Hasil untuk "South Asia. Southeast Asia. East Asia"

Ri Chi Ng, Aditi Kumaresan, Yujia Hu et al.

Hate speech detection relies heavily on linguistic resources, which are primarily available in high-resource languages such as English and Chinese, creating barriers for researchers and platforms developing tools for low-resource languages in Southeast Asia, where diverse socio-linguistic contexts complicate online hate moderation. To address this, we introduce SEAHateCheck, a pioneering dataset tailored to Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam, covering Indonesian, Tagalog, Thai, and Vietnamese. Building on HateCheck's functional testing framework and refining SGHateCheck's methods, SEAHateCheck provides culturally relevant test cases, augmented by large language models and validated by local experts for accuracy. Experiments with state-of-the-art and multilingual models revealed limitations in detecting hate speech in specific low-resource languages. In particular, Tagalog test cases showed the lowest model accuracy, likely due to linguistic complexity and limited training data. In contrast, slang-based functional tests proved the hardest, as models struggled with culturally nuanced expressions. The diagnostic insights of SEAHateCheck further exposed model weaknesses in implicit hate detection and models' struggles with counter-speech expression. As the first functional test suite for these Southeast Asian languages, this work equips researchers with a robust benchmark, advancing the development of practical, culturally attuned hate speech detection tools for inclusive online content moderation.

N. Venketasubramanian

Abstract Background: Stroke is a major cause of death and disability globally, with different stroke burdens in different regions. This paper reviews the epidemiology of stroke in Asia. Summary: There is a wide range in age- and sex-standardised stroke incidence, highest in China, lowest in Bhutan. Geographically, incidence is highest in East Asia, lowest in South Asia. Stroke mortality is highest in Papua New Guinea, lowest in Singapore. There are variations in mortality within regions – in East Asia, it is higher in Mongolia and North Korea, lowest in Japan; in South Asia, it is higher in Bangladesh and Pakistan, lowest in Sri Lanka; in Southeast Asia, it is higher in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia, lowest in Singapore. Stroke disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost is highest in Papua New Guinea, lowest in Singapore. There is intra-regional variation – in East Asia, it is higher in Mongolia and North Korea, lowest in Japan; in South Asia, higher in Bangladesh and Pakistan, lowest in Sri Lanka; in Southeast Asia, it is highest in Papua New Guinea, lowest in Singapore. Among the stroke subtypes, ischaemic stroke (IS) has the highest incidence, intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is second, subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is third. IS incidence is highest in China, lowest in Bhutan. The burden due to ICH is highest in Mongolia; ICH incidence is lowest in Sri Lanka, mortality and DALYs are lowest in Japan. SAH has a high incidence in Japan, Singapore, Brunei, and Republic of Korea. In hospital-based registries, the frequency of ICH was highest in Myanmar, low in Mongolia. Among IS, based on the Trial of Org 10,172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification, large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) is more frequent in some countries (e.g., China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, and Republic of Korea), but small artery occlusion (SAO) in most others (Bangladesh, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam); cardioembolism is third. Of the stroke risk factors, hypertension is the most frequent, diabetes mellitus (DM) is usually second, with varying positions for hyperlipidaemia, smoking, and prior stroke or transient ischaemic attacks, obesity, and insufficient physical activity. Key Messages: Asia carries a particularly heavy burden of stroke, higher in some countries. IS is the most common subtype. Among IS, the more common mechanisms are LAA and SAO. Hypertension and DM are the more common risk factors. A greater understanding of stroke epidemiology and risk factors will help in healthcare planning for the prevention and management of stroke. Background: Stroke is a major cause of death and disability globally, with different stroke burdens in different regions. This paper reviews the epidemiology of stroke in Asia. Summary: There is a wide range in age- and sex-standardised stroke incidence, highest in China, lowest in Bhutan. Geographically, incidence is highest in East Asia, lowest in South Asia. Stroke mortality is highest in Papua New Guinea, lowest in Singapore. There are variations in mortality within regions – in East Asia, it is higher in Mongolia and North Korea, lowest in Japan; in South Asia, it is higher in Bangladesh and Pakistan, lowest in Sri Lanka; in Southeast Asia, it is higher in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia, lowest in Singapore. Stroke disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost is highest in Papua New Guinea, lowest in Singapore. There is intra-regional variation – in East Asia, it is higher in Mongolia and North Korea, lowest in Japan; in South Asia, higher in Bangladesh and Pakistan, lowest in Sri Lanka; in Southeast Asia, it is highest in Papua New Guinea, lowest in Singapore. Among the stroke subtypes, ischaemic stroke (IS) has the highest incidence, intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is second, subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is third. IS incidence is highest in China, lowest in Bhutan. The burden due to ICH is highest in Mongolia; ICH incidence is lowest in Sri Lanka, mortality and DALYs are lowest in Japan. SAH has a high incidence in Japan, Singapore, Brunei, and Republic of Korea. In hospital-based registries, the frequency of ICH was highest in Myanmar, low in Mongolia. Among IS, based on the Trial of Org 10,172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification, large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) is more frequent in some countries (e.g., China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, and Republic of Korea), but small artery occlusion (SAO) in most others (Bangladesh, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam); cardioembolism is third. Of the stroke risk factors, hypertension is the most frequent, diabetes mellitus (DM) is usually second, with varying positions for hyperlipidaemia, smoking, and prior stroke or transient ischaemic attacks, obesity, and insufficient physical activity. Key Messages: Asia carries a particularly heavy burden of stroke, higher in some countries. IS is the most common subtype. Among IS, the more common mechanisms are LAA and SAO. Hypertension and DM are the more common risk factors. A greater understanding of stroke epidemiology and risk factors will help in healthcare planning for the prevention and management of stroke.

