late (third gestational trimester) abortions, considering the Present Value (PV) of future production loss due to these abortions after deducting production costs (lost profits). The average economic loss per abortion due to neosporosis was US$ 868 (range 605–1,162) if the aborting cow remained in the herd without any additional abortions throughout its productive life and US$ 1,866 (range 782–2,825) if the cow was culled after the abortion. Individual losses varied based on the gestational stage and the age of the aborting cow, with the worst-case scenario being a late abortion in first-pregnancy heifers. The annual number of abortions due to neosporosis was estimated by considering the stock of cows and heifers of reproductive age at risk of abortion (pregnant) and the national seroprevalence of N. caninum in dairy herds, accounting for 90% vertical transmission and 10% horizontal transmission, with aborting seropositive dams representing 15 and 35%, respectively. The economic losses for the national herd were calculated by multiplying individual losses by the number of abortions across various simulated scenarios (second or third gestational trimester), adjusted according to sub-scenarios (with and without culling of the aborted cow). The estimated economic losses for the primary sector due to abortions occurring in 2018 totaled nearly US$ 12 million, which is attributed to the loss of offspring, delayed lactation, reduced productive life (fewer days in milk production/days of life), and early culling. These estimated losses reflect only the primary sector, excluding the secondary (industrial) and tertiary (services) sectors. In physical terms, abortions associated with neosporosis caused a total loss of 62 million L of milk, which is 3.3% of the volume industrialized annually in the country. The estimated losses did not account for profits lost by dairy farmers from beef production (i.e., breeding, fattening, and sale for slaughter of male calves from dairy breeds lost due to neosporosis) nor any indirect losses (for example, the loss of genetic merit, stunted growth of the national dairy stock, etc.). The characteristics of Uruguay’s grazing dairy production system require a tailored approach to estimating the economic impact of bovine diseases. This information can be used by farmers, veterinarians, and policymakers to evaluate the cost–benefit of implementing control and prevention strategies for bovine neosporosis at both the farm and national levels.

Silvia Palombella, Silvia Lopa, Camilla Recordati et al.

Abstract Background Osteoarthritis is a common degenerative joint disease marked by cartilage degeneration and inflammation. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) and their secretome in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Methods ASCs were extracted from human adipose tissue, cultured, and primed with human platelet lysate. The secretome was collected after 48 h of serum-free culture. Osteoarthritis was induced in rats using monosodium iodoacetate, and after 14 days, they were treated with saline solution, ASCs, or secretome. Over five weeks, body weight and histopathological changes were monitored. Results No clinical complications arose post-treatment, and all rats gained weight similarly. ASC treatment increased histopathological changes associated with osteoarthritis, including severe cartilage necrosis and bone remodeling. Conversely, the secretome treatment resulted in mild to moderate cartilage degeneration, similar to that observed in the control group. These findings suggest that ASCs may contribute to disease progression in this model, while the secretome did not show significant effects on cartilage histology compared to the control group. Further studies are needed to determine whether optimizing the secretome composition or dosing could enhance its therapeutic potential. Conclusions This study highlights the complexity of ASC interactions with the immune system, while secretome may be a well-tolerated treatment, further studies are needed to determine its potential therapeutic benefits.

N. Hull, Brant A. Schumaker

ABSTRACT Brucellosis is the world’s most widespread zoonosis, but also ranks as one of the seven most neglected diseases, according to the World Health Organization. Additionally, it is recognized as the world’s most common laboratory-acquired infection. There are a reported 500,000 incident cases of human brucellosis per year. However, true incidence is estimated to be 5,000,000 to 12,500,000 cases annually. Once diagnosed, focus is directed at treating individual patients with antibiotic regimes, yet overall neglecting the animal reservoir of disease. Countries with the highest incidence of human brucellosis are Syria (1,603.4 cases per 1,000,000 individuals), Mongolia (391.0), and Tajikistan (211.9). Surveillance on animal populations is lacking in many developed and developing countries. According to the World Animal Health Information Database, Mexico had the largest number of reported outbreaks, 5,514 in 2014. Mexico is followed by China (2,138), Greece (1,268), and Brazil (1,142). The majority of these outbreaks is Brucella abortus, the etiologic agent of bovine brucellosis. Brucellosis is an ancient disease that still plagues the world. There are still knowledge gaps and a need for better diagnostics and vaccines to make inroads towards control and eradication.

