Hasil untuk "Urbanization. City and country"

Setsuko Onoda

Abstract Vulnerability in disaster contexts involves two key issues: firstly, post-disaster recovery is often seen as an opportunity not only to rebuild damaged systems and restore communities to their pre-disaster state but also to improve components and conditions to create more resilient social systems. Secondly, reconstructing the environment, landscape, and infrastructure exactly as they were before the disaster often reinstates the same vulnerabilities that existed previously. From a homeostasis perspective, vulnerabilities can be categorised into two types: those resulting from inaction and the accumulation of difficulties over time, and those triggered by sudden impacts such as natural disasters. If we view vulnerabilities as part of the regional complementary process, they can serve as multi-faceted political vectors for reform. To achieve genuine recovery, it is essential to adopt homeostasis as a guiding principle for political reform, eliminating institutionalised discrimination and fostering diverse, adaptive mechanisms within regional systems.

Jay L. Banner, Bryan A. Black, Darrel M. Tremaine

Abstract Developing sustainable urban systems is a fundamental societal challenge for the 21st century, and central Texas faces particularly synergistic challenges of a rapidly growing urban population and a projected increasingly drought-prone climate. To assess the history of urbanization impacts on watersheds here, we analyzed 51 cores from bald cypress trees in paired urban and rural watersheds in Austin, Texas. We find a significant contrast between rural and urbanized watersheds. In the rural watershed, tree-ring-width growth histories (“chronologies”) from 1844–2018 significantly and positively correlate (p < 0.01) with (1) one another, and (2) regional instrumental and proxy records of drought. In the urbanized watershed, by contrast, chronologies weakly correlate with one another, with instrumental records of drought, and with the rural chronologies and regional records. Relatively weak drought limitations to urban tree growth are consistent with the significant present-day transfer of municipal water from urban infrastructure by leakage and irrigation to the natural hydrologic system. We infer a significant, long-term contribution from infrastructure to baseflow in urbanized watersheds. In contrast to the common negative impacts of ‘urban stream syndrome’, such sustained baseflow in watersheds with impaired or failing infrastructure may be an unintended positive consequence for stream ecosystems, as a mitigation against projected extended 21st-century droughts. Additionally, riparian trees may serve as a proxy for past impacts of urbanization on natural streams, which may inform sustainable urban development.

José Lobo, Rimjhim M. Aggarwal, Marina Alberti et al.

Abstract There is a growing recognition that responding to climate change necessitates urban adaptation. We sketch a transdisciplinary research effort, arguing that actionable research on urban adaptation needs to recognize the nature of cities as social networks embedded in physical space. Given the pace, scale and socioeconomic outcomes of urbanization in the Global South, the specificities and history of its cities must be central to the study of how well-known agglomeration effects can facilitate adaptation. The proposed effort calls for the co-creation of knowledge involving scientists and stakeholders, especially those historically excluded from the design and implementation of urban development policies.

Kehinde Samuel ALEHILE

Climate change poses mounting risks to agricultural development and rural livelihoods in Nigeria. This study investigates the impacts of climate change on agricultural sector employment in Nigeria. Agriculture provides income and sustenance for much of Nigeria’s rural population. However, smallholder rain-fed farming predominates, with minimal resilience to climate shifts. Historical data reveal rising temperatures and declining, erratic rainfall across Nigeria’s agro-ecological zones since the 1970s. Crop modeling predicts further climate changes will reduce yields of key staple crops. This threatens the viability of smallholder agriculture and risks widespread job losses. The study adopts a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) modeling approach to evaluate climate change effects on agricultural sector employment in Nigeria from 1990 to 2020. Findings reveal reduced rainfall initially raises employment, as farming requires more labor in dry conditions. However, protracted droughts significantly reduce agricultural jobs. Increased temperatures consistently lower farm employment through reduced yields and incomes. Based on these findings, the study recommends that adaptive strategies are urgently needed to build resilience, promote climate-smart agriculture, and safeguard rural livelihoods.

Xianghua Huang, Shidong Chen, Decheng Xiong et al.

