Hasil untuk "The city as an economic factor. City promotion"

Yuchen Hua, Jiameng Yang, Mengyuan Qiu et al.

Reconciling economic growth with environmental protection continues to represent a central global challenge. As one of the world’s largest developing economies, China has advanced an ecological civilization strategy that offers a unique opportunity to evaluate how national policy can shape sustainable development trajectories. This study assesses whether China’s ecological civilization construction enhances urban green total factor productivity (GTFP). Using panel data for 283 Chinese cities (2006–2019), this study identifies ecological civilization pilot cities through a standardized and reproducible protocol, measures urban GTFP using the Global Malmquist–Luenberger (GML) index and estimates policy effects with a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) design that accounts for staggered implementation and overlapping policies. The results indicate that urban GTFP exhibited an overall upward but fluctuating trend during the study period, with regional growth rates ranking East > Central > West and a tendency toward convergence in recent years. The analysis further indicates that national ecological civilization construction policies exert a statistically significant and positive effect on urban GTFP, with the findings remaining robust to parallel trend tests and multiple robustness checks. The promotion effect displays marked regional heterogeneity, being strongest in western cities, followed by eastern and central regions, and remains positive across different urban contexts, including resource-based and non-resource-based cities as well as cities within and outside the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Mechanism analysis further reveals that the policy effect operates primarily through industrial upgrading and green technological innovation, whereas the industrial structure rationalization channel is not statistically significant. Overall, this study provides a transparent and reproducible framework for pilot city identification and causal evaluation, offering policy-relevant insights for differentiated and region-specific ecological governance aimed at balanced regional development, industrial upgrading, and green technological innovation.

Marco A. Rosas Pulido, Roberto Murcio, Omar R. Vázquez et al.

Intricate interactions among firms, institutions, and spatial structures shape urban economic systems. In this study, we propose a framework based on three structural dimensions -- abundance, diversity, and longevity (ADL) of economic units -- as proxies of urban economic complexity and resilience. Using a decade of georeferenced firm-level data from Mexico City, we analyze the relationships among ADL variables using regression, spatial correlation, and time-series clustering. Our results reveal nonlinear dynamics across urban space, with powerlaw behavior in central zones and logarithmic saturation in peripheral areas, suggesting differentiated growth regimes. Notably, firm longevity modulates the relationship between abundance and diversity, particularly in periurban transition zones. These spatial patterns point to an emerging polycentric restructuring within a traditionally monocentric metropolis. By integrating economic complexity theory with spatial analysis, our approach provides a scalable method to assess the adaptive capacity of urban economies. This has implications for understanding informality, designing inclusive urban policies, and navigating structural transitions in rapidly urbanizing regions.

Xiaofeng Li, Xiangyi Xiao, Xiaocong Du et al.

Urban economic vitality is a crucial indicator of a city's long-term growth potential, comprising key metrics such as the annual number of new companies and the population employed. However, modeling urban economic vitality remains challenging. This study develops ECO-GROW, a multi-graph framework modeling China's inter-city networks (2005-2021) to generate urban embeddings that model urban economic vitality. Traditional approaches relying on static city-level aggregates fail to capture a fundamental dynamic: the developmental trajectory of one city today may mirror that of its structurally similar counterparts tomorrow. ECO-GROW overcomes this limitation by integrating industrial linkages, POI similarities, migration similarities and temporal network evolution over 15 years. The framework combines a Dynamic Top-K GCN to adaptively select influential inter-city connections and an adaptive Graph Scorer mechanism to dynamically weight cross-regional impacts. Additionally, the model incorporates a link prediction task based on Barabasi Proximity, optimizing the graph representation. Experimental results demonstrate ECO-GROW's superior accuracy in predicting entrepreneurial activities and employment trends compared to conventional models. By open-sourcing our code, we enable government agencies and public sector organizations to leverage big data analytics for evidence-based urban planning, economic policy formulation, and resource allocation decisions that benefit society at large.