Liya Popova, Valerie J. Carabetta

The revolutionary progress in development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has made it possible to deliver accurate genomic information in a timely manner. Over the past several years, NGS has transformed biomedical and clinical research and found its application in the field of personalized medicine. Here we discuss the rise of personalized medicine and the history of NGS. We discuss current applications and uses of NGS in medicine, including infectious diseases, oncology, genomic medicine, and dermatology. We provide a brief discussion of selected studies where NGS was used to respond to wide variety of questions in biomedical research and clinical medicine. Finally, we discuss the challenges of implementing NGS into routine clinical use.

Shogo Watanabe

This report presents a small language model (SLM) for Japanese clinical and medicine, named NCVC-slm-1. This 1B parameters model was trained using Japanese text classified to be of high-quality. Moreover, NCVC-slm-1 was augmented with respect to clinical and medicine content that includes the variety of diseases, drugs, and examinations. Using a carefully designed pre-processing, a specialized morphological analyzer and tokenizer, this small and light-weight model performed not only to generate text but also indicated the feasibility of understanding clinical and medicine text. In comparison to other large language models, a fine-tuning NCVC-slm-1 demonstrated the highest scores on 6 tasks of total 8 on JMED-LLM. According to this result, SLM indicated the feasibility of performing several downstream tasks in the field of clinical and medicine. Hopefully, NCVC-slm-1 will be contributed to develop and accelerate the field of clinical and medicine for a bright future.

Xiaofei Chen

This article explores the critical role of statistical analysis in precision medicine. It discusses how personalized healthcare is enhanced by statistical methods that interpret complex, multidimensional datasets, focusing on predictive modeling, machine learning algorithms, and data visualization techniques. The paper addresses challenges in data integration and interpretation, particularly with diverse data sources like electronic health records (EHRs) and genomic data. It also delves into ethical considerations such as patient privacy and data security. In addition, the paper highlights the evolution of statistical analysis in medicine, core statistical methodologies in precision medicine, and future directions in the field, emphasizing the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML).

Dwi Puspa Sukma Viranda, Rochmah Kurnijasanti, Kadek Rachmawati et al.

This study aims to determine the effect of porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) tuber extract on the histopathological features of the testicle of alloxan induced rats (Rattus norvegicus). Thirty male rats were randomly divided into six groups. Rats in group C- were injected with distilled water, while rats in groups C+, T0, T1, T2, and T3 were injected with 120 mg/kg bw alloxan. Blood glucose was measured three days after alloxan injection. Rats in groups C- and C+ were then administered with 1% Na-CMC, whereas rats in groups T0, T1, T2, and T3 were then administered with 45mg/kg bw metformin, and 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw of porang tuber extract, respectively. All solution were given orally once every day for 14 days. Spermatogenic activity was assessed using the Johnsen scoring system and analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, followed by the Mann-Whitney test. The diameter and epithelial thickness of the seminiferous tubule were measured using image raster software and analyzed using Anova followed by Duncan's test. The results showed that spermatogenesis score, diameter, and epithelial thickness of seminiferous tubule of group C+ were smaller (p <0.05) than group C-. Spermatogenesis scores of groups T0, T1, T2, and T3 were higher (p <0.05) than group C+. Seminiferous tubule diameter and epithelial thickness in groups T0, T1, and T2 were greater (p <0.05) than group C+. It could be concluded that porang tuber extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg bw improved the spermatogenesis score, diameter seminiferous tubule, and thickness of the epithelium of diabetic rats.

Qianyun Zhu, Yifeng Xie, Fangyang Ye et al.

Augmented reality becomes popular in education gradually, which provides a contextual and adaptive learning experience. Here, we develop a Chinese herb medicine AR platform based the 3dsMax and the Unity that allows users to visualize and interact with the herb model and learn the related information. The users use their mobile camera to scan the 2D herb picture to trigger the presentation of 3D AR model and corresponding text information on the screen in real-time. The system shows good performance and has high accuracy for the identification of herbal medicine after interference test and occlusion test. Users can interact with the herb AR model by rotating, scaling, and viewing transformation, which effectively enhances learners' interest in Chinese herb medicine.

Metka Voga, Neža Adamič, M. Vengust et al.