Global warming has become the focus of attention of the international community, and the control of carbon dioxide emissions has become one of the necessary choices for the development strategies of countries around the world. Cities are places where carbon dioxide emissions are concentrated. The key to controlling carbon emissions is to control the carbon emissions of cities. My country is currently in the process of rapid urbanization. Quantitative studies of the carbon cycle at the city level will help to take stock of carbon dioxide emissions in cities. On the other hand, it is helpful to understand the status and role of the urban carbon cycle in the process of the regional carbon cycle. Through the analysis and prediction of the elements influencing the carbon cycle of smart cities, this paper first determines the factors affecting smart cities in the carbon cycle process as industrial carbon emission strength factors, industrial structure effects, economic development factors, and population elements. It is found that the major positive factors affecting the significant add of CO2 emissions in smart cities from 2010 to 2019 are economic development factors and demographic factors, including economic development factors GDP/per capita GDP. The per capita contribution to CO2 emissions is higher than the model established by adjusting the affecting elements of overall CO2 emissions, except that the proportion of economic development factors in total CO2 emissions from 2013 to 2015 was lower than the increase in total CO2 emissions. The comparison can better reflect the relation between CO2 emissions and influencing elements. The main determinants affecting CO2 emissions are the expansion of the financial condition, the increase in the average daily population, and the increase in construction work. The adaptation index is judged to be consistent, indicating that the model adjustment effect is good; finally, the green computing in the smart city predicts the carbon cycle process, and the actual value trend line and the predicted value trend line are not much different from the practical value, the forecast error is small, and the prediction results are credible. Global warming has become the focus of attention of the international community, and carbon emission control has become one of the necessary options in the development strategies of countries around the world. Cities are the places where carbon emissions are concentrated. The key to controlling carbon emissions is to control urban carbon emissions. At present, my country is in the process of rapid urbanization. Quantitative research on the carbon cycle at the city level will help to establish an inventory accounting of urban carbon emissions. On the other hand, it is convenient to deeply understand the status and role of the urban carbon cycle in the process of the regional carbon cycle.

Mohamed El Asawy, Eman Badawy Ahmed

تسعى الدولة الي حوکمة العمران في مصر وذلک من خلال إصدار العديد من القوانين والتشريعات التخطيطية لرفع کفاءة التجمعات العمرانية، وتعتبر التعديلات المقترح تنفيذها على بنود قانون البناء الموحد من أهم التشريعات القانونية محل الدراسة في وقتنا الحالي. تتناول الدراسة تحليل وتقييم الأثر البيئي جراء تطبيق التعديلات المقترحة على متوسط الطاقة المستهلکة بالوحدات السکنية سواء بالسلب أو الإيجاب، مع ذکر خاص لمدى توافق تلک التعديلات مع التوصيات المقترحة بأکواد البناء المصري المعنية بالنواحي البيئية للمباني السکنية، بالاضافة الي بعض التعديلات المقترحة والتي يوصي البحث بضرورة ضمها الي قانون البناء الموحد. منهجية البحث: يتبع البحث المنهج الاستقرائي من خلال دراسة القوانين والمعايير الحاکمة لتصميم الوحدات السکنية والتي تشمل قانون البناء الموحد رقم 119 لسنة 2008 والضوابط والاشتراطات التخطيطية والبنائية للمدن المصرية 2020, والکود المصري لتحسين کفاءة استخدام الطاقة في المباني, بالاضافة الي الکود المصري للتهوية في المباني. ثم المنهج التطبقي وذلک من خلال اقتراح النموذج السکني للدراسة التطبيقية واستخدام برامج المحاکاة البيئية (designbuilder and energy plus) لقياس تاثير المتغيرات التصميمية المقترحة (ارتفاع المبنى والمسافات البينية بين المباني المتقابلة, والبروزات الخارجية, وطبقات الغلاف الخارجي المصمت, وأبعاد ونسب الفتحات الخارجية, والمناور السکنية الداخلية) علي استهلاک الطاقة بالمبني السکني. هذا وتشير نتائج الدراسة البحثية إلى أن تعديلات قانون البناء الموحد بمنظومة الاشتراطات الجديده2020 ذات تأثير ايجابي في زيادة الوفر في الطاقة المستهلکة للوحدات السکنية عن مثيلاتها في حال تطبيق قانون البناء الموحد لمقدار التوفير في الطاقة المستهلکة بمعدل 4% للمناور السکنية وبنسبة تتراوح ما بين 14 : 17% للبروزات ومن 12 : 16% لتأثير عرض الطريق وعلاقته بارتفاع المبني. Egypt seeks to govern urbanization by issuing many planning laws to increase the efficiency of urban communities. The proposed amendments to the Building Law are considered one of the most important legal studies during these days. The research focuses on analyzing and evaluating the environmental impact of applying amendments on the average energy consumption in residential buildings, whether negatively or positively. In addition to some proposed amendments, which the research recommends be included in the amendments. Research Methodology depends on the inductive approach by studying the laws for the housing unit’s design, which include the Building Law No. 119 of 2008, the planning and building requirements for Egyptian cities 2020, the Egyptian Code for Energy in Buildings, and the Egyptian code for ventilation in buildings. The second part depends on the applied approach by proposing the residential model for the applied study and using the environmental simulation programs (design builder and energy plus) to measure the effectiveness of the proposed design variables (building height, distances between opposite buildings, external shades, components of the building's external envelope, openings and courtyard) on the energy consumption of the residential building. The results of the study indicate that the modification of the building law with the new requirements (2020) has a positive effect on the building's energy saving compared to the case of applying the building law. The modifications achieve 4% in energy savings for the courtyard, 14:17 % for the cantilevers, and 12:16 % for the relationship between road width and the building height.

