Hasil untuk "United States local history"

Daniil V. Ivanov

The purpose of this article is to examine the influence of Baptist groups on the emergence of religious diversity and secularism during the colonial history of the United States. Baptism, which penetrated North America in the first decades of the English colonization of the continent, is currently the second largest denomination in the United States after Roman Catholicism. The colonial history of American Baptism, despite the tradition’s lengthy presence on the continent and enormous social influence in the southern states, is an example of a long and persistent struggle for both the hearts of believers and religious freedom. In the Thirteen Colonies, Baptists were subjected to local persecution, which did not stop the growth of the Baptist tradition throughout the colonial period. Baptism advanced as a result of both immigration of Baptist groups from Britain and active proselytism, including among African slaves. Baptism appealed to people due to the simplicity of its worship, emphasis on personal piety and strict adherence to the Bible. The form of organization, with the independence of each local congregation of believers, also played a significant role in the establishment of the Baptist tradition in the colonies. This allowed various Baptist communities to develop independently of each other in the peripheral regions. Being an oppressed group, Baptists actively fought for religious freedom and played a major role in the formation of secular society in early America. Thus, Roger Williams, one of the founders of the Baptist tradition in the colonies, established the first religiously tolerant colony in the New World – Rhode Island. Moreover, individual groups of Baptist settlers participated in the colonization of the borderlands of the Thirteen Colonies, forming new religious landscapes in the early American Frontier.

Adina Feldman, Micah Bhatti, Jane Powell et al.

Background: Candida auris (C. auris) is a multidrug-resistant fungus that is increasingly implicated in outbreaks in healthcare facilities worldwide. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Texas Department of State Health Services recommend healthcare facilities screen patients who are considered high-risk for C. auris, including patients with an overnight stay in a healthcare facility outside the United States (U.S.) in the previous year, or recently stayed in a rehabilitation (rehab) facility, long-term acute care (LTAC), or skilled nursing facility (SNF). Screening patients for C. auris colonization allows for early implementation of infection control measures, preventing transmission to healthcare workers and other patients. According to the CDC, most cases of C. auris result from local spread within and among healthcare facilities in the same city or state. In Texas, 160 clinical cases have been reported during the past 12 months. At present, the necessity of screening high-risk patients at our center for C. auris is not known. We aimed to determine the prevalence of C. auris colonization among our patient population. Method: During a 4-week period, we performed targeted screening of patients meeting the CDC’s high-risk definition for C. auris. Admitted patients were screened by an Infection Preventionist (IP) using the electronic health record to identify patients who were either international or admitted from a rehab or care facility. A composite swab of bilateral axilla and groin creases was collected using an eSwab™ (Becton Dickinson) and sent to a reference lab (Mayo Clinic Laboratories) for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection of C. auris. Additionally, we reviewed historic cases of C. auris diagnosed at our institution to better define our at-risk patients. Results: Between July 14 – August 8, 2023, we consecutively screened 25 high-risk patients, including 18 (72%) international and 7 (28%) patients from rehabs, LTAC, or SNF. None were positive for C. auris. Since 2019, we identified six patients with C. auris positive cultures, including five clinical cases and one colonization case. Five patients were international and one was local with no history of international travel or stay in a care facility. Interestingly, all six were known to be colonized with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli. Conclusion: We have a very low prevalence of C. auris among CDC-defined high-risk patients. A review of historic C. auris cases indicated an association with colonization by other multidrug-resistant organisms, specifically ESBL E. coli, which will inform future screening protocols at our institution.