Regenerative medicine is a branch of medicine that develops methods to grow, repair, or replace damaged or diseased cells, organs or tissues. It has gained significant momentum in recent years. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the capability to self—renew and differentiate into tissue cells with specialized functions. Stem cell therapies are therefore used to overcome the body's inability to regenerate damaged tissues and metabolic processes after acute or chronic insult. The concept of stem cell therapy was first introduced in 1991 by Caplan, who proposed that massive differentiation of cells into the desired tissue could be achieved by isolation, cultivation, and expansion of stem cells in in vitro conditions. Among different stem cell types, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) currently seem to be the most suitable for therapeutic purposes, based on their simple isolation and culturing techniques, and lack of ethical issues regarding their usage. Because of their remarkable immunomodulatory abilities, MSCs are increasingly gaining recognition in veterinary medicine. Developments are primarily driven by the limitations of current treatment options for various medical problems in different animal species. MSCs represent a possible therapeutic option for many animal diseases, such as orthopedic, orodental and digestive tract diseases, liver, renal, cardiac, respiratory, neuromuscular, dermal, olfactory, and reproductive system diseases. Although we are progressively gaining an understanding of MSC behavior and their mechanisms of action, some of the issues considering their use for therapy are yet to be resolved. The aim of this review is first to summarize the current knowledge and stress out major issues in stem cell based therapies in veterinary medicine and, secondly, to present results of clinical usage of stem cells in veterinary patients.

A. Casas-Alvarado, D. Mota-Rojas, I. Hernández-Ávalos et al.

One of the main functions of infrared thermography (IRT) consists in detecting temperature changes in organisms caused by variations in surface blood circulation. IRT is a useful tool that has been used mainly as a diagnostic method for various stress-causing pathologies, though recent suggestions indicate that it can be used to assess the block quality of certain body regions. In the field of anaesthesiology, IRT has been applied to brachial and epidural blocks, while in algology, changes in surface blood circulation associated with sympathetic activity have been investigated. Thermography has also been employed to complement pain level scales based on the facial expressions of patients in critical condition, or after surgery. In addition, it has been used as a tool in research designed to evaluate different surgical procedures in human medicine, as in the case of surgical burrs for placing dental implants, where IRT helps assess the degree of heating associated with bone devascularisation, reduction in vascular perfusion as a consequence of stroke, and changes in the autonomous nervous system, or the degree of vascular changes in flaps applied to burn patients. In veterinary medicine, thermography has brought several benefits for animals in terms of evaluating lesions, diseases, and surgical procedures. The aim of this review is to evaluate how IRT can be used as a tool in surgical procedures, cases of vascular change, and pain monitoring in veterinary medicine with an emphasis on small animals.

Chottiwatt Jittprasong

In practically every industry today, artificial intelligence is one of the most effective ways for machines to assist humans. Since its inception, a large number of researchers throughout the globe have been pioneering the application of artificial intelligence in medicine. Although artificial intelligence may seem to be a 21st-century concept, Alan Turing pioneered the first foundation concept in the 1940s. Artificial intelligence in medicine has a huge variety of applications that researchers are continually exploring. The tremendous increase in computer and human resources has hastened progress in the 21st century, and it will continue to do so for many years to come. This review of the literature will highlight the emerging field of artificial intelligence in medicine and its current level of development.

Sudeep Pasricha

The dawn of the digital medicine era, ushered in by increasingly powerful embedded systems and Internet of Things (IoT) computing devices, is creating new therapies and biomedical solutions that promise to positively transform our quality of life. However, the digital medicine revolution also creates unforeseen and complex ethical, regulatory, and societal issues. In this article, we reflect on the ethical challenges facing digital medicine. We discuss the perils of ethical oversights in medical devices, and the role of professional codes and regulatory oversight towards the ethical design, deployment, and operation of digital medicine devices that safely and effectively meet the needs of patients. We advocate for an ensemble approach of intensive education, programmable ethical behaviors, and ethical analysis frameworks, to prevent mishaps and sustain ethical innovation, design, and lifecycle management of emerging digital medicine devices.