Patrícia Santos Pedrosa, Eliana Sousa Santos, Nuria Álvarez Lombardero et al.

H. Gu, Yinan Wei

Abstract In some developed countries in Europe, cities are developing very rapidly, but the rapid development of these countries also has to go through the following stages, which are the three essential development processes of urbanization, counter-urbanization and re-urbanization. My country’s development situation is relatively uneven. In the more developed areas of my country, the speed of urbanization is relatively rapid, such as cities near the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta. But with the development of urbanization, these areas are also facing a very troublesome problem, that is, the balance between the development of the city and the environmental ecosystem. In order to monitor this situation, we will use remote sensing technology to conduct a comprehensive survey of the urban environmental ecosystem and analyze the impact and effect of the rapid development of the city on the changes in the ecosystem. This article will focus on the area around the Yangtze River Delta, and investigate the spatial patterns of urban environmental ecosystems by comparing this area with cities in developed regions such as Western Europe and North America. Under the conditions of different regions and different degrees of urbanization, the comprehensive situation of environmental elements in the city is investigated, and the environmental impact effects and the causes, effects and effects of environmental changes are more accurately studied. Combine the BP network model related to the nervous system in the experiment, and continuously optimize the model during the experiment. The experimental data selects environmental difference reports displayed in different years and different seasons to predict the air pollution value of a certain city. The reason why we use this method is that this model can improve the accuracy of statistical data and greatly simplify the unnecessary and complicated steps in the research process, and it can also reduce the error problems generated in the operation of the BP system, such as when we When entering a piece of data, the data obtained is often very different from the target data. Therefore, we will use the ant colony algorithm to solve the above problems, and add stereo and 3D technologies, which can monitor experiments in real time, greatly improve the speed of the experiment, and the 3D stereo technology can make the results more perceptual to meet the needs of the experiment.

Gennaro Angiello

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always following a rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of a continuous updating of emerging topics concerning relationships among urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers. The Review Notes are made of four parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. In particular, the Urban practices section aims at presenting recent advancements on relevant topics that underlie the challenges that the cities have to face. The present note provides an overview of the policies and initiatives undertaken in four global cities in response to the Covid-19 outbreak: New York City (US), Beijing (CN), Paris (FR) and Singapore (SG). A cross-city analysis is used to derive a taxonomy of urban policy measures. The contribution discusses the effectiveness of each measures in providing answers to epidemic threats in urban areas while, at the same time, improving the sustainability and resilience of urban communities.