Trevor Watkins, Jonathan O. Cain

Positionality statement As we begin to discuss this issue, its origins, and its importance in contemporary society, I wanted to acknowledge my positionality and the role that it may play in the formation of this issue.  Jonathan O. Cain is an African-American male working in the LIS field. Before moving into administration, I taught data and digital literacy and worked on developing programs that focused on improving access to these critical skills at zero cost to learners. It is important to acknowledge my positionality and the lens through which I see the data science field. Trevor Watkins is an African American male working in the LIS field at an academic institution in an academic library. I teach critical data literacy workshops and engage in diversity and BIPOC-related digital projects with faculty, students, and the broader academic community across the country. I am also a researcher and practitioner in artificial intelligence (AI) and data science. The global pandemic, its impacts, and why it matters We first met in August 2020 to discuss the possibilities of this special issue about five months into the pandemic. We spent a good chunk of that meeting getting to know each other and, most importantly, discussed the toll the pandemic placed on our communities and us. It is probably safe to say that many of you, at some point, were uncertain of the future. Like most people worldwide, we lost family and friends or knew of people who succumbed to Covid-19 and other illnesses that weren't treated because the focus shifted to Covid-19. We get it. At one point, Covid-19 killed over three thousand people per day (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2022). According to data from the CDC, 90% of the 385,676 people who died between March and December 2020 had Covid-19 listed as the underlying cause of death on their death certificate. The murders of Ahmaud Arbery in February, Breonna Taylor in March, and George Floyd in May 2020 sparked civic unrest across the United States (US) and protests across the globe in solidarity against racial injustice. When we announced this special issue and initiated a call for papers, we didn't get much of a response initially. We expected and acknowledged that it would probably take some time before we received inquiries or proposals about the issue, the intent to submit, or any submissions. Like many of you, we are still picking up the pieces from 2020 and dealing with the aftermath of Covid-19. The pandemic may be over now, depending on whom you ask, but the emotional scars are still there and may remain so for quite some time. Patience was the one quality we all had throughout this process, which is why we can present this publication today. Data and liberatory technology Liberatory technology. This is a concept that invited contemplation as we sat down to record our reflections on this special issue. In drawing together scholars, educators, and practitioners to address the issue of data and its relationship to race, ethnicity, and representation, we, as coeditors, were making a statement about the importance of data, the material impact that this seemingly abstract and ethereal object can and does have on individual and community lives. And thinking about that impact brought liberatory technology to the front of our minds. The definition of liberator technology offered by the IDA B. Wells Just Data Lab intrigues us and invites us to grapple with that topic. They defined liberatory as something that "supports the increased freedom and wellbeing of marginalized people, especially black people outside of capitalism and settler colonial power structures" and technology as "a tool used to accomplish a task." And as we contemplate this set of definitions, we are left to question whether data can be a liberatory technology or not. (LIBERATORY TECHNOLOGY AND DIGITAL MARRONAGE, n.d.) In Liberation Technology: Black Protest in the Age of Franklin, Richard S. Newman draws parallels with the asserting ownership and mastery of new communication technologies and black liberation activities. Reflecting on the transformative nature of print technology, he writes, "If the Marquis de Condorcet was right in 1793 that print had unshackled Europe from medieval modes of thought and action, then it is also true that print was perhaps the first technology to liberate blacks from the servile images that had long haunted their existence in Western culture." And draws a 19th-century example of how it expressly connects to black lives post-emancipation noting "W. E. B. Du Bois certainly thought that black history and print history worked in tandem. Wherever one found newspapers in the post-Civil War South, he observed, one found some form of black freedom" (Richard S. Newman, 2009, p. 175). He even notes how scholars note that black activists embraced other communication technologies like photography "to reshape the image of African Americans in nineteenth-century culture." (Richard S. Newman, 2009, p. 175) We have no shortage of examples of how data and data-driven technologies fail to support the "increased freedom and wellbeing of marginalized people outside of capitalism and settler colonial power structures." In 2016, ProPublica published Machine Bias, a report that looks at Risk assessment technologies used in arraignment and sentencing. They report that "The formula was particularly likely to falsely flag black defendants as future, wrongly labeling them this way at almost twice the rate as white defendants" and "white defendants were mislabeled as low risk more often than black defendants" (Julia Angwin, 2016). A 2021 article, Fairness in Criminal Justice Risk Assessments: The State of the Art, in their analysis, noted, "The false negative rate is much higher for whites so that violent white offenders are more likely than violent black offenders to be incorrectly classified as nonviolent. The false positive rate is much higher for blacks so that nonviolent black offenders are more likely than nonviolent white offenders to be incorrectly classified as violent. Both error rates mistakenly inflate the relative representation of blacks predicted to be violent. Such differences can support claims of racial injustice. In this application, the trade-off between two different kinds of fairness has real bite." (Berk et al., 2021, p. 33) These are just a few examples of how these technological developments, on their own merits, fail to meet the definition offered by the authors of the "Liberatory Technology and Digital Marronage" Zine from the Ida B. Wells Just Data Labs. Reflecting on the technological path illustrated by Newman, the work of ownership and mastery of the tool provides the potential for it to be liberatory. Through this lens, the work of the Just Data Lab is exemplary for this meditation; it draws a direct line from technology, education, mastery, and liberatory technology. Data in higher education Data literacy education is an area that has been a focus of our careers in librarianship. It's a space where we saw the libraries' ability to make a meaningful impact. Data has had a tremendous impact on college campuses, from how research is conducted to the pressures colleges feel from stakeholder groups: students, governments, funders, donors, and employers to prepare students with the data and technology skills to gain employment in the knowledge economy. As colleges and universities have turned (with varying degrees of success) to meet the needs of these communities, a myriad of explorations on the importance of the representation of these marginalized communities in these systems—to combat and dismantle the harmful practices that we see embedded in the systems that drive society and the potentially debilitating consequences they produce. That is partly why the works in this special issue are so important at this moment in time. These scholars and scholar-practitioners are engaging with these issues that drive the opaque structures surrounding us. And hopefully, their work can give us another perspective on how to engage with these structures and transform them to support liberatory practices. The entries in this issue We have some fantastic articles for you to read in this issue. We open with an article by Kevin Manuel, Rosa Orlandini, and Alexandra Cooper, who discuss how the collection process of racial, ethnic, and indigenous data has evolved in the Canadian Census since 1871, the erasure of minorities and indigenous citizens from those censuses, and the work to restore and accurately identify and categorize racialized groups. In the next article, Leigh Phan, Stephanie Labou, Erin Foster, and Ibraheem Ali present a model for data ethics instruction for non-experts by designing and implementing two data ethics workshops. They make important points about the failure of academia to incorporate the ethical use of data in course curriculums and digital literacy training and demonstrate how academic libraries have become an essential resource for the academic community. Their workshop structure can be modeled for any academic library that endeavors to provide a similar service to its community. In the third article, Natasha Johnson, Megan Sapp Nelson, and Katherine Yngve, interrogate the collective and local purposes of institutional data collection and its impact on student belongingness and propose a framework based on data feminism that centers the student as a person rather than a commodity. Finally, our closing article from Thema Monroe-White focuses on marginalized and underrepresented people in the data science field. The author proposes that racially relevant and responsive teaching is necessary to recruit more people from these groups and diversify the field. She discusses how the Ladson-Billings model of cultural relevant pedagogy has been applied and is beneficial to STEM curriculums, and how a liberatory data science curriculum could promote a student's voice and sense of belonging. Conclusion We want to thank all those involved in producing this special issue. We want to thank the authors first. Their patience, dedication, and perseverance throughout this process were much appreciated. The reviewers provided timely, very detailed, and thorough feedback. We would be remised if we didn't acknowledge their hard work and labor. We would like to thank the IQ Editorial Team, Michele Hayslett and Karsten Boye Rasmussen, for working with us over the last two years, and Ofira Schwartz-Soicher, for helping us get to the finish line. Trevor Watkins Jonathan O. Cain References Berk, R., Heidari, H., Jabbari, S., Kearns, M., & Roth, A. (2021). Fairness in Criminal Justice Risk Assessments: The State of the Art. Sociological Methods & Research, 50(1), 3–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124118782533 Flipsnack. (n.d.). Liberatory Technology Zine. Flipsnack. Retrieved December 17, 2022, from https://www.flipsnack.com/EBC8CD77C6F/liberatory-technology-zine.html LIBERATORY TECHNOLOGY AND DIGITAL MARRONAGE. (n.d.). IDA B. WELLS JUST DATA LAB. Retrieved December 17, 2022, from https://www.thejustdatalab.com/tools-1/liberatory-technology-and-digital-marronage Mattu, J. A., Jeff Larson,Lauren Kirchner,Surya. (n.d.). Machine Bias. ProPublica. Retrieved December 17, 2022, from https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing Richard S. Newman. (2009). Liberation Technology: Black Printed Protest in the Age of Franklin. Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 8(1), 173–198. https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.0.0033

