Hasil untuk "Standardization. Simplification. Waste"

Manu Sharma, Sudhanshu Joshi, Devika Kannan et al.

Abstract The current study is a preliminary approach to develop a structural framework of the Internet of Things (IoT) adoption barriers that exist in the waste management systems of smart cities in developing economies such as India. To attain this aim, the present study uses hybrid Multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) and has identified 15 adoption IoT Barriers (IoTBs) from literature review obstructing the IoT implementation in smart cities of India. The IoTBs are further analyzed through the Total Interpretative structural modeling (TISM) approach, the Fuzzy Matriced’Impacts Croises Multiplication Appliquean Classement (MICMAC) model, and the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method. The TISM approach is used to develop a structural framework of IoTBs in smart cities’ waste management (SCWM) projects. The literature shows that several bottlenecks exist. Such bottlenecks may include operational cost and payback; a lack of standardization, regulations, directions, and policy norms; incomplete technical knowledge among policymakers; internet connectivity, privacy, and security issues; or problems with mobility, transparency, and a lack of IT infrastructure; all of these issues influence IoT adoption in SCWM. The present work discloses that the lack of regulations, directions, and policy norms, and the lack of standardization and Internet connectivity are the most critical IoT barriers hindering the development of smart cities, particularly in their waste management practices. The Fuzzy-MICMAC approach is useful in calculating driving and dependence powers of the IoTBs, and the DEMATEL method helps reveal the influence/strength of IoTBs that affect SCWM. This study will help policymakers, stakeholders, and government to understand the significant IoTBs affecting waste management practices, and it will definitely assist them to undertake decisions for eradicating these barriers for a more efficient IoT implementation in SCWM projects.

Gianella Paredes, Stefani Gonzales, Alejandra Lázaro et al.

In this research, a sustainable system to obtain bioethanol from Eichhornia crassipes biomass contaminated with total chromium was developed A phytoremediation system was applied in order to remove chromium from tannery wastewater, using the resulting biomass as raw material. The dry biomass (DS) was subjected to an optimized pretreatment using a Box–Behnken experimental design in which 45 treatments were evaluated. The structural changes in the biomass were characterized by SEM and FTIR. After this, hydrolysis with 3 % H2SO4 using a steam explosion was performed. Chromium retention was higher in roots (99.29 %), leaves and stems (94.14 %). Treatment using C0 = 1.56 % had the highest removal efficiency (R = 95.51 %), followed by 3.13 % (93.47 %). Regarding valorization, the bioethanol yield reached 71.35 % in relation to reducing sugars and 0.12 mL/g with respect to the initial biomass. These results confirm the feasibility of integrating phytoremediation with bioethanol production as a sustainable alternative for treating tannery effluents.

Denis M. Silayo, Mary Kulwijila, Abiud J. Bongole

Food waste (FdW) undermines food security both directly and indirectly by disrupting sustainable food systems. Understanding the root causes of FdW and its effects across multiple dimensions is crucial. Despite extensive global research, studies focusing on Household Food Waste (HFdW) in Tanzania remain limited. This study addresses that gap by analyzing the determinants of FdW generation across combinations of Food Groups (FGs) in Dodoma, Tanzania. A cross-sectional survey of 402 households was conducted to collect data on FdW-related behaviors and preferences. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation was applied to reduce dimensionality, revealing that Cereals, Legumes & Pulses, and Roots & Tubers contributed most strongly to the retained components that capture the main variation in HFdW patterns. Each group was then dichotomized into high or low waste based on the median, and the resulting binary indicators were combined to create eight possible FdW patterns, representing all combinations of waste intensity across the three groups. These FdW patterns formed the dependent variable in a Multinomial Probit Regression Model (MPRM). The model revealed that demographic factors such as higher education, female-headed, and older households were associated with lower HFdW. Behavioural practices, including meal planning and leftover reuse, also reduced waste, while attitudinal factors such as greater awareness of FdW impacts further reinforced this effect. In contrast, weaker perceptions of money value were linked to higher FdW levels. The findings highlight the importance of behavioral and contextual factors in shaping HFdW. Policymakers should consider targeted strategies such as meal planning support, storage and handling education, and gender-responsive interventions to reduce FdW and enhance food security in Tanzania and other low-resource settings.