Simone Daniotti, Matte Hartog, Frank Neffke

Diversified economies are critical for cities to sustain their growth and development, but they are also costly because diversification often requires expanding a city's capability base. We analyze how cities manage this trade-off by measuring the coherence of the economic activities they support, defined as the technological distance between randomly sampled productive units in a city. We use this framework to study how the US urban system developed over almost two centuries, from 1850 to today. To do so, we rely on historical census data, covering over 600M individual records to describe the economic activities of cities between 1850 and 1940, and 8 million patent records as well as detailed occupational and industrial profiles of cities for more recent decades. Despite massive shifts in the economic geography of the U.S. over this 170-year period, average coherence in its urban system remains unchanged. Moreover, across different time periods, datasets and relatedness measures, coherence falls with city size at the exact same rate, pointing to constraints to diversification that are governed by a city's size in universal ways.

Muhammad Imran Zaman, Usama Ijaz Bajwa, Gulshan Saleem et al.

Vision sensors are becoming more important in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) for traffic monitoring, management, and optimization as the number of network cameras continues to rise. However, manual object tracking and matching across multiple non-overlapping cameras pose significant challenges in city-scale urban traffic scenarios. These challenges include handling diverse vehicle attributes, occlusions, illumination variations, shadows, and varying video resolutions. To address these issues, we propose an efficient and cost-effective deep learning-based framework for Multi-Object Multi-Camera Tracking (MO-MCT). The proposed framework utilizes Mask R-CNN for object detection and employs Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) to select target objects from overlapping detections. Transfer learning is employed for re-identification, enabling the association and generation of vehicle tracklets across multiple cameras. Moreover, we leverage appropriate loss functions and distance measures to handle occlusion, illumination, and shadow challenges. The final solution identification module performs feature extraction using ResNet-152 coupled with Deep SORT based vehicle tracking. The proposed framework is evaluated on the 5th AI City Challenge dataset (Track 3), comprising 46 camera feeds. Among these 46 camera streams, 40 are used for model training and validation, while the remaining six are utilized for model testing. The proposed framework achieves competitive performance with an IDF1 score of 0.8289, and precision and recall scores of 0.9026 and 0.8527 respectively, demonstrating its effectiveness in robust and accurate vehicle tracking.

Azam Alizadeh, Parvaneh Danesh, Amir Maleki et al.