Aaron Witcher reviews Valérie Loichot\'s <a href=\"https://www.upress.virginia.edu/title/5404\"><em>Water Graves: The Art of the Unritual in the Greater Caribbean</em></a> (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2020).

L. N. Aksenova, L. V. Sokolskaya, A. S. Valentonis et al.

Introduction. In the era of the formation of the world educational space, historical and pedagogical studies of regional education systems acquire special relevance. Many states, while modernising their national education systems, turn to the experience of past generations in order to understand how socio-economic changes taking place around the world and in Russia can affect the education system of a particular region. The twenties of the last century in Russia is a time of searching for new types of schools, opportunities for educating and teaching the younger generation in the spirit of the new (Soviet) ideology. The peoples of South Siberia (Altai, Shors, Kumandins, Chelkans, Teleuts, Tubalars, Telengits), united in the administrative-territorial framework of the Oirot Autonomous Region and the Gorno-Shor National Region, despite the difficulties, made a significant progress in the development of school education, including the number of the national school.The aim of the present article was to study the peculiarities of the process of formation and development of the Soviet education system among the indigenous peoples of Southern Siberia in the 1920s.Methodology and research methods. The research is based on the analysed and generalised content of archival documents, scientific sources on the history of the formation of the peoples of Southern Siberia in the context of the system-historical approach. The authors of the article studied 35 documents from the funds of the Committee for Archives of the Altai Republic and the Center for the Storage of Archives of the Altai Territory. The archival documents introduced into scientific circulation made it possible to consider the process of increasing the number of national schools, providing students with textbooks in their native language, the process of training teachers from the indigenous population, taking into account the national and cultural characteristics of the region.Results and scientific novelty. Based on the study of archival materials, the authors of the article rethink the activities of the Soviet authorities to restore and create the school network of education, its development and preparation for the introduction of universal primary education among the peoples of Southern Siberia. The issue of creating a national education system in the 1920s is closely connected with the process of indigenisation, as part of the national policy of the Soviet state and with the process of transferring the local population to settled life. By the beginning of the 1930s, a network of school institutions was created in the region, which increased the percentage of literate adolescents and subsequently enrolled in primary education all children of school age. Addressing national inequalities through the development of the education system and the eradication of illiteracy in the multinational region is of undeniable interest to educational historians and teachers.Practical significance. Today, the interest of researchers in regional history has increased all over the world; therefore, the current article will be useful to readers, as the analysis of new archival documents helps to fill the gaps in the scientific literature on the establishment of the Soviet school among the indigenous peoples of southern Siberia in the 1920s. The materials of the article can be used by teachers to design the courses on the history of education in Russia and the historical study of local lore. Moreover, the presented materials can be applied in the course of the development of a modern regional educational policy.

Zabiianov Yevhen

The article is relevant due to the fact that digitalization of libraries and the specifics of the formation of local historycontent in digital libraries is based on the use of new technologies. Local history content is important for studies ofboth domestic and foreign scientists in the field of library local lore. It is evident that it is an innovative way of developmentof library local lore that will ensure the fulfillment of the social mission of the institution, promoting the benefitsof open access to information and knowledge. The purpose of the article is to determine the principles of formationof local history content in US digital libraries and their content strategies in the digital environment. The researchmethodology is application of general scientific methods of cognition. Comparative and survey-analytical monitoringof the state of modern information resources, namely local lore digital libraries, is used. In addition, the methodologicalbasis of the work is the analysis of theoretical sources on the research topic. The results of the study shows that the proposedscientific research is devoted to the analysis of experience in the implementation and development of digitallibraries in developed countries, namely in the United States. After all, this significant process is a priority for Ukraineas well. Accordingly, a comprehensive analysis of foreign practical experience provides an opportunity to develop effectivemethods of forming local history web content, to find answers of unresolved issues, improve and implement theexisting advantages of e-libraries in different countries in domestic practice. In conclusion, digital transformations paygreat attention to the formation of digital local lore resources. To open access for researchers and local historians to theresources of libraries with the greatest completeness and convenience, to satisfy scientific, educational and informationneeds - these are already planned strategies of libraries in the digital environment. As a result, local history web contentbecomes an effective tool for promoting libraries in cyberspace, as well as for popularizing local history knowledge.

Qianwen Zhang, Tongyin Li, Qiushuang Wang et al.