Maurício Roberto Cherubin, Carlos Roberto Pinheiro Junior, Lucas Freitas Nogueira Souza et al.

Abstract Healthy soils are essential for sustaining ecosystem services and human well-being. However, poorly distributed global soil health research hinders the development of local solutions to promote soil security. Here, we analyzed 31,999 articles published worldwide on soil health and its relationship to major threats to soil and global crises. Our findings reveal a significant increase in soil health publications; however, this scientific production is concentrated in European countries, China, the United States, India, and Brazil. Blind spots in soil health research are found in Central and South America (excluding Brazil), Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. These regions harbor rich biodiversity but face the highest rates of deforestation, severe erosion, and significant threats from climate change. Our study highlights the urgent need for partnerships that empower underrepresented regions with scientific leadership and local tailored practices in order to restore soil health and address global crises within an achievable timeframe.

Kazakov O.I.

Over the past five years humanitarian ties between Japan and other Asia-Pacific countries have shown a rapid forced “cooling” due to numerous local and global restrictions during the peak of the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020–2021, and a gradual recovery in the post-COVID era. Against the backdrop of the recovery of countries after the pandemic, other constraints have emerged, primarily of a military and political nature, which “freeze” the further development of humanitarian ties. Since February 24, 2022, such a constraint in Russian-Japanese relations has been Russia's special military operation, which led to a global split between supporters and opponents of Ukraine. Nevertheless, Japan strives to establish and develop relations with the Asia-Pacific countries, which resulted, in particular, in a new record of foreign tourists visiting Japan in 2024. The situation in Russian-Japanese relations has seriously worsened, due to the actual development of sanctions and information war between the two countries. However, humanitarian ties between Russia and Japan have not ceased yet.

Abosede Temitope Olajide, Intan Hakimah Ismail, Atiqah Farah Zakaria et al.

Abstract Allergic sensitizations to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae house dust mite (HDM) species are continuously on the rise in Asian countries. Whereas the role of Blomia tropicalis, a mite species widely distributed in South/Southeast Asia, in the development of allergic diseases is well evidenced, the association between Blomia sensitizations and allergic symptoms remains poorly investigated in Malaysia. This cross-sectional study characterized the prevalence of sensitization to the clinically relevant Blomia tropicalis mite in cohorts of 329 subjects from the Klang Valley or East Coast Malaysia and developing allergic symptoms. Total specific IgE to Blomia was assayed by ImmunoCAP, IgE reactivities to recombinant Blo t 2, 5, 7, 21 were determined by ELISA IgE assays, and the association of allergic sensitization with clinical allergic symptoms was further investigated. 55% of the population was sensitized to Blo t, and sensitization to rBlo t 2, 5, 7, and 21 reached 56.9%, 74.6%, 83.4% and 57.5% respectively. rBlo t allergens sensitization was a risk factor for the development of allergic diseases, and high odds ratios observed with AA and AR indicate a strong predictive value for the diagnosis of these allergic diseases (p < 0.05). Higher rBlo t sensitization rates were observed in Klang Valley allergic patients compared to the East Coast (p < 0.05). Our study showed that Blomia sensitizations represent risk factors of allergic diseases in different regions of Malaysia, and Blo t 5 and Blo t 21, Blo t 2 and Blo t 7 can represent major Blomia allergens.