Xiao Gan, Zixin Shu, Xinyan Wang et al.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) relies on natural medical products to treat symptoms and diseases. While clinical data have demonstrated the effectiveness of selected TCM-based treatments, the mechanistic root of how TCM herbs treat diseases remains largely unknown. More importantly, current approaches focus on single herbs or prescriptions, missing the high-level general principles of TCM. To uncover the mechanistic nature of TCM on a system level, in this work we establish a generic network medicine framework for TCM from the human protein interactome. Applying our framework reveals a network pattern between symptoms (diseases) and herbs in TCM. We first observe that genes associated with a symptom are not distributed randomly in the interactome, but cluster into localized modules; furthermore, a short network distance between two symptom modules is indicative of the symptoms' co-occurrence and similarity. Next, we show that the network proximity of a herb's targets to a symptom module is predictive of the herb's effectiveness in treating the symptom. We validate our framework with real-world hospital patient data by showing that (1) shorter network distance between symptoms of inpatients correlates with higher relative risk (co-occurrence), and (2) herb-symptom network proximity is indicative of patients' symptom recovery rate after herbal treatment. Finally, we identified novel herb-symptom pairs in which the herb's effectiveness in treating the symptom is predicted by network and confirmed in hospital data, but previously unknown to the TCM community. These predictions highlight our framework's potential in creating herb discovery or repurposing opportunities. In conclusion, network medicine offers a powerful novel platform to understand the mechanism of traditional medicine and to predict novel herbal treatment against diseases.

Jun-Xue Jin, Jing-Tao Sun, Chao-Qian Jiang et al.

Previous studies suggest that the inclusion of melatonin (MTn) in in vitro maturation protocols improves the developmental competence of oocytes by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the molecular mechanisms integrating melatonin receptor (MT)-mediated lipid metabolism and redox signaling during in vitro cumulus–oocyte complex (COC) development still remain unclear. Here, we aimed to elucidate the potential role of MTn receptors in lipid metabolic adjustments during in vitro porcine COC development. We observed that MTn-mediated G_sα–cAMP/PKA signaling facilitated lipolysis primarily through the MT2 receptor and subsequently increased fatty acid (FA) release by hydrolyzing intracellular triglycerides (TGs) in cumulus cells. Furthermore, <i>CD36</i> was a critical FA transporter that transported available FAs from cumulus cells to oocytes and promoted de novo TG synthesis in the latter. In addition, MTn regulated lipogenesis and intracellular lipolysis to maintain lipid homeostasis and limit ROS production, thereby supporting oocyte cytoplasmic maturation and the subsequent embryo development. Taken together, these findings provide insight into the possible mechanism integrating MT2-mediated lipid homeostasis and redox signaling, which limits ROS production during in vitro COC development. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of the interactions between lipid homeostasis and redox signaling driven by MT2 is necessary in order to predict drug targets and the effects of therapeutics used to improve female reproductive health.

Ozgur Ozdemir, Gokhan Akcakavak, Mehmet Tuzcu

Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is defined as colon and rectum cancer and is among the major causes of mortality in developed Countries. Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract (TCAE) and Nerium oleander distillate (NOD) are reported to have anticancer and antioxidative activity. In this study, it was aimed to research the impact on cell proliferation markers of TCAE and NOD given simultaneously in experimental colon cancer. A total of 24 rats, 6 in each group, were used in the study. Cancer Control (CC): Azoxymethane was administered at the beginning of the experiment at a dose of 15 miligrams (mg)· kilograms-1 (kg), (Subcutaneous, SC) twice, with an interval of a week (wk), to induce cancer. CC+TCAE: the dosage of Azoxymethane administered was 15 mg·kg-1 (SC) twice a wk at the beginning of the experiment, while in the case of TCAE, it was 0.2 mL·kg-1 (SC) once a wk for 18 wk from the beginning of the experiment. Fifteen mg·kg-1 (SC) of Azoxymethane was administered twice at one-wk intervals at the beginning of the experiment to the CC+NOD group, and NO distillate (NOD) was given with water throughout the experiment. Afterwards, animals were euthanized under appropriate conditions, paraffin blocks formed from colon tissues, histochemical AgNOR (Silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions), and immunohistochemical PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) stainings were performed. In the study, immunohistochemically, PCNA scores and AgNOR count per nucleus (AgNCI) were significantly decreased in C-TCAE and C-NOD groups (P<0.001). AgNOR Area index (AgNAI) (P<0.01), Core Area Index (CAI) (P<0.05), and AgNOR Area index/Core Area Index (AgNAI/CAI) (P<0.01) scores were significantly decreased in the C-TCAE group. As a result, it was concluded that both TCAE and NOD are effective as chemopreventive drugs and that TCAE presents a more pronounced antiproliferative effect than NOD.