The objective of this study was to identify social factors that affect the mental health of women and men, with gender being one of the distinguishing factors of human health. To achieve this, the study utilized the opinions of Anandal (2013), the theory of Moss (2002), and the theory of Arber and Thomas (2001). The research followed a quantitative approach and was conducted using a survey method. A sample of 600 married men and women aged 20-60 living in Kerman city was selected using quota sampling. The results of the study indicated that men had significantly higher average scores for mental health (23.5) than women (20.6). The average score for "inequality in benefiting from resources and opportunities" was higher for women (73.6) than for men (54.8). In terms of health vulnerability, men had a score of 43 and women had a score of 46, suggesting that women experience weaker mental health, less benefit from resources and opportunities, and a higher degree of health vulnerability compared to men. Statistical analysis showed that "inequality in benefiting from resources and opportunities" with a coefficient of -0.16 and "vulnerability in health" with a coefficient of -0.24 had significant and negative effects on women's mental health. Gender inequalities have a negative impact on women's mental health, both directly and through increased vulnerability to poor health. The findings underscore the need to pay attention to the social conditions in which women live when analyzing their mental health and highlight differences in the social factors that affect the mental health of men and women.   ‌ Keywords Gender Difference, Mental Health, Inequality in the Use of Resources and Opportunities, Vulnerability in Health. ‌ ‌Introduction Mental health is an essential component of human health with significant impact on overall well-being. It is shaped by personal characteristics as well as social context, thus making the gender factor, with its cultural, economic, and social implications, a crucial determinant of individuals' mental health. Gender is defined by the distinct identity, roles, expectations, and rights assigned to women and men, and along with their biological differences, creates overarching differences in their individual and social lives. Hence, this research aims to measure gender-based distinctions in mental health in both men and women, and subsequently identify the factors that influence it. This study is necessary in Iran due to the drastic changes in the position of women over the past few decades. Although the entire society has been undergoing constant transformation amidst the traditional and modern boundaries, women have been subjected to more contradictions and disorders in various social life aspects. Factors such as access to higher education, specialized jobs, media consumption, and greater geographical mobility, have gradually reduced the strictness of traditional teachings towards women, hence transforming their position in society, at least partially. Consequently, an important research question arises whether the resulting changes have affected mental health, reducing the gap between men and women's health. Furthermore, to determine if there is a difference in mental health between genders, the study seeks to identify the social factors responsible for these differences.   Methodology The research method utilized in this study was a survey, which involved collecting data using both standardized and researcher-made questionnaires. The statistical population of interest was all married individuals between the age of 20 and 60 who reside in Kerman. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula, and 600 participants were chosen using a combination of the quota sampling and disproportionate sampling methods from two groups of married men and women. The measurement tool showed adequate formal validity, and the study's variables had an optimal level of internal consistency, as indicated by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed using SPSS-23 software, and both multiple regression analysis and path analysis were employed to examine the theoretical research model.   Findings The study found that men had a higher average mental health score compared to women. Additionally, gender differences were observed in the level of "inequality in the use of resources and opportunities", with women experiencing higher levels of inequality than men, as well as being more vulnerable than men. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable, mental health, separately for men and women, revealing that 20% of changes in women's mental health could be explained by the variables of "inequality in the use of resources and opportunities", "vulnerability in health", and income. Notably, the effect of "inequality in the use of resources and opportunities" and "vulnerability in health" on women's mental health was reversed, with their increase leading to a decrease in mental health, while income had a positive and direct effect, leading to an increase in mental health. Meanwhile, 9% of changes in men's mental health were attributed to income, which had a direct positive impact on men's mental health. In contrast, the variables "inequality in the use of resources and opportunities" and "vulnerability in health" had no effect on men's mental health. Path analysis was employed to determine the structure of the model and the direct and indirect effects of the variables, revealing that "inequality in the use of resources and opportunities" led to a decrease in women's mental health, both directly and indirectly through its effect on "vulnerability in health". Meanwhile, "vulnerability in health" had a negative direct effect on women's mental health. Income affected women's mental health directly and indirectly, with higher income leading to a decrease in "vulnerability in health" and "inequality in the use of resources and opportunities", improving women's mental health.   