Alex Frankel, Navin Kartik

Signaling is wasteful. But how wasteful? We study the fraction of surplus dissipated in a separating equilibrium. For isoelastic environments, this waste ratio has a simple formula: $β/(β+σ)$, where $β$ is the benefit elasticity (reward to higher perception) and $σ$ is the elasticity of higher types' relative cost advantage. The ratio is constant across types and independent of other parameters, including convexity of cost in the signal. A constant waste ratio characterizes the isoelastic class. In winner-take-all signaling tournaments with $N$ candidates, exactly $(N-1)/N$ of the surplus dissipates -- the same as in Tullock contests.

Victoria Hoffmann, O. Keen

Over the last decade, the presence of microplastics in municipal waste streams has become increasingly recognized as a significant environmental issue. While most studies have focused on liquid waste, specifically wastewater treatment plants, as a primary source of microplastic contamination, emerging research has begun to highlight solid waste systems. This review evaluates forty-six peer-reviewed studies reporting microplastic concentrations in landfill leachate, digestate from anaerobic digesters, composting facilities, and recycling operations. The concentrations of microplastics in these systems remain sparsely explored, and among available studies, methodological inconsistencies limit reproducibility and synthesis. The inconsistencies identified in this review included omitting essential sample processing steps, minimal reporting of detection limits for analytical instruments, and limited documentation of tactics for reducing inevitable laboratory contamination. These gaps highlight the importance of developing standardized methodologies and transparent reporting practices that account for sampling design, analytical sensitivities, and contamination control. This review synthesizes recent methodological trends, identifies key information to report, and proposes foundational elements for a more unified approach to microplastic analysis in solid waste streams.

Junli Zhang, Haifang Wang

The classification and extraction of valuable components from coal gangue is a way to improve the comprehensive utilization of coal gangue. However, the stable structure of kaolinite in coal gangue makes silicon and aluminum closely combined in minerals, which is difficult to separate by simple physical or chemical methods, and hinders its hierarchical extraction. In this study, a method of calcination activation acid leaching combined with reduction treatment of coal gangue was developed, and an aluminum iron enriched acidic solution and a silicon enriched material were prepared. The activation effect and mechanism of calcined coal gangue and the conversion mechanism of acid leaching extraction of metal aluminum were systematically studied. The results showed that the optimal calcination activation acid leaching process parameters were as follows: calcination temperature: 600 ℃, calcination time: 4 h, acid leaching time: 2 h, solid–liquid ratio of activated coal gangue and hydrochloric acid solution (g:ml): 1:12. After calcination under the optimal conditions, the layered structure of Kaolinite was destroyed and some layered silicate minerals, Berlinite (AlPO4), FeS, which were soluble in hydrochloric acid solution, were formed. These minerals are dissolved in hydrochloric acid solution and then separated by solid–liquid separation after reaction. An acidic solution rich in aluminum and iron and a material rich in silicon were prepared, which made the recovery of Al and Fe reach 90.84 % and 97.68 %, respectively. And the enrichment rate of Si (SiO2) reached 83.90 %.This provides a new solution for the comprehensive utilization and sustainable utilization of coal gangue.

Rachma Lutfiny Putri, Freek Colombijn

Gender differences in the work of female and male waste pickers have often been overlooked. In this article we want to show that for waste pickers in Indonesia there are remarkable similarities between female and male waste pickers. At first sight, there is practically no division of tasks between female and male waste pickers. Nevertheless, the domestic chores of women, gendered differences in stigmatisation, and possible societal expectations about the compatibility of waste picking with femininity do seriously hamper their work as waste pickers. A better understanding of how waste picking is done is important because the activity is one step in recycle chains in the Global South. The article also warns against the generic use of the term ‘waste picker’ without carefully distinguishing between their different roles in the municipal waste management assemblage.

Dharni Parekh, Sachin Vaidh, Dhara Patel et al.