L. K. Widya, Chin-Yu Hsu, Hsiao-Yun Lee et al.

Because of fast-paced industrialization, urbanization, and population growth in Indonesia, there are serious health issues in the country resulting from air pollution. This study uses geospatial modelling technologies, namely land-use regression (LUR), geographically weighted regression (GWR), and geographic and temporal weighted regression (GTWR) models, to assess variations in particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations in Surabaya City, Indonesia. This is the first study to implement spatiotemporal variability of air pollution concentrations in Surabaya City, Indonesia. To develop the prediction models, air pollution data collected from seven monitoring stations from 2010 to 2018 were used as dependent variables, while land-use/land cover allocations within a 250 m to 5000 m circular buffer range surrounding the monitoring stations were collected as independent variables. A supervised stepwise variable selection procedure was applied to identify the important predictor variables for developing the LUR, GWR, and GTWR models. The developed models of LUR, GWR, and GTWR accounted for 49%, 50%, and 51% of PM10 variations and 46%, 47%, and 48% of NO2 variations, respectively. The GTWR model performed better (R2 = 0.51 for PM10 and 0.48 for NO2) than the other two models (R2 = 0.49–0.50 for PM10 and 0.46–0.47 for NO2), LUR and GWR. In the PM10 model four predictor variables, public facility, industry and warehousing, paddy field, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), were selected during the variable selection procedure. Meanwhile, paddy field, residential area, rainfall, and temperature played important roles in explaining NO2 variations. Because of biomass burning issues in South Asia, the paddy field, which has a positive correlation with PM10 and NO2, was selected as a predictor. By using long-term monitoring data to establish prediction models, this model may better depict PM10 and NO2 concentration variations within areas across Asia.

R. Jedwab, Dietrich Vollrath

J. Mohammadi, A. Zarabi, O. Mobaraki

Urban sprawl has become a remarkable characteristic of urban development worldwide in the last decades. Urban sprawl refers to the extent of urbanization, which is a global phenomenon mainly driven by population growth and large scale migration. In developing countries like Iran, urban sprawl is taking its toll on the natural resources at an alarming pace. The purpose of this paper is to study urban growth and effective factors on them in the city of Urmia, Iran. We used quantitive data of the study area from the period between 1989 and 2007, and population censuses of Urmia. To measure the model of urban growth, Holderness and Shannon’s entropy were employed. The Urmia case is interesting for several reasons: first, it is a case of very fast urban growth even for a developing country; second, it illustrates how the fastest rates of urban sprawl may correspond to middle size cities rather than to large centers. Third, it portrays a land substitution process in which agricultural land is not the primary provider of urban land which is relatively rare in urban contexts, and fourth, it also illustrates how urban sprawl may also hide important internal land uses such as the presence of agricultural plots within urban boundaries.

Johannes Kisser, Maria Wirth, Bart De Gusseme et al.

Our modern cities are resource sinks designed on the current linear economic model which recovers very little of the original input. As the current model is not sustainable, a viable solution is to recover and reuse parts of the input. In this context, resource recovery using nature-based solutions (NBS) is gaining popularity worldwide. In this specific review, we focus on NBS as technologies that bring nature into cities and those that are derived from nature, using (micro)organisms as principal agents, provided they enable resource recovery. The findings presented in this work are based on an extensive literature review, as well as on original results of recent innovation projects across Europe. The case studies were collected by participants of the COST Action Circular City, which includes a portfolio of more than 92 projects. The present review article focuses on urban wastewater, industrial wastewater, municipal solid waste and gaseous effluents, the recoverable products (e.g., nutrients, nanoparticles, energy), as well as the implications of source-separation and circularity by design. The analysis also includes assessment of the maturity of different technologies (technology readiness level) and the barriers that need to be overcome to accelerate the transition to resilient, self-sustainable cities of the future.

Richard Hu

In this essay, I employ a crisis-opportunity perspective to approach the practice of smart work and the making of collaborative space in responding and adapting to COVID-19. These trends have been emerging at a faster pace in the recent decade, facilitated by a growing knowledge economy and information technological advancement. COVID-19 provides an extreme setting to test and trigger changes, and are likely to translate these emerging trends into a new normal in the way we work and the way we use space. This new normal, once established in the post-CVOID-19 world, will necessitate a new thinking about workplace management and space design to disrupt many norms rooted in an industrial age.

Issa Ibrahim Berchin, José Baltazar Salgueirinho Osório de Andrade Guerra

In the past decades, the frequency of epidemics with global importance has increased significantly. Only in the first two decades of the 21st Century, the world has witnessed the epidemics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndromes, Zika virus, Ebola virus, Yellow Fever, the new COVID-19, besides the traditional influenza and other virus and bacteria. However, due to the high level of globalization, the large-scale population flow and the high reproductive rate of the virus, COVID-19 suddenly affected several countries, infecting hundreds of thousands of people and killing dozens of thousands in the fastest unprecedented crisis ever recorded, which also led to the fasted severe economic crisis on history. This perfect storm of social, economic and health catastrophes caused by the COVID-19 pandemics, directly threatens the world's livelihood and wellbeing and jeopardize the achievement of the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainable development is personified by Gaia's definition, implying limits for human activities and urging for a better use of technologies and resources. Although temporary, these changes in human actions set future trends for humanity, changing many aspects of our behavior, which include impacts in culture, technology, healthcare, economy, policy, education and the environment. Which may lead to a new enlightenment based on the need for global solidarity and an urge for the implementation of sustainable development pathways, finally creating a common agenda for the future of humanity as part of the Gaia, not above it.