Result The results of the current research, in line with the findings of previous studies, show that women experience greater inequality in "utilizing resources and opportunities" compared to men, and the lack of utilization of resources and opportunities increases exposure to hardship and stress. It limits the access to the resources that they need for prevention and care against the disease, as a result, the health of women faces a decrease. On the other hand, since men experience less gender inequality, it is natural that this factor does not show a relationship with their mental health. Also, gender can affect how people are vulnerable to certain health conditions. The health status of women and men is the consequence of how societies give agreed privileges to men in power relations, which can make women more vulnerable than men in the field of health. The results also indicate "vulnerability in health", more women than men, and its negative impact on women's mental health. Consistent with the opinion of mental health sociologists who believe that mental disorders are caused by socio-cultural systems, in this research it was also found that mental health at the individual level is affected by socio-cultural structures including the gender structure in society. This can lead to gender differences in mental health. on the other hand, since health is a multi-dimensional and multi-faceted phenomenon, and for its promotion, along with the effort to modify individual level variables (such as empowering women), it is necessary to modify the social origin of the disease, especially the way of distributing valuable resources and defining gender roles. Today, the predominance of the biological-psychiatry approach and reliance on drug therapy and individual consultations, despite the valuable role they play in reducing the suffering of patients, they are unable to find and solve their problems. Therefore, the concentration of research that is done with a social approach can be a useful starting point to understand the social roots of mental health and start a practical step in the field of policy making in this field. If the society moves in the direction of social equality so that the effects of deprivation and discrimination are reduced in different areas, the members of the society, both men and women, will have better mental health. ‌ References Aghayari Hir, T., Abbaszadeh, M. & Garavand, F. (2016). A study of mental health and the individual and neighborhood factors affecting it (case study: Tehran citizens). Social Development & Welfare Planning, 8(27), 145-187. Ahmadnia, S. (2004). Employment effects on women health. Social Welfare Quarterly, 3(12), 157-180. (In Persian) Aminpour, H. & Zare, H. (2014). Application of psychological tests. Publications: Payam Noor University. (In Persian) Annandale, E. (2013). Gender Theory and Health’ in Cockerham, W. (ed) Medical Sociology on the Move: New Directions in Theory. New York; Springer.     Annandale, E. & Hunt, K. (2000). Gender Inequalities  In Health. Open University Press Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA. Annandale, E. & Hammarström, A. (2015). Gender inequality in the couple relationship and leisure-based physical exercise. PLoS ONE, 10(7), 333-348.    Arber, S. & Thomas, H. (2001). From women’s health to a gender analysis of health. The Blackwel Companion to Medical Sociology Edited by William C. Cockerham. Bird, C. E. & Rieker, P. P. (2008). Gender and Health: The Effects of Constrained Choices and Social Policies. New York.   Doosti, L., Arefi, A. & Nazifi, H. (2019). Comparative study of mental health in women and men working in forensic medicine in Lorestan province. Psychological Studies and Educational Sciences, 59(59), 411-423. (In Persian) Elwér, S., Harryson. L., Bolin, M. & Hammarström, A. (2013). Patterns of Gender Equality at Workplaces and Psychological Distress. PLoS ONE, 8(1), e53246. Farvahari, A., Amirzadeh Googhari, S., Borhaninejad, V., Bahramnejad, A. & Negarestani, M. (2022). Assessing the mental health status of the general population of Kerman and the factors affecting it during the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Health Research in Community, 8(1), 69-80. (In Persian) Garroosy, S. (2008). Power structure in the families of Kerman. Womens Studies (Sociological & Psychological), 6(2), 7-25. (In Persian) Garroosy, S. & Adinehzadeh, R. (2011). Investigating the relationship between job/family role conflict and social factors: The case of employed women in Kerman. ‌ Journal of Social Sciences, 7(1), 121-139. (In Persian) Giddens, A. (2010). Sociology. Translated by Hasan Chavoshian. Tehran, Ney Publishing. (In Persian) Gross, J. J., Uusberg, H. & Uusberg, A. (2019). Mental illness and well‐being: An affect regulation perspective. World Psychiatry, 18(2), 130-139.  Huber, M., Knottnerus, J. A., Green, L., Van Der Horst, H., Jadad, A. R., Kromhout, D., et al. (2011). How should we define health?. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4163. Jalaeipour, H. (2013). Sociology of Iran: Modern society. Tehran, Science Publication, First Edition. (In Persian) Kiely, K. M., Brady, B. & Byles‌, B. (2019). Gender, mental health and ageing. Maturitas, 129(1), 76-80. Klose, M. & Jacobi, F. (2004). Can gender differences in the prevalence of mental disorders be explained by sociodemographic factors?. Womens Mental Health, 7(2), 133-48. ‌Koosheshi, M., Mirzaie, M., Mahmoudian, H. & Almasi, M. (). Investigate the relationship between gender inequality perception and social well-being among Ilam's women. Womens Studies (Sociological & Psychological), 17(3), 7-30. (In Persian) Lachance-Grzela, M. & Bouchard, G. (2010). Why do women do the lion’s share of housework? A decade of research. Sex Roles: Journal of Research, 63(11-12), 767-778. Lahelma, E., Arber, S., Kiveia, K. & Roos, E. (2003). Multiple roles and health among British and Finish women: The influence of Socioeconomic circumstances. Social Science & Medicine, 54(5), 727-740. Liu, S., Yang, L., Hang, C. H., Xu, Y., Ca., L., Ma, S. & Zhang, B. (2021). Gender differences in mental health problems of healthcare workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 137(2), 393-400. Lund, C., Myer, L., Stein, D. J., Williams, D. R. & Flisher, A. J. (2013). Mental illness and lost income among adult south Africans. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(5), 845-851. Malmusi, D., ‌Vive, A., Benac, J. & Borrell, C. (2014). Gender inequalities in health: Exploring the contribution of living conditions in the intersection of social class. Global Health Action, doi: 10.3402/gha.v7.23189.  ‌Manwell, L.A., Barbic, S. P., Roberts, K., Durisko, Z., Lee, C., Ware, E., et al. (2015). What is mental health? Evidence  towards a new definition from a mixed methods multidisciplinary international survey. BMJ, 5(6), e007079. Medalia, C. (2012). Essays on gender and health. Publicly Accessible Penn. Dissertations. University of  Pennsylvania. Doctor of Philosophy. Ph.D. Mohamadnejad, N. & Faraji Dizaji, F. (2019). The poverty and mental health association in Iran. Iranian Economic Review, 23(3), 533-559. Moss N. E. (2002). Gender equity and socioeconomic inequality: A framework for the patterning of  women's health. Social Science & Medicine, 54(5), 649-661. Noorbala, A. A., Bagheri, Yazdi, S. A., Faghihzadeh, S., Kamali, K., Faghihzadeh, E., Hajebi, A., Akhondzadeh, S., Sedighnia, A. & Azimi, A. A. (2017).  Survey on mental health status of adult population aged 15 and  above in the province of Ardebil, Iran. Archives of Iranian Medicine, 20(11), 11–14.  Noorbala, A. A. & Noorbala, F. (2014). Investigation of women's mental health in Iran. Preparing and editing. Rahman Institute. Report on the social status of women in Iran (1380-1390). Researches. Tehran, Nei Publishing House, first edition. (In Persian) Research in Gender and Ethics. (2016).  From, www.ringsgenderresearch.org. Polachek, A. J. & Wallace, J. E. (2015). Unfair to me or unfair to my spouse: Mens and womens perceptions of  domestic equity and how they relate to mental and physical health. Marriage & Family Review, 51(3), 205-228. Pourmohsen, M., Khoshravesh, V., Masjoudi, M., Paksresht, S. & Khayat, S. (2020). Investigating the relationship between social and economic inequality and the health status of employed women. Journal of Health, 11(1), 100-108. (In Persian) Rohlfsen, L. & Kronenfeld, J. J. (2014). Gender differences in functional limitations among middle-aged and older adults: A two-part latent curve analysis of structural, childhood background, and factors. The Journals of Gerontology, 69(4), 590–602.               Sen, G. & Östlin, P. (2008). Gender inequity in health: Why it exists and how we can change it. Glob Public Health, 3(1), 1-12. Schön, P. (2011). Differences and Change in Disability and Health Among Our Oldest Women and Men. Stockholm Studies in Social Work University. Sorlin. A. (2011). Health and the elusive gender equality can the impact of gender equality on health be measured?. Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. Thesis Ph.D.   Sorlin, A., Lindholm, L., Ng, N. & Öhman, A. (2011). Gender equality in couples and self-rated health - A survey study evaluating measurements of gender equality and its impact on health. International Journal for Equity in Health‌‌, 26(10), 1-11. Tavakol, T. Moidfar, S. & Maghsudi, S. (2012). Relationship between social capital and mental health of married couples in Kerman. Iranian Journal of Social Problems, 2(1), 169-194. (In Persian) Van de Velde, S., Huijts, T., Bambra, C. & Bracke, P. (2013). Macro-level equality and depression in men and women in Europe. Sociol Health, 35(2), 682–698.    WHE.  (2014). Women’S Mental Health and Wellbeing.http://whe.org.au/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2014/10. Women’S Health East.  WHO. (2008). Promoting Mental Health, A Report of the World Health Organization. White, K. (2012). An introduction to the sociology of health and illness, translated by Mohsen Naserirad. Publication of Shahir Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Medical Ethics and Legal Research Center. (In Persian) World Economic Forum. (2022). Global Gender Gap Report. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2021.pdf. Zanjani zadeh, H. (2007). The Role of ‌education in gender inequalities inwqualities. Journal of ‌Education, 23(3), 55-70. (In Persian)