The United States (U.S.) consumed over 80 billion servings of tea, approximately 3.8 billion gallons, in the year of 2018. With the vast majority of tea demand being met by importation, the United States became the third largest tea importer worldwide after Russia and Pakistan. As demand for domestically produced tea increases and growers expressing increasing interest in growing and producing tea, tea production became an emerging industry in the United States. Compared to major tea producing countries with centuries of growing history, tea production in the United States is limited and requires research support in many aspect of tea production including selecting suitable cultivars adapted to local climatic conditions. This study evaluated nine tea cultivars, including ‘BL1,’ ‘BL2,’ ‘Black Sea,’ ‘Christine’s Choice,’ ‘Dave’s Fave,’ ‘Large Leaf,’ ‘Small Leaf,’ ‘Sochi,’ and ‘var. assamica,’ for plant growth, leaf morphological characteristics, cold tolerance, and leaf biochemical compositions when grown in Mississippi United States with a subtropical climate. The nine tested cultivars had varying plant growth indices (PGI) and varying degrees of cold tolerance to freezing temperatures in winter, but resumed healthy growth the following spring. ‘BL2’ showed the highest PGI of 104.53 cm by February 2019, which might be helpful toward suppressing weed and early establishment of tea plantation. The nine cultivars also showed varying leaf characteristics in terms of leaf length, width, area, fresh and dry weights, and new shoot weight. There existed a diversity in leaf biochemical composition including soluble solids, carbohydrates, total polyphenols (TP), free amino acids (AA), L-theanine and caffeine among the nine cultivars and among different harvesting seasons of spring, summer, and fall within a certain cultivar. The nine cultivars in this study generally grow well in local environment. All tea samples collected from nine cultivars and three seasons were considered suitable for green tea processing with low TP/AA ratios ranging from 1.72 to 3.71 in this study.

Désirée Larenas-Linnemann, Noel Rodríguez-Pérez, Jorge A. Luna-Pech et al.

Background: Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has a longstanding history and still remains the only disease-changing treatment for allergic rhinitis and asthma. Over the years 2 different schools have developed their strategies: the United States (US) and the European. Allergen extracts available in these regions are adapted to local practice. In other parts of the world, extracts from both regions and local ones are commercialized, as in Mexico. Here, local experts developed a national AIT guideline (GUIMIT 2019) searching for compromises between both schools. Methods: Using ADAPTE methodology for transculturizing guidelines and AGREE-II for evaluating guideline quality, GUIMIT selected 3 high-quality Main Reference Guidelines (MRGs): the European Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (EAACI) guideines, the S2k guideline of various German-speaking medical societies (2014), and the US Practice Parameters on Allergen Immunotherapy 2011. We formulated clinical questions and based responses on the fused evidence available in the MRGs, combined with local possibilities, patient's preference, and costs. We came across several issues on which the MRGs disagreed. These are presented here along with arguments of GUIMIT members to resolve them. GUIMIT (for a complete English version, see Supplementary data) concluded the following: Results: Related to the diagnosis of IgE-mediated respiratory allergy, apart from skin prick testing complementary tests (challenges, in vitro testing and molecular such as species-specific allergens) might be useful in selected cases to inform AIT composition. AIT is indicated in allergic rhinitis and suggested in allergic asthma (once controlled) and IgE-mediated atopic dermatitis. Concerning the correct subcutaneous AIT dose for compounding vials according to the US school: dosing tables and formula are given; up to 4 non-related allergens can be mixed, refraining from mixing high with low protease extracts. When using European extracts: the manufacturer's indications should be followed; in multi-allergic patients 2 simultaneous injections can be given (100% consensus); mixing is discouraged. In Mexico only allergoid tablets are available; based on doses used in all sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) publications referenced in MRGs, GUIMIT suggests a probable effective dose related to subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) might be: 50–200% of the monthly SCIT dose given daily, maximum mixing 4 allergens. Also, a table with practical suggestions on non-evidence-existing issues, developed with a simplified Delphi method, is added. Finally, dissemination and implementation of guidelines is briefly discussed, explaining how we used online tools for this in Mexico. Conclusions: Countries where European and American AIT extracts are available should adjust AIT according to which school is followed.

marzieh haghbeen, navid kalani, elham rafie et al.

Abstract: Introduction: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a local dilation of the abdominal aorta that increases the risk of rupture up to 50% of normal diameter. AAA is the leading cause of death and is the 13th leading cause of death in the United States. Aging, male gender and smoking are the most important causes of AAA. At present, there is no drug treatment to prevent the development of AAA and mortality after rupture remains high. Case Report: The patient was a 74-year-old man with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, lumbar disc, lower extremity paralysis, chronic heart disease and bladder cancer. He underwent 2 operations due to cancer with abdominal pain and a history of fainting in the previous hour at home. Is. Conclusion: In elderly patients with abdominal pain with or without underlying disease, according to the symptoms and clinical examinations, the patient can be examined for abdominal aortic aneurysm and thus there will be more time to treat the patient.

Atsushi Kanno, Atsushi Masamune, Keiji Hanada et al.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal disease. PDAC is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and Japan based on epidemiological data. Early detection of PDAC is very important to improve the prognosis of PDAC. Early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) requires further examination after selecting cases with risk factors for the condition, such as family history, hereditary pancreatic carcinoma syndrome, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, or chronic pancreatitis. The Japan Study Group on the Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer has investigated and clarified the clinicopathological features for the early diagnosis of PDAC. In Japan, an algorithm for the early diagnosis of PDAC, which utilized the cooperation of local clinics and regional general hospitals, has been a breakthrough in the detection of early-stage PDAC. Further approaches for the early diagnosis of PDAC are warranted.