Garbage enzyme (GE), a bio-catalytic solution produced through the fermentation of organic waste, has gained popularity as an alternate way to wastewater and leachate treatment. This study examines the ability of GE to degrade organic pollutants, and hazardous chemicals usually present in leachate. In this regard, the leachate samples were collected from the Pirana solid waste dumping site in Ahmedabad, India. The samples were having average values of different parameters like pH: 8.8 ± 0.12 mg/L, Total dissolve solids (TDS mg/L) 19000 ± 199.9 mg/L, and Electric conductivity (EC mg/L) 21800 ± 110.12, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD mg/L) 13500 ± 2411 mg/L, and Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N mg/L): 1750 ± 15.01 mg/L. Furthermore, one of the representative samples was utilized for the exploration of the biodegradation capacity of GE of the organic pollutants present in the leachate. Before the utilization of the GE in the treatment, the GE is characterized via biochemical profiling, enzymatic activity analysis, and metagenomic profiling of microbial populations. The findings show the presence of metabolites like flavonoids, alkaloids, quinones, saponins, and cardenolides in the GE; the bacterial group Acetobacter senegalensis was generally considered higher in the population, and the Komagataeibacter swingsii was in low abundance. In addition to that, the presence of enzymes like lipase and amylase was also confirmed with the further biochemical analysis. The treatment efficiency showed the significant reduction in the COD (47 % for citrus fruit GE and 60 % for the non-citrus fruit GE) and NH3-N 40 % for citrus fruit GE and 45 % for the non-citrus fruit) GE as compared to the control.

Jessica Frigerio, Stefano Bertacchi, Sara Mecca et al.

In recent years, the rising awareness towards sustainability led to a joint multilevel effort among policy makers, stakeholders, citizens and scientific researchers to decrease the urban impact on the environment. In this context, the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is definitely relevant because of its impressive amount, but also for the issues related to traditional disposal processes (i.e. landfilling). For this reason, several physical–chemical and biotechnological treatments have been implemented to solve the problem of waste storage, while producing new value. In addition, new technologies have been studied to fully exploit the potential of OFSMW, especially the material which could be easily sorted. This review aims to offer a comprehensive overview of the well-established and developing technologies for the valorisation of OFMSW, with an analysis of their benefits and drawbacks, in addition to interesting insights into the good practices already implemented in the European scenario.

A. Manipura, P. Drechsel, H.M.L.C. Jayawardhana et al.

Managing municipal solid waste (MSW) is challenging for most local authorities (LAs), especially in urban and peri-urban areas due to increasing waste quantities and decreasing options for safe disposal. Many LAs around the world prefer composting organic waste as a means of waste volume (and transport cost) reduction and cost recovery option within a circular economy framework. To optimize compost production with a focus on cost recovery, a systematic study was conducted at 22 composting stations located in Sri Lanka’s highly populated Western Province. The study examined process management from organic waste collection to product quality and cost recovery via compost sales. Collected organic waste conversion into compost was varied between 1 % and 15 % and time taken for completion of the process varied between 2.5 – 4.5 months. No standard operating procedure was observed though input organic matter was of similar nature. Excess leachate and odour production reported by 59 % of the surveyed stations. Complete analysis of compost quality was hardly reported by any LAs and no sales and marketing strategies were adopted to boost the cost recovery. Poor data management has hindered the identification of improvement opportunities and performance benchmarking of composting stations run by LAs. To address these significant performance variations observed among the stations, a monitoring and evaluation framework is proposed based on four composite key performance indicators (KPIs): General Facility Management Index (GFMI), Composting Process Management Index (CPMI), Compost Quality Index (CQI), and Cost Recovery Index (CRI). These KPIs serve to benchmark performance and identify incremental improvement opportunities at each station. However, to address institutional and human capacity challenges an institutional partnership model is also proposed, which could incentivize the implementation and achievements of the KPIs while reducing the pressure on LAs to reach the compost market.

Nurullah Sevim, Mostafa Ibrahim, Sabit Ekin et al.

The exponential rise in energy consumption across wireless communication systems, particularly in anticipation of next-generation wireless systems, necessitates rigorous frameworks for evaluating and optimizing energy efficiency. This paper revisits and expands the concept of the Waste Factor (W), or Waste Figure (WF) in decibel scale, as a unifying metric that captures both utilized and wasted power in cascaded communication systems. Building upon its foundation in system-level power modeling, we integrate the Waste Factor into a refined formulation of the Consumption Factor (CF), the ratio of data rate to total consumed power, linking it directly to Shannon's theoretical limit on energy per bit. This analysis introduces additive energy waste into the classical energy-per-bit derivation through the Waste Factor term. We derive closed-form expressions for energy-per-bit expenditure in both direct and relay-assisted links and develop a decision rule to determine which communication path is more energy efficient under given conditions. While not modeled explicitly, Reflective Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) can be interpreted as a special case of relay-based architectures within this unified formulation, suggesting broader applicability of the Waste Factor framework to emerging 6G use cases. The framework is then extended to a Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) scenario, where uplink and downlink asymmetries, traffic directionality, and component inefficiencies are jointly considered to analyze energy-optimal deployment strategies.