Nguyen Phu H., Rozhanskaya E.A.

This paper investigates the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in fostering economic growth within the ASEAN region, which is a dynamic area known for its fast-paced economic development in recent decades. The study's objective is to analyze the FDI situation in ASEAN and how it is distributed among key sectors such as manufacturing, finance, and trade, as well as to assess the challenges and opportunities that the region faces in attracting foreign capital. The study explores how ASEAN's policies, such as trade liberalization, agreements, the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), and other initiatives, have successfully positioned the region as a prime destination for FDI. The findings indicate that FDI has significantly contributed to economic growth, job creation, and technological advancement, though benefits remain unevenly distributed among the member states. The paper also highlights the growing importance of sustainable and high-tech investments, emphasizing that future economic progress will require addressing infrastructure gaps, enhancing human capital, and strengthening regulatory frameworks. The findings suggest that, while FDI remains a crucial driver of growth, ASEAN must focus on promoting inclusivity and sustainability in its investment strategies to maintain its competitive edge in the global market.

Vikram Kulothungan, Deepti Gupta

Artificial intelligence (AI) trends vary significantly across global regions, shaping the trajectory of innovation, regulation, and societal impact. This variation influences how different regions approach AI development, balancing technological progress with ethical and regulatory considerations. This study conducts a comparative analysis of AI trends in the United States (US), the European Union (EU), and Asia, focusing on three key dimensions: generative AI, ethical oversight, and industrial applications. The US prioritizes market-driven innovation with minimal regulatory constraints, the EU enforces a precautionary risk-based framework emphasizing ethical safeguards, and Asia employs state-guided AI strategies that balance rapid deployment with regulatory oversight. Although these approaches reflect different economic models and policy priorities, their divergence poses challenges to international collaboration, regulatory harmonization, and the development of global AI standards. To address these challenges, this paper synthesizes regional strengths to propose an adaptive AI governance framework that integrates risk-tiered oversight, innovation accelerators, and strategic alignment mechanisms. By bridging governance gaps, this study offers actionable insights for fostering responsible AI development while ensuring a balance between technological progress, ethical imperatives, and regulatory coherence.

J. Rigg, A. Salamanca, E. C. Thompson

P. Coclanis, T. Doshi, A. Welsh

Yu-Hao Xu, Shuai Wang, Shun Ma et al.

Albinism is an uncommon phenomenon and inherited condition in animals characterized by a partial or complete lack of melanin. The family Xenodermidae Gray, 1849, is a group of caenophidian snakes widely distributed in South, East, and Southeast Asia, including five recognized genera and 36 species. However, there are currently no reports of albinism in any species in Xenodermidae. Achalinus sheni Ma, Xu, Qi, Wang, Tang, Huang &amp;amp; Jiang, 2023 was first described based on five male specimens from Loudi City and Nanyue District, Hunan Province, China. At the time, there were no descriptions on female individuals. In this study, we report in detail a collected albinistic specimen of A. sheni, which is the first discovery of wild albinism in the family Xenodermidae. We also provide photographs and descriptions of the first three female specimens of A. sheni and extend the diagnosis of this species.

Mihaela-Cristina Olariu, Mihai-Cezar Filipescu, Andreea Marilena Pauna et al.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of acute hepatitis, with increasing incidence in Europe, including Romania. Concurrently, Romania has a high prevalence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). There is limited research on the clinical presentation and outcomes of HEV infection in patients with pre-existing chronic hepatitis B (CHB), especially in resource-rich settings. Most literature data come from South, East, and Southeast Asia. A review of the literature on HEV and HBV co-infection indicates a severe prognosis, particularly in patients with underlying liver disease. However, the cases in this study, which did not display cirrhosis, showed varied outcomes. The role of anti-HBV treatment in improving prognosis remains uncertain and warrants further investigation. Acute HEV infection superimposed on chronic HBV infection poses significant clinical challenges, with outcomes ranging from full recovery to fatality. Preventive measures, including sanitation and vaccination against HBV, are crucial. More studies are needed to establish effective treatment protocols for this co-infection. In this study, we will analyze the clinical setting, diagnosis, particularities, and outcomes of five such cases of dual hepatotropic viral infection recorded over a period of 6 years (2018–2023) at a large Infectious Diseases clinic in Bucharest, Romania.