Roman Hautala

On May 17–18, 2017, an international workshop “Networks, Regions and Institutions in Mongol Eurasia: A Meso-Historical Analysis” was held at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem with the participation of researchers from Israel, Japan, Britain, United States, Russia, China, Hungary and Finland. The main goal of the workshop was to reveal the potential of the “meso-historical analysis” in the study of the Mongol Empire, including the simultaneous consideration of global changes in Eurasia caused by the creation of the empire of Chinggis Khan, and the impact of these changes on each of its separate regions as recorded in the available primary sources. The keynote speech by Akinobu Kuroda (The University of Tokyo) was entitled “A Global Monetary History of Mongol Eurasia: A Mesoscopic Perspective”. The first panel “Networks of the Empire and Beyond” included the following talks: Yoichi Isahaya (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem), “Hulaguid Appanages as Mesoscale Agency in Cross-Cultural Exchange”; Elizabeth Lambourn (De Montfort University), “Mongol Eurasia at Sea: Peninsular South India in Networks of Maritime Trade and Tribute (Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries)”. In the framework of the second panel “Decentralizing the Empire through Mesoscale Regions” the following talks were presented: Francesca Fiaschetti (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem), “Empires within the Empire: Governance and Dynastic Space in Eastern Eurasia under Mongol Rule”; Christopher Eirkson (University of Pittsburgh), “Mongol Appanages and Ming Chinese Frontier Princedoms: A Comparison of Autonomous Territorial Units in Northern China, 1200–1500 CE”; Nikolay Kradin (Russian Academy of Sciences), “North-Eastern Margin of Mongolian Empire: Hinterland Urbanization of Chinggis Khan Brother”. The third panel “Sources Narrate Eurasia” saw presentations by: Roman Hautala (Tatarstan Academy of Sciences), “Catholic Missionary Sources on the Everyday Life in the Golden Horde (First Half of the 14th Century)”; Stephen Pow, (CEU University) “What a Source Says, When It Says Nothing at All: Extracting Information from Jochi Khan’s Biography in the 117th Chapter of the Yuan Shi”; Jonathan Brack (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem), “How the Dead Mattered in Ilkhanid Iran? The Local and the Global in Rashid al-Din’s Three Refutations of Reincarnation”. In the framework of the final fourth panel “Law as a Meso-Institution” the following talks were presented: Khohchahar E. Chuluu (The University of Tokyo), “Law, Institutions, and Justice in the Mongol Empire”; Florence Hodous (Renmin University), “Joint Trials as a Key to Local History and Empire-Wide Dynamics”; Edith Chen (Princeton University), “Justice of the Khan: Writing the Lives of the Jarqučis in the Yuan Shi”.

Elena Conis

Elena Conis examines competing narratives of DDT in order to insert a more complicated story of local American values, beliefs, and ideas about health and environment into the often-told global histories of the pesticide during and immediately after World War II.

Rami Zurayk

First paragraphs: When the residents of the small town of Fort Kent in rural Maine expressed their concerns about Sierra Leone's Ebola epidemic arriving "on their doorstep" (Freyer, 2014), they may have not known that they were right to realize that Sierra Leone is actually far closer to the United States than may be immediately obvious. The West African country, which is about the size of the state of Maine, is home to a population of six million, among whom many are descended from the 1,200 freed enslaved people who were brought back from the U.S. in 1791. The freed slaves had been returned to the same spot of the African coast from which millions of slaves had been shipped to the U.S. to work in the rice and sugar cane plantations.          The history of Sierra Leone is one of dispossession, enslavement, exploitation, and thievery at the hand of local, colonial, and imperial powers. These hardships have contributed to the enrichment of many, including Hollywood magnates and actors who dug into the country's 1991–2002 civil war, fueled by the illegal sale of the country's diamonds, for inspiration. The award-winning 2006 movie Blood Diamond, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, grossed over US$170 million, of which the people of Sierra Leone never saw a single cent.      For this is Sierra Leone's predicament: its people do not benefit from its riches. For instance, while natural resources abound, especially fertile lands, diamonds, and tropical forests, the country is plagued by land grabs, blood diamonds, and conflict timber (McCoy, 2014). Sierra Leone is one of the poorest countries in the world, with a Human Development Index ranking in 2013 of 183 out of 187 (United Nations Development Programme [UNDP], 2014).

Vladislav A. Muzalevskiy

The article deals with the problems of democratization as a neocolonial practice. The author argues that the spread of democracy is similar in many respects to colonialism and civilizing mission as universal and even messianic phenomena. He notes that both of these phenomena, despite the similarity of their origin, have different "gender basis" (colonialism has characteristics of masculinity and civilizing mission - of femininity). The author reviewed the history of transforming the concepts of "colonialism" and "civilizing mission". Results parallels between the two phenomena are analyzed as a specific intellectual and public discourse in a particular era influenced the formation of both phenomena. Examples of national civilizing projects, their intellectual potential and influence on contemporary world politics are also considered. The echoes of colonialism and civilizing mission are visible in US and the EU doctrines of democracy promotion. Examining the evolution of approaches to democratization, the author finds the differences in strategic culture of the United States and the European Union: if the American establishment have a propensity to masculine practice of democracy promotion ("democratic enlargement", the project "Greater Middle East", etc.), and European leadership prefers feminine practices. In terms of the post-colonial feminism, this approach does not give these actors any special benefits, as it offers the ineffective governing strategy of the local population, not taking into account, and often denying the specific cultural environment of democracy promotion, paying more attention to institutional characteristics (lack of certain civil rights and freedoms, lack of transparency in the work of public authorities, etc.). The author notes that the current strategy of democracy promotion, though being more complex, creates the effect of "double discrimination", when both the local people and local women (imposing image of "a free and independent Western woman") feel that they are "colonized". Based on an analysis of the current state of democratization, the author proposes four possible scenarios for promoting democracy in the world.

Jesse P. Karlsberg

Jesse P. Karlsberg describes the features of the redesigned Southern Spaces website and places its redevelopment in the context of the need for multimedia publications to adapt to the ever-changing technologies and design conventions of the web.

Clint Fluker

In collaboration with Southern Spaces, MARBL Highlights features collections housed at Emory University’s Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library. Including curators’ comments, archival photographs, as well as brief collection summaries, this blog series promotes the material culture of MARBL's southern and spatial collections.