Robert Klar, Anna Fredriksson, Vangelis Angelakis

Ports are striving for innovative technological solutions to cope with the ever-increasing growth of transport, while at the same time improving their environmental footprint. An emerging technology that has the potential to substantially increase the efficiency of the multifaceted and interconnected port processes is the digital twin. Although digital twins have been successfully integrated in many industries, there is still a lack of cross-domain understanding of what constitutes a digital twin. Furthermore, the implementation of the digital twin in complex systems such as the port is still in its infancy. This paper attempts to fill this research gap by conducting an extensive cross-domain literature review of what constitutes a digital twin, keeping in mind the extent to which the respective findings can be applied to the port. It turns out that the digital twin of the port is most comparable to complex systems such as smart cities and supply chains, both in terms of its functional relevance as well as in terms of its requirements and characteristics. The conducted literature review, considering the different port processes and port characteristics, results in the identification of three core requirements of a digital port twin, which are described in detail. These include situational awareness, comprehensive data analytics capabilities for intelligent decision making, and the provision of an interface to promote multi-stakeholder governance and collaboration. Finally, specific operational scenarios are proposed on how the port's digital twin can contribute to energy savings by improving the use of port resources, facilities and operations.

Zhanpeng Huang

Does the national innovation city and smart city pilot policy, as an important institutional design to promote the transformation of old and new dynamics, have an important impact on the digital economy? What are the intrinsic mechanisms? Based on the theoretical analysis of whether smart city and national innovation city policies promote urban digital economy, this paper constructs a multi-temporal double difference model based on a quasi-natural experiment with urban dual pilot policies and systematically investigates the impact of dual pilot policies on the development of digital economy. It is found that both smart cities and national innovation cities can promote the development of digital economy, while there is a synergistic effect between the policies. The mechanism test shows that the smart city construction and national innovation city construction mainly affect the digital economy through talent agglomeration effect, technology agglomeration effect and financial agglomeration effect.

Diego Ortega, Javier Rodríguez-Laguna, Elka Korutcheva

Half of the world population resides in cities and urban segregation is becoming a global issue. One of the best known attempts to understand it is the Schelling model, which considers two types of agents that relocate whenever a transfer rule depending on the neighbor distribution is verified. The main aim of the present study is to broaden our understanding of segregated neighborhoods in the city, i.e. ghettos, extending the Schelling model to consider economic aspects and their spatial distribution. To this end we have considered a monetary gap between the two social groups and five types of urban structures, defined by the house pricing city map. The results show that ghetto sizes tend to follow a power law distribution in all the considered cases. For each city framework the interplay between economical aspects and the geometrical features determine the location where ghettos reach their maximum size. The system first steps shape greatly the city's final appearance. Moreover, the segregated population ratios depends largely on the monetary gap and not on the city type, implying that ghettos are able to adapt to different urban frameworks.

Andrew J. Stier, Sina Sajjadi, Luıs M. A. Bettencourt et al.

Homophily and heterophobia, the tendency for people with similar characteristics to preferentially interact with (or avoid) each other are pervasive in human social networks. Here, we develop an extension of the mathematical theory of urban scaling which describes the effects of homophily and heterophobia on social interactions and resulting economic outputs of cities. Empirical tests of our model show that increased residential racial heterophobia and segregation in U.S. cities are associated with reduced economic outputs and that the strength of this relationship increased throughout the 2010s. Our findings provide the means for the formal incorporation of general homophilic and heterophobic effects into theories of modern urban science and suggest that racial segregation is increasingly and adversely impacting the economic performance and connectivity of urban societies in the U.S.

Irene Royo Campos, Helena Royo Ochoa

Este estudio trata las consideraciones, evoluciones y modificaciones sufridas por el Turismo Social, focalizándose en el colectivo de los menores en situación de vulnerabilidad, y en cómo se gestiona su accesibilidad al ocio en la ciudad de Barcelona. El objetivo principal es comprobar si Barcelona es una ciudad apta y preparada en materia de Turismo Social enfocado al colectivo de los menores en riesgo de exclusión. Para lograr este objetivo, este proyecto se ha regido por una búsqueda de información de diversas fuentes bibliográficas sobre los términos y evolución del Turismo Social y exclusión social, así como un análisis de la oferta existente en Barcelona. Para conocer la visión de agentes implicados en esta temática, se han realizado entrevistas en profundidad a diversos profesionales del sector. Los resultados obtenidos apuntan que el Turismo Social en Barcelona es gestionado de manera singular, ya que basa su actividad turística en una finalidad meramente económica. Esto se debe al hecho que no se fomentan suficientes prácticas dirigidas a menores en riesgo de exclusión social, así como la falta de políticas que faciliten este acceso. Por consiguiente, el estudio propone un sistema de indicadores susceptibles a reconocer si una ciudad es inclusiva en materia de Turismo Social.

Lucía Molina-Pérez, Ana B. Casado-Díaz, Ricardo Sellers-Rubio

Las webs de las organizaciones de promoción del destino turístico suponen en muchos casos el primer contacto entre el turista y el destino. El presente trabajo analiza el posicionamiento en buscadores de dichas webs y propone un índice de visibilidad para las mismas. El análisis se lleva a cabo en tres marcos geográficos diferenciados: la provincia de Alicante, la Comunidad Valenciana y los destinos de costa del resto de regiones españolas. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas en el posicionamiento en buscadores de las webs examinadas.