Sean Otani, Luca Bertoli, Filippo Lucchini et al.

The genus Clavicornaltica Scherer 1974 consists of very small, soil-dwelling flea beetles in South, Southeast and East Asia. Due to their diminutive size and morphological similarities, very little is known about their ecology and taxonomical diversity. It is likely that further studies will reveal this genus to be much more speciose than the 30 species currently recognised.A new species of Clavicornaltica from Brunei Darussalam is described, C. mataikanensis Otani et al., sp. nov. This is the second species of this genus recorded from Ulu Temburong National Park.

Ibne Hassan, Aman Mujahid, Abdullah Al Hasib et al.

Countries in South Asia experience many catastrophic flooding events regularly. Through image classification, it is possible to expedite search and rescue initiatives by classifying flood zones, including houses and humans. We create a new dataset collecting aerial imagery of flooding events across South Asian countries. For the classification, we propose a fine-tuned Compact Convolutional Transformer (CCT) based approach and some other cutting-edge transformer-based and Convolutional Neural Network-based architectures (CNN). We also implement the YOLOv8 object detection model and detect houses and humans within the imagery of our proposed dataset, and then compare the performance with our classification-based approach. Since the countries in South Asia have similar topography, housing structure, the color of flood water, and vegetation, this work can be more applicable to such a region as opposed to the rest of the world. The images are divided evenly into four classes: 'flood', 'flood with domicile', 'flood with humans', and 'no flood'. After experimenting with our proposed dataset on our fine-tuned CCT model, which has a comparatively lower number of weight parameters than many other transformer-based architectures designed for computer vision, it exhibits an accuracy and macro average precision of 98.62% and 98.50%. The other transformer-based architectures that we implement are the Vision Transformer (ViT), Swin Transformer, and External Attention Transformer (EANet), which give an accuracy of 88.66%, 84.74%, and 66.56% respectively. We also implement DCECNN (Deep Custom Ensembled Convolutional Neural Network), which is a custom ensemble model that we create by combining MobileNet, InceptionV3, and EfficientNetB0, and we obtain an accuracy of 98.78%. The architectures we implement are fine-tuned to achieve optimal performance on our dataset.

Sanghyeon Song, Yoojin Kang, Jungho Im

Continuous aerosol monitoring in East Asia is essential due to the massive aerosol emissions from natural and anthropogenic sources. Geostationary satellites enable continuous aerosol monitoring; however, the observation is limited to the daytime. This study proposed machine learning-based models to estimate daytime and nighttime aerosol optical depth (AOD) in East Asia using a geostationary satellite, Geo-KOMPSAT-2A (GK-2A). The input variables for the machine learning models include the brightness temperature (BT) and top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance from GK-2A, meteorological and geographical data, and auxiliary variables. The two models that used different combinations of GK-2A variables were proposed and compared: the all-day BT model, which estimates AOD during both day and night using BT variables, and the daytime TOA model, which estimates AOD during the day using TOA reflectance variables as well. The estimated AODs by the models were validated with ground-based AOD data from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) by 10-fold cross-validation and hold-out validation methods. The performance of the daytime TOA model was slightly higher than the all-day BT model during the day (R2 = 0.80-0.82, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.107-0.116 for the all-day BT model, R2 = 0.83, RMSE = 0.098 for the daytime TOA model). The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis showed that total precipitable water content and seasonality contributed the most for both proposed models. BT differences and TOA reflectance variables were identified as the next most contributing variables for the all-day BT and daytime TOA models. The spatiotemporal distributions of estimated AODs from the proposed models show similar patterns compared with other AOD products. A time series comparison at a test station demonstrated that the estimated AOD of the proposed models was consistent with the AERONET AOD.

Zhiyong Feng, Zhiqing Wei

In this chapter, we investigate the spectrum measurement results in Asia-Pacific region. Then the spectrum sharing policy in the Asia-Pacific region is reviewed in details, where the national projects and strategies on spectrum refarming and spectrum sharing in China, Japan, Singapore, India, Korea and Australia are investigated. Then we introduce the spectrum sharing test-bed that is developed in China, which is a cognitive radio enabled TD-LTE test-bed utilizing TVWS. This chapter provides a brief introduction of the spectrum sharing mechanism and policy of Asia-Pacific region.

Gorchakov E.D.