Henry Curtis

In recent years, public health and the law have frequently interacted. A variety of issues have led to the government stepping in to create legislation that affects the individual in order to protect the general public. These actions are grounded in the 1905 Supreme Court case Jacobson v. Massachusetts. Jacobson set the stage for almost all public health law to follow. However, the case has had more than just a legal impact. In fact, Jacobson has made its mark on both societal policies and trends in healthcare and medicine. The case set a precedent for the valuing of public health over individual liberties when the two come into conflict. More generally, Jacobson shows the utilitarian nature of governmental policy. When it comes to most public health actions, the government will act to provide the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. Ultimately, via examining multiple examples of socio-medical policy, we will find that Jacobson is a Supreme Court case that goes under the radar in terms in spite of its important impact on everyday life. Let us begin with the first and most obvious instance of Jacobson affecting society today: vaccination policy. There are two primary ways that vaccinations can affect the individual: through mandated vaccinations for children starting school, and by vaccination orders during a public health emergency. Starting with the former and most prevalent example, school entry requirements across the country are influenced by vaccination public health policy. Every state in America requires students to be vaccinated against certain diseases before entering public or private school.[1] The mandated vaccinations usually include one inoculation against mumps, measles, and rubella (MMR), another to prevent diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP), as well as others to combat polio, influenza, varicella, and hepatitis B. Such policies have been in place in the United States since the 1960s and 1970s, when a measles outbreak spread across the country. States also have laws in place that allow them to mandate vaccinations during a public health emergency, such as an outbreak of a communicable disease. The decision of whether to invoke the law lies with governors, state boards of health, or state health officers.[2]For example, in Arizona the governor has the right during a state of emergency “to issue orders that mandate treatment or vaccination of persons who are diagnosed with illness resulting from exposure or who are reasonably believed to have been exposed or who may reasonably be expected to be exposed.”[3] The law is written to give the government a wide range of powers in such circumstances. With a severe outbreak, just about everybody in a specific population would fall under such law. Other states have similarly legislated powers, with the differences being who decides when a situation is dire enough to trigger these powers and how they are carried out. Jacobson’s impact in these cases is evident in states’ exemption policies. All states will exempt someone from vaccination for medical reasons; essentially, a person cannot be forcibly vaccinated if he is allergic to the vaccine. About a dozen states also recognize philosophical objections, while more allow for religious exemptions. If [1] religious or philosophical beliefs against vaccinations are sincerely and conscientiously held, and if the objector can provide proof of the belief (such as showing membership in a religious group that does not allow vaccinations), then the individual can be declared exempt. Aside from these instances, everyone is subject to vaccination laws. The logic in the Jacobson decision shows itself here. According to Justice John Harlan, who wrote the majority opinion, “Upon the principle of self-defense, of paramount necessity, a community has the right to protect itself against an epidemic of disease which threatens the safety of its members.”[4] Although this applies to public health emergencies, the line of thought is still the same for school vaccination: When it comes to questions involving public health, the government values the protection of the general population over the rights of the public. Jacobson has a direct corollary to disease prevention, as seen in the case involving Reverend Henning Jacobson, who did not trust the safety of smallpox vaccine.[5] At the turn of the last century, Massachusetts was facing an epidemic. In 1900, there were 100 cases of smallpox reported in the state; by 1902, that number had risen to 2,314, with 284 reported deaths. The state mandated vaccinations for the general public in order to curb the spread of the disease. This was before religious or philosophical objections had been established, so everyone had to participate. Jacobson refused, and instead of paying a five-dollar fine (around $150 today), he sued the state. The case eventually made it all the way to the Supreme Court, which ruled in favor of the state. This precedent of using utilitarian calculation in public health law shows itself not just in vaccination policy, but other areas as well. For instance, the impact of Jacobson can be seen in quarantine law. The government has specific powers when it comes to quarantining individuals in times of public health emergencies. Fidler, Gostin, and Markel comment on this area: “Public health authorities possess a variety of powers to restrict the autonomy or liberty of persons who pose a public health threat.… Legal authority to exercise these powers in the United States can be found at local, state, and federal levels.”[6] In times of emergency and disease outbreak, then, the government has the right to quarantine or isolate individuals for the benefit of the general population. Two specific examples of this both involve tuberculosis. The first is the TB outbreak in New York City in the early 1990s. As Gasner, et al., comment, “In 1992, New York City reported 3811 cases of tuberculosis, nearly three times the number of cases reported 15 years before. The commissioner of health could issue orders compelling a person to be examined for suspected tuberculosis, to complete treatment, to receive treatment under direct observation, or to be detained for treatment.”[7] For the city, the nature of the disease warranted quarantining individuals. If they do not complete treatment—it can take months to completely cure a patient of the disease—drug-resistant strains evolve. These strains of the disease are much tougher to treat and are more often fatal. Therefore, to prevent drug-resistant TB from spreading, the city quarantined individuals who had the disease and isolated those who refused treatment. The protocol was a success, reported Gasner: “New York City’s tuberculosis-control program has been highly successful; new cases decreased by 54.6 percent and cases of multidrug-resistant disease by 87.3 percent between 1992 and 1997.”[8] By removing individuals from the general population, the city effectively curbed the spread of the disease and helped prevent drug-resistant strains from developing. Another example of quarantine being used for tuberculosis is the Andrew Speaker incident, in 2007.[9] Speaker was planning to travel abroad when it was discovered that he had a multidrug-resistant strain of TB. The Georgia Department of Public Health, in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control, advised Speaker not to leave the country and was planning legal action to keep him from going abroad. Before health officials could reach him, however, he had already departed for Europe. Speaker was tracked down in Rome. The CDC reminded him of his diagnosis and warned to not to travel on commercial aircraft because of the threat he posed. He defied the order and flew to Prague for a few days before coming back to North America, to Montreal. He then traveled by car to New York, where he was ordered to Bellevue Hospital for evaluation and potential isolation. Once he arrived, he was issued a federal quarantine order, the first of its kind since 1963. Speaker was kept in isolation for several months to complete his treatment. He was transferred to multiple facilities, and a portion of his lung was removed, before he was finally declared non-contagious. The actions of the CDC and the New York Commissioner of Health show Jacobson’s application. The Supreme Court’s decision in the case set up a “rule of reasonableness” when it comes to public health actions. According to Fidler, et al., “Following the ‘rule of reasonableness’ established in Jacobson…courts insisted that use of quarantine power be justified by ‘public necessity’ and that states may not act ‘arbitrarily’ or ‘unreasonably.’”[10] Jacobson gave the outlines for when quarantine is allowable and justified. In the cases above, public necessity was established by the contagiousness and lethality of TB. The actions were deemed reasonable and non-arbitrary because they were utilized equally among all non-compliant TB patients. Recalling Justice Harlan’s specific usage of the term “self-defense,” the impact that Jacobson truly has in situations such as these is clear. We see public health law not as a routine form of policy but as a response to an attack. The Court established that the government has the right to defend the population against external health threats. The quarantines that resulted from the TB outbreaks clearly show this type of reaction. A more literal application of self-defense stemming from Jacobson comes from the so-called war on terror. Bioterror specifically presents an interesting challenge for governments. As Annas elaborates: “Bioterrorism—the deliberate release of a harmful agent to intimidate civilians and their government—constitutes a threat to public health that differs from any other public health threat that our country has faced. An Act of bioterrorism is both a state and federal crime.… Because of our…transportation system, communicable diseases can be spread in a short period of time.”