Mohammadianmosammam Hassan, Mohhamad Nurul Islam Nazem

N. Javed, N. Qureshi

The urban scape of Faisalabad is shaped by factors that have affected the urban story of Pakistan in general, and that of the city in particular. At the national level, these include the development of the irrigation system in the late nineteenth century, followed by partition of India and the mass migration of over a million people into the new country, industrialization in the 1960s, Indo-Pak and Afghan wars, massive natural disasters (floods and earthquakes) and the war on terrorism in Afghanistan; each of these events coupled with the natural increase in population and rural to urban migration have led to irreversible migration of people into the cities of Pakistan. Against this background, Faisalabad’s centrality in location and nearness to various transport nodes have given rise to several unprecedented challenges not only in the form of unplanned sprawl but also in the form of shortage of water, housing and sanitation facilities. This profile examines the unique challenges and opportunities that are city specific as well as those that afflict other similar cities in Pakistan or any city in the developing world. This discussion is expected to help draw lessons and provide solutions to manage cities. The profile also examines the city’s unique features and comparative advantages, to assess its potential for future growth, so that Faisalabad is equipped to compete with other large cities in Pakistan and also within the region.

L. K. Katherina, G. Indraprahasta

In the past few decades, many countries had single primate city dominating the national economy and functioning as the country’s social and political center. This was also the case of Indonesia in that Jakarta occurred as the first city with its economic dominance and a population of over one million inhabitants reached within 30 years (between 1950s-1980s). Together with the surrounding area Jakarta become megacity since 1980s (commonly referred to as the Jakarta metropolitan area or JMA). The liberalization measures of the late 1980s and the decentralization policy since the early 2000s have provided opportunities for other cities and urban regions in Indonesia to grow. In this paper, we focus on Greater Surabaya, the fast-growing secondary city of Indonesia that has greatly benefited from the changing global and national politico-economic landscapes. Our aims is to explore its urbanization pattern in the last three decades. This study exhibits that urbanization pattern in Greater Surabaya is characterized by a relatively higher growth of annual population and economic development in the surrounding area compare to the core city. This rapid sub-urbanization seems to follow the JMA’s experience. This paper therefore, has important implications for urban scholarship and planning practice: how this rapis sub-urbandevelopment process does not lead to the same unsustainable problems experience by the JMA.

Jianting Yang

The choice of urbanization path has increasingly become a focus problem of our country's urban development. The article choose 161 cities in China above the ground level as samples, studied the 2005-2014 China's urban private car ownership evolution characteristics of space and time, selecting the population density, per capita GDP, urbanization level and per capita road with area of as the four factors that affect the civil car ownership by using the method of combining qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis, using panel data of 2005-2014, panel data model to quantify the contribution rate of various influencing factors, and analysis the mechanism of action of various factors on the urban private car ownership, combined with the relationship between car ownership and the use of oil to explore the different scale of the city civil relationship between car ownership and the choice of urbanization path, and put forward some suggestions on traffic levels for the development of China's urbanization.

X. Diao, E. Magalhaes, Jed Silver

Urbanization without industrialization is a major feature in Ghana, as elsewhere in much of Africa. This chapter explores how urbanization in Ghana has affected agricultural development in terms of rural employment, the farm size distribution, and use of modern inputs. In examining these relationships, the authors recognize that there have been distinct spatial patterns of urbanization in Ghana, and urbanization has not affected agriculture equally throughout the country. Therefore, the chapter develops a spatial typology of seven types of districts based on their city population size and location in the north or south of the country and examines the share of households employed in agriculture, nonagriculture, or both across these different district types. The findings illustrate that urbanization is increasing the share of rural households in the nonfarm economy, and contributed to a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the north. The chapter further tests the induced innovation hypothesis, which predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices. The findings show though that while there has been substantial uptake of fertilizers, herbicides, and mechanization in recent years, there is only limited support that this has been driven by urbanization.