Annora Fitriasari, Dira Ernawati, Sinta Dewi

General background: Efficient warehouse flow is essential for sustaining operational performance, yet many industrial warehouses still face substantial inefficiencies arising from non–value-added activities. Specific background: PT. XYZ’s raw material warehouse experiences systematic delays, administrative redundancies, and quality-control bottlenecks, reflected in high waiting time, frequent mismatches in material documentation, and 116 rejected materials in 2024. Knowledge gap: Despite the relevance of Lean Warehousing in reducing waste, limited studies examine its integrated application using VSM, PAM, VALSAT, and Fishbone analysis within cement-industry warehouses. Aims: This study aims to identify dominant sources of waste and develop targeted improvement strategies to streamline warehouse flow. Results: Current State Mapping revealed a total lead time of 422 minutes, with 79.4% of activities categorized as NVA and NNVA. The most critical wastes were waiting (18%), transportation (17%), and motion (16%). Implementing improvements—including digital verification, standardized routing, and process simplification—reduced lead time to 351 minutes, achieving a 16.8% efficiency gain. Novelty: This research integrates multi-tool Lean analysis to produce structured, evidence-based improvements tailored to raw-material warehouse operations. Implications: Findings demonstrate that Lean Warehousing substantially enhances warehouse reliability and can guide broader supply-chain optimization initiatives in similar manufacturing settings. Highlights: Identifies dominant wastes—waiting, transportation, and motion—as primary sources of inefficiency. Demonstrates that integrated Lean tools reduce lead time by 16.8%. Highlights the importance of digitalization to streamline warehouse processes. Keywords: Lean Warehousing, Waste Reduction, Value Stream Mapping, Process Activity Mapping, Warehouse Efficiency

Murilo Miguel Narciso, Lisley Madeira Coelho, S. N. Monteiro et al.

Mining activities generate large volumes of tailings with significant environmental impact but also the potential for sustainable reuse in construction materials. This study evaluates the production of ceramic aggregates from mixtures of clay, sand, and iron ore waste subjected to thermal treatment at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1100 °C. The influence of calcination temperature on mineralogical transformations and mechanical integrity was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the α-Treton parameter, derived from standardized impact resistance testing. The results indicate that the formation of metakaolinite between 700 and 900 °C enhances mechanical resistance, while higher temperatures (>900 °C) lead to structural degradation, followed by partial recovery due to mullite crystallization. The α-Treton curve exhibited clear correlation with the phase changes identified by XRD, demonstrating its applicability as a low-cost, sensitive proxy for optimizing thermal activation. A simplified methodology is proposed to optimize the thermal activation of such materials by correlating firing temperature with mineralogical evolution and mechanical integrity, contributing to the development of sustainable ceramic aggregates for pavement applications.

R. Reginaldo, H. Alberto, López KOHLER, José Raúl

This article addresses the problems of solid construction and demolition waste (CDW) in Ica. Improper waste disposal has deteriorated natural and urban spaces, harming the landscape, health, and the environment. This occurs despite current regulations, such as Supreme Decree No. 002 - 2022 - Housing, but obstacles persist in technical capacity, environmental literacy, and oversight. Using a combined descriptive and exploratory approach, 50 deteriorated areas were selected and direct observation, surveys, georeferencing, and statistical analysis were implemented to assess the situation and establish an environmental management model. This model is divided into five elements: diagnosis, prevention, transportation, recovery, and oversight. It uses standardized technical sheets to ensure waste traceability and connect national regulations with local actions. It promotes shared responsibility and the circular economy. The results showed that its implementation simplifies the detection and recovery of critical areas, improves control of CDW flow, increases the recovery of reusable materials, and strengthens environmental governance. It was concluded that it is technically and regulatory feasible, adaptable to other contexts, and capable of transforming waste management into a preventive, comprehensive, and sustainable system, with social, environmental, economic, and institutional advantages.

Wenjie Shangguan, Can Wang, Qiliang Huang et al.