Inessa Tyan, Mariemma Yagüe, Antonio Guevara-Plaza

This study aims to move forward a blockchain tourism research and add understanding regarding blockchain adoption in the tourism industry. Grounded theory method based literature review was applied as a research methodology. Based on the literature review, the authors developed a conceptual model of blockchain adoption in tourism by defining casual, context, intervening conditions that affect blockchain adoption and outlining the consequences of blockchain adoption on the tourism sector. This research will contribute to the blockchain adoption literature as well as will give answers to the industry practitioners on how this innovative technology can be adopted and whether it worth investments or not.

Marco De Nadai, Yanyan Xu, Emmanuel Letouzé et al.

Nowadays, 23% of the world population lives in multi-million cities. In these metropolises, criminal activity is much higher and violent than in either small cities or rural areas. Thus, understanding what factors influence urban crime in big cities is a pressing need. Mainstream studies analyse crime records through historical panel data or analysis of historical patterns combined with ecological factor and exploratory mapping. More recently, machine learning methods have provided informed crime prediction over time. However, previous studies have focused on a single city at a time, considering only a limited number of factors (such as socio-economical characteristics) and often at large spatial units. Hence, our understanding of the factors influencing crime across cultures and cities is very limited. Here we propose a Bayesian model to explore how crime is related not only to socio-economic factors but also to the built environmental (e.g. land use) and mobility characteristics of neighbourhoods. To that end, we integrate multiple open data sources with mobile phone traces and compare how the different factors correlate with crime in diverse cities, namely Boston, Bogotá, Los Angeles and Chicago. We find that the combined use of socio-economic conditions, mobility information and physical characteristics of the neighbourhood effectively explain the emergence of crime, and improve the performance of the traditional approaches. However, we show that the socio-ecological factors of neighbourhoods relate to crime very differently from one city to another. Thus there is clearly no "one fits all" model.

Vanessa GB Gowreesunkar, Seraphin Hugues, Mustafeed Zaman

There is growing evidence that tourism entrepreneurs not only contribute in the socio-economic development of a nation but also in the overall attractiveness of a destination. In fact, numerous studies on the topic have led researchers to conclude that local entrepreneurs are important stakeholders and their supportiveness and/or non-supportiveness has a considerable impact on overall tourism development of a nation. Mauritius, as a small beach destination, is not exempt from this phenomenon. The island, which is popular for its sea, sun and sand, is dependent on its tourism enterprises to promote local resources and sustain tourism businesses. As a result, understanding the exact factors that account for local entrepreneurs’ support and/or non-support for tourism is important, failing which it might be difficult to develop tourism in a sustainable and socially compatible manner. At present, there is a dearth of research in the field of tourism entrepreneurship in Mauritius whereas this sector continues to be an important pillar of the local tourism industry. To address this knowledge gap, the present study analyses local entrepreneurs’ support for tourism development in a specific region of Mauritius. Methodologically, the study takes place using the mixed mode. The quantitative part of the study related to the administration of questionnaires and these were followed by the development of a hypotheses meant to be tested in a logistic regression model. The qualitative data was derived from semi-structured interviews conducted with formal and informal tourism entrepreneurs. The findings culminate into a Logit Model which statistically explains the factors that account for entrepreneurs’ supportiveness towards tourism. The uniqueness of this study lies in the fact that it is the first to propose a Logit Model on local entrepreneurs’ support for tourism development. Findings derived from the study generate important information on factors motivating entrepreneurs to support tourism and are helpful to tourism planners and promoters as well as policy makers. The study winds up with some discussions and proposes avenues for future research.

Carles Sanabre, Sara Vinyals-Mirabent, Rafael Pedraza-Jiménez

Este trabajo presenta una propuesta para la evaluación integral de la calidad de un sitio web turístico. En él se aborda el estado de la cuestión sobre la calidad web, tanto en general como en el contexto especializado del turismo. Tiene como objetivo demostrar que la calidad de un sitio web turístico no puede ser evaluada utilizando un único sistema de análisis, procedimiento seguido y propuesto habitualmente tanto por la industria como por la academia. Tomando en consideración el sitio web oficial de la ciudad de Barcelona, esta investigación demuestra que para la evaluación integral de su calidad es necesario utilizar dos sistemas de análisis: uno de ellos centrado en los aspectos estratégicos del sitio web y otro focalizado en sus aspectos técnicos. Con el fin de validar esta hipótesis se han utilizado dos sistemas de análisis actualmente en uso: el sistema SAST (para la evaluación técnica del sitio) y el sistema WSCM (para su evaluación estratégica). Los resultados alcanzados tras la aplicación de ambos sistemas demuestran que su utilización conjunta e interrelacionada ofrece una evaluación completa y precisa del sitio web. Además, se constata que la utilización individual de un único sistema podría propiciar una evaluación parcial e inexacta del sitio web.