[11] Prior to September 11, the United States did not have a specifically coordinated bioterror attack plan. According to Annas, the only reason that former president Bill Clinton became engaged in the issue is because he read a Tom Clancy novel in which a bioterror attack occurred in the United States. After a wave of anthrax attacks after 9/11, hospitals, cities, states, and federal officials came around to setting protocols for dealing with bioterror attacks. This has included stockpiling vaccines, improving the public health infrastructure, and training emergency personnel to recognize and be able to treat diseases such as anthrax poisoning, smallpox, and bubonic plague, the most likely afflictions to be caused by a terrorist act. However, the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act, enacted on October 23, 2001, utilized Jacobson’s logic the most straightforward. The original model of the act allowed government officials to declare a state of public health emergency. This declaration, according to Annas, “gives state public health officials the authority to take over all health care facilities in the state, order physicians to act in certain ways, and order citizens to submit to examinations and treatment, with those who refuse to do so subject to quarantine or criminal punishment.”[12] The act gives public health officials immense authority. They can commandeer health care facilities, and physicians and citizens who fail to follow the orders of public health personnel are subject to criminal penalties. On top of this, as in the TB cases, individuals who are deemed a “public health risk,” which includes being at risk of contracting a communicable disease, having a contagious condition, or having possibly been exposed, are subject to either quarantine or isolation. Quarantine and isolation are also options if, as before, an individual refuses to be vaccinated or treated for specific conditions. It is clear that the logic of Jacobson is in play here as well. As Annas writes about the Health Powers: The model act is based on the belief that in public health emergencies, there must be a trade-off between the protection of civil rights and effective public health interventions. There is, of course, precedent for this belief, and the preamble to the model act cites the 1905 case Jacobson v. Massachusetts in stating the proposition that “the whole people covenants with each citizen, and each citizen with the whole people, that all shall be governed by certain laws for the ‘common good.’”[13]  When it comes to the war on terror, civil liberties get pushed to the side for the protection of the public at large. Whether all instances of such are justifiable is a different story. However, the logic behind the Jacobson decision plays a key role in how we approach terrorism. The self-defense rhetoric that Harlan used in his majority opinion applies more here than anywhere else. We are utilizing public health measures to quite literally defend ourselves against outside threats. For public health officials attempting to combat the effects of bioterror, the protection of the majority is vastly more important than the civil liberties of the individual. If ensuring the well-being of the general population requires the restriction of rights for the everyday person, so be it. Two final instances in which the logic of Jacobson reigns supreme are of a more medical  nature than the examples discussed above. First, the effectiveness of and importance placed on vaccinations today reflect the rationale behind the actions of the state of Massachusetts in Jacobson. The reason the case even occurred was because of the effect that vaccinations have on public health. Massachusetts mandated smallpox vaccinations in response to an outbreak. The results speak for themselves. Because of widespread vaccination policies, smallpox has all but been eradicated. Another disease, polio, has been entirely eliminated from the United States because of vaccination efforts.[14] However, continued vaccinations play a key role in prevention. According to the American Society of Health Pharmacists, “It would only take one person with polio virus coming from another country to bring the disease back here if we were not protected by vaccine.”[15] There have been other instances in the past few years that show the importance of vaccination to public health. Measles, preventable with the common MMR vaccine, is normally a disease of the past because of mandatory vaccination regulations. However, an outbreak occurred in Indiana in 2005 in an area where vaccination levels were low.[16] A study in the New England Journal of Medicine concluded that “high vaccinations levels in the surrounding community and low rates of vaccine failure averted an epidemic. Maintenance of high rates of vaccination coverage, including improved strategies of communication with persons who refuse vaccination, is necessary to prevent future outbreaks and sustain the elimination of measles in the United States.”[17] Clearly, vaccination programs are a critical part of preventing more disease outbreaks from occurring—an affirmation of the logic behind Jacobson, one hundred years after the case was decided. The reason why vaccination programs are so important is because they work. As the previously cited study shows, the only areas where diseases that are preventable via vaccines are prevalent are areas where people don’t get vaccinated. The reason why Massachusetts health professionals were so insistent that individuals be vaccinated in 1902 is because vaccinations were shown to work. We can still see the results today, when we recognize that smallpox is essentially a disease of the past. The rationale used in determining why the actions of Massachusetts in Jacobson were so important is the same being utilized today. Herd immunity is another public health concept in use today that had corollaries in Jacobson. Known more gently as community immunity, herd immunity refers to the concept that if enough people in a population are vaccinated against a disease, it will eventually die out. A disease needs to continue to be transmitted in order for it to survive. If the line of transmission stops, the disease dies out. This is why smallpox and polio are nonexistent in the United States. Still, certain levels of vaccination need to be maintained in order for the disease to remain suppressed. According to the CDC, smallpox and polio require a minimum vaccination rate of 80 to 85 percent of the population, whereas diseases such as measles and diphtheria require rates upward of 94 percent.[18] It is critical for individuals to be vaccinated, even when a disease is rare, for two reasons. First, as the American Society for Health Pharmacists noted before, if we stop immunizing against polio and someone from another country with the disease comes to the United States, incidences of the disease will increase again. The only reason why polio and other rare diseases haven’t reappeared in the United States is because we maintain herd immunity levels. Second, certain individuals cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons. Some people are allergic to various components of the vaccine, be it the dead cells used to create immunity, additives used to preserve the vaccine, or the material used to keep the cells suspended in solution. Since these people cannot receive the vaccination, herd immunity levels need to be maintained them. Although the concept of herd immunity was unknown in the early 20th century, essentially the same logic was used in the lead-up to Jacobson. The only way for an entire community to be protected is if as many people as possible get vaccinated. Medical officials at the time understood the concept of allergic reactions, so those who could not receive the vaccination didn’t. However, they mandated that everyone else had to. We follow essentially the same line of thinking today when crafting public health vaccination policy concerning vaccinations, but we now have a better understanding of the role of herd immunity in the protection of the general population, meaning the importance of vaccinations that the state of Massachusetts saw in Jacobson has increased exponentially. If anyone argues that case law from hundreds[3]  of years ago has no impact on everyday life, Jacobson is the clear rebuttal. From public health policy to medical innovation and discovery, the logic utilized in that decision still applies today. The basic utilitarian calculation that the greatest good ought to be given for the greatest number of people informed both the decision itself and the ramifications of it that we see today. From our responses to global bioterror to vaccination policy for children about to start school, the rhetoric used in the Jacobson decision rings as true today as it did more than a hundred years ago. The government still places a greater importance on public health than on individual liberties, especially in times of emergency. It is clear that Jacobson v. Massachusetts has an indelible impact on public health policy and the social views of medicine that will continue for the next hundred years and beyond.  PDF REFERENCE NOTES [1] Welborn, Angie A. et al, “Mandatory Vaccinations: Precedent and Current Laws” CRS Report for Congress, January 18, 2005, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/RS21414.pdf, pg 2-3 [2] Ibid, pgs. 3-4 [3] Ibid [4] Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U.S.11 (1905), ***31, Accessed via Lexis Nexis [5] Parmet, Wendy E., Richard A. Goodman, and Amy Farber. "Individual Rights Versus The Public's Health — 100 Years After Jacobson v. Massachusetts" New England Journal of Medicine352, no. 7 (2005): 652-654. [6] Fidler, David, Lawrence Gostin, and Howard Markel. "Through the Quarantine Looking Glass: Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis and Public Health Governance, Law, and Ethics." The Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 35, no. 4 (2007): pg. 620 [7] Gasner, M. Rose, Khin Lay Maw, Gabriel E. Feldman, Paula I. Fujiwara, and Thomas R. Frieden. "The Use Of Legal Action In New York City To Ensure Treatment Of Tuberculosis." New England Journal of Medicine 340, no. 5 (1999): pg. 359 [8] Ibid [9] Fidler, pg. 617-8 [10] Ibid, pg. 621 [11] Annas, George J.. "Bioterrorism, Public Health, And Civil Liberties." New England Journal of Medicine 346, no. 17 (2002): pg. 1337 [12] Ibid, pg. 1338 [13] Ibid, pg. 1399 [14] “Polio Vaccine”, American Society of Health Pharmacists, 2011, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a601177.html [15] Ibid [16] Parker, Amy A. et. al, “Implications of a 2005 Measles Outbreak in Indiana for Sustained Elimination of Measles in the United States”, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 335, 3 August 2006, pgs. 447-455 [17] Ibid [18] “History and Epidemiology of Global Smallpox Eradication.” Slideshow, Center for Disease Control. December 22, 2003. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/training/overview/pdf/eradicationhistory.pdf