The improper disposal of pesticide packaging wastes (PPWs) poses serious ecological risks. As one of the world's largest pesticide users, China established its first national regulatory framework for PPWs management with the promulgation in 2020. Against this background, this study utilized large-scale data from pesticide registration, packaging production, and field collection to systematically evaluate the generation, recycling, and disposal of PPWs across China. Experimental analysis verified that triple rinsing effectively removes residues from typical pesticide formulations, allowing properly cleaned containers to be exempted from hazardous waste control. Building on these results, the study proposes policy pathways to improve PPWs management, including standardized rinsing protocols, extended producer responsibility-based collection incentives, and the integration of QR code traceability to guide and monitor container returns. The findings provide quantitative evidence and actionable recommendations to strengthen national recycling systems and offer a reference for developing countries facing similar challenges.

B. Kumar, Sassi Rekik, D. Richards et al.

The rapid growth and seasonal availability of agricultural materials, such as straws, stalks, husks, shells, and processing wastes, present both a disposal challenge and an opportunity for renewable fuel production. Solar-assisted thermochemical conversion, such as solar-driven pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrothermal routes, provides a pathway to produce bio-oils, syngas, and upgraded chars with substantially reduced fossil energy inputs compared to conventional thermal systems. Recent experimental research and plant-level techno-economic studies suggest that integrating concentrated solar thermal (CSP) collectors, falling particle receivers, or solar microwave hybrid heating with thermochemical reactors can reduce fossil auxiliary energy demand and enhance life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) performance. The primary challenges are operational intermittency and the capital costs of solar collectors. Alongside, machine learning (ML) and AI tools (surrogate models, Bayesian optimization, physics-informed neural networks) are accelerating feedstock screening, process control, and multi-objective optimization, significantly reducing experimental burden and improving the predictability of yields and emissions. This review presents recent experimental, modeling, and techno-economic literature to propose a unified classification of feedstocks, solar-integration modes, and AI roles. It reveals urgent research needs for standardized AI-ready datasets, long-term field demonstrations with thermal storage (e.g., integrating PCM), hybrid physics-ML models for interpretability, and region-specific TEA/LCA frameworks, which are most strongly recommended. Data’s reporting metrics and a reproducible dataset template are provided to accelerate translation from laboratory research to farm-level deployment.

Derya Çalış, M. Samoraj, K. Mikula et al.

E. M. Silva, Maria C. S. Barreto, Marcello M. Veiga et al.

Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) is a primary source of global mercury pollution, creating an urgent need for sustainable, low-cost alternatives to amalgamation. This study investigates the use of cassava wastewater (manipueira), a cyanogenic agricultural byproduct, as a lixiviant for a gold concentrate (14.30–15.87 ppm Au) from an artisanal mine. Two approaches were evaluated: direct leaching with manipueira in natura (250 ppm CN−) in single and double 8 h and 12 h cycles, and leaching with a cyanide solution concentrated from dilute manipueira (100 ppm CN−) via a simplified air-stripping system. Results were benchmarked against the mine’s amalgamation (44.7% recovery) and 30-day heap leach (75.8% recovery) processes. The most effective method observed was a two-cycle, 8 h leach with manipueira in natura, which achieved a mean gold recovery of 76.75±4.71%. This result is comparable to the efficiency of the site’s lengthy heap leach process and suggests a promising, faster, route to eliminating mercury use. Longer (12 h) leaching cycles yielded lower recoveries, suggesting process limitations such as preg-robbing. The cyanide concentration method proved inefficient, recovering a maximum of 12.40% of the available cyanide and resulting in a weaker lixiviant. The findings demonstrate that while direct leaching is a viable alternative to mercury, the inherent instability of manipueira necessitates a focus on developing efficient, controlled systems to extract and concentrate its cyanide content, thereby creating a standardized “green” reagent from a large-volume agricultural waste stream.

Seokhwi Kim, Sang-Eun Lee

Jie Peng, Xunlian Wu, Rongli Wang et al.

It is currently a critical period for the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Since the medical waste disposal could be an important way to control the source of infection, standardization, and strict implementation of the management of COVID-19 related medical waste should be with careful consideration to reduce the risk of epidemic within hospitals. This study illustrates the practice of medical waste disposal responding to the 2019-2020 novel coronavirus pandemic.