Gyorgy Csomos

Recently, a vast number of scientific publications have been produced in cities in emerging countries. It has long been observed that the publication output of Beijing has exceeded that of any other city in the world, including such leading centres of science as Boston, New York, London, Paris, and Tokyo. Researchers have suggested that, instead of focusing on cities' total publication output, the quality of the output in terms of the number of highly cited papers should be examined. However, in the period from 2014 to 2016, Beijing produced as many highly cited papers as Boston, London, or New York. In this paper, I propose another method to measure cities' publishing performance; I focus on cities' publishing efficiency (i.e., the ratio of highly cited articles to all articles produced in that city). First, I rank 554 cities based on their publishing efficiency, then I reveal some general factors influencing cities' publishing efficiency. The general factors examined in this paper are as follows: the linguistic environment, cities' economic development level, the location of excellent organisations, cities' international collaboration patterns, and the productivity of scientific disciplines.

Eduardo Graells-Garrido, Diego Caro, Denis Parra

In the last decade, digital footprints have been used to cluster population activity into functional areas of cities. However, a key aspect has been overlooked: we experience our cities not only by performing activities at specific destinations, but also by moving from one place to another. In this paper, we propose to analyze and cluster the city based on how people move through it. Particularly, we introduce Mobilicities, automatically generated travel patterns inferred from mobile phone network data using NMF, a matrix factorization model. We evaluate our method in a large city and we find that mobilicities reveal latent but at the same time interpretable mobility structures of the city. Our results provide evidence on how clustering and visualization of aggregated phone logs could be used in planning systems to interactively analyze city structure and population activity.

Stanislav Sobolevsky, Ekaterina Levitskaya, Henry Chan et al.

The Citi Bike deployment changes the landscape of urban mobility in New York City and provides an example of a scalable solution that many other large cities are already adopting around the world. Urban stakeholders who are considering a similar deployment would largely benefit from a quantitative assessment of the impact of bike sharing on urban transportation, as well as associated economic, social and environmental implications. While the Citi Bike usage data is publicly available, the main challenge of such an assessment is to provide an adequate baseline scenario of what would have happened in the city without the Citi Bike system. Existing efforts, including the reports of Citi Bike itself, largely imply arbitrary and often unrealistic assumptions about the alternative transportation mode people would have used otherwise (e.g. by comparing bike trips against driving). The present paper offers a balanced baseline scenario based on a transportation choice model to describe projected customer behavior in the absence of the Citi Bike system. The model also acknowledges the fact that Citi Bike might be used for recreational purposes and, therefore, not all the trips would have been actually performed, if Citi Bike would not be available. The model is trained using open Citi Bike and other urban transportation data and it is applied to assess direct benefits of Citi Bike trips for the end users, as well as for urban stakeholders across different boroughs of New York City and the nearby Jersey City. Besides estimating the travel time and cost savings, the model also reports the associated gas savings, emissions cut and additional exercise for the customers, covering all three areas of anticipated impacts - economic, social and environmental.

Eugenio Garcés Feliú

El siguiente artículo presenta un proyecto de rutas culturales diseñadas para la Tierra del Fuego chilena, conectado a la promoción del turismo y al impulso de la economía, a través del desarrollo de una oferta específica de turismo de alto estándar, unida a su herencia cultural y natural, con el propósito de capturar la posible creación de ingresos para Chile. El principal objetivo del proyecto es incrementar la competitividad del sector turístico de intereses especiales en Tierra del Fuego, un sector clave del sur de la Patagonia, a través de la divulgación y transferencia de tecnologías y conocimiento, adquiridos en más de 10 años de investigación y proyectos, al territorio y a sus agentes locales. Estas Rutas Culturales construyen una oferta innovadora, capaz de estructurar los diferentes recursos turísticos y fortalecer las bases para el desarrollo de una nueva etapa del mercado turístico nacional e internacional, localizado en el extremo sur de Chile y América.