Mary E. Frederickson

Across time and place, each new generation of southern workers has developed forms of resistance and organization to counter industry’s relentless search for cheap labor and move forward the struggle for economic justice. This essay begins with a visit to a Central Asian textile mill where workers in Margilan, Uzbekistan weave cloth on cast-iron “New South” looms from the Carolinas. Transported from one southern space to another, the history of these looms and the diverse groups of workers who have run them tells the story of how the New South paradigm of low wages, anti-unionism, and state support for manufacturers became the archetype for labor relations in twentieth-century America and the model for transforming the Global South into another “New South.” Photographs from the New and Global Souths taken during the century between 1906 and 2006 bring to life the complex historical landscape of the American South and its role in shaping the twenty-first century world in which we live.

Ron Rash

In these four short videos, southern Appalachian poet Ron Rash reads three poems and an excerpt from his novel, Saints at the River. Drawing upon local knowledge and lore, memory, current events, and personal experience, Rash's writing explores his region's cultural and natural environment while raising questions about the everyday mysteries of existence. These readings were filmed at sites around Cullowhee, North Carolina.

Romina L Barritta de Defranchi, Jennifer K Nelson

Since the early stages the profession of dietetics has been characterized as a multifaceted discipline and influenced by scientific and social changes. Today, health and nutrition-related diseases are becoming more global - as is the dietetics profession. The aim of this article is to review the history, education, work and challenges for dietetic practitioners in North and South America, specifically in the United States and in the Argentinean Republic. It was in Argentina where the first Latin American dietetics school was established. Both countries have since shaped the profession creating standards for education and practice in response to advances in the biopsychosocial sciences and economic and environmental changes. Reviewing both the past and current diversities in both Americas contributes to a better understanding of professional strengths and weaknesses, and can prepare dietetics specialists to meet today’s needs. Regardless of local disparities, it is interesting that current and future challenges for the dietetics profession are similar between the two countries, such as growing rates of obesity, limited access to and choice of healthy diets among various income groups, busy lifestyles and decline of family meals. These common issues and the availability of Internet tools offer a unique opportunity for partnership and research that can lead to successful creative nutrition interventions and programs. In turn, such joint initiatives will confirm the essential role for the profession - not only in the western hemisphere - but also globally