The article examines the topic of development and implementation of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in Vietnam, one of the rapidly developing countries in East Asia. The Vietnamese government, stimulated by its economic success, is paying more and more attention to the development and financing of the AI industry every year. The government's national strategy aims to transform Vietnam into one of the leaders in the field of artificial intelligence in the region and even in the whole world. The work on creation and application of AI is gradually becoming a national concern in Vietnam. As an example, the author considers Vietnam Artificial Intelligence Day on the topic “Artificial Intelligence: The Power of Life” – a major event to promote AI technologies, which was held in September 2023 in Ho Chi Minh City, the main economic center of the country. The activities of the Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technology Center are also outlined in the context of its contribution to solving the AI problem.

James P Wirth, Wu Zeng, Nicolai Petry et al.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for the largest share of the global disease burden, and increasing evidence shows that zinc deficiency (ZD) contributes to NCDs by inducing oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and impaired lipid metabolism. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine whether ZD was associated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG), a key risk factor for NCDs. A random effects meta-analysis was conducted to determine the strength of the association in the form of an odds ratio (OR) and subsequently the population attributable risk (PAR) with population prevalences of high FPG. The disease burden from high FPG attributable to ZD was expressed as disability adjusted life years (DALYS). Data from seven studies were obtained as part of the systematic review. The meta-analysis shows a significant (p<0.01) inverse relationship between ZD and high FPG (OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.16, 4.72). Globally, the PAR of ZD's contribution to high FPG is 6.7%, with approximately 8.2 million high FPG DALYs attributable to ZD. Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and chronic kidney diseases account for more than 90% of the total DALYs. Total DALYs attributable to ZD are largest in the "Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania" and "High Income" Super Regions. While the disease burden is highest among populous countries (e.g., China, India, USA), the population-standardized DALYs are highest among island nations, particularly island nations in the South Pacific and Caribbean. While ZD accounts for a small share of the high FPG disease burden, the total number of DALYs far surpasses other estimates of the disease burden attributable to ZD, which focus on diarrheal diseases in childhood. Zinc interventions are urgently needed to help address the increasing disease burden from NCDs, and the double burden of malnutrition.

Guanglin He, Jiawen Wang, Lin Yang et al.

Abstract Background Fine-scale genetic structure of ethnolinguistically diverse Chinese populations can fill the gap in the missing diversity and evolutionary landscape of East Asians, particularly for anthropologically informed Chinese minorities. Hmong–Mien (HM) people were one of the most significant indigenous populations in South China and Southeast Asia, which were suggested to be the descendants of the ancient Yangtze rice farmers based on linguistic and archeological evidence. However, their deep population history and biological adaptative features remained to be fully characterized. Objectives To explore the evolutionary and adaptive characteristics of the Miao people, we genotyped genome-wide SNP data in Guizhou HM-speaking populations and merged it with modern and ancient reference populations via a comprehensive population genetic analysis and evolutionary admixture modeling. Results The overall genetic admixture landscape of Guizhou Miao showed genetic differentiation between them and other linguistically diverse Guizhou populations. Admixture models further confirmed that Miao people derived their primary ancestry from geographically close Guangxi Gaohuahua people. The estimated identity by descent and effective population size confirmed a plausible population bottleneck, contributing to their unique genetic diversity and population structure patterns. We finally identified several natural selection candidate genes associated with several biological pathways. Conclusions Guizhou Miao possessed a specific genetic structure and harbored a close genetic relationship with geographically close southern Chinese indigenous populations and Guangxi historical people. Miao people derived their major ancestry from geographically close Guangxi Gaohuahua people and experienced a plausible population bottleneck which contributed to the unique pattern of their genetic diversity and structure. Future ancient DNA from Shijiahe and Qujialing will provide new insights into the origin of the Miao people.

Yaying Wu, Zhimin Li, Yan Yang et al.

The family Macrothelidae Simon, 1892 belongs to the infraorder Mygalomorphae, currently contains two genera and 47 described species, from South Europe, South, and East Southeast Asia, Central, West, and North Africa.Two new species of the funnel-web spider genus Macrothele Ausserer, 1871 from Yunnan Province, China are described: Macrothele washanensis Wu &amp;amp; Yang, sp. n. (♂♀), and M. wuliangensis Wu &amp;amp; Yang, sp. n. (♂♀). Detailed descriptions, diagnostic illustrations and distribution map are provided. All specimens are deposited in the Institute of Entomoceutics Research, Dali University (DUIER).

Shixian Zhai, Daniel J. Jacob, Drew C. Pendergrass et al.

Coarse particulate matter (PM) is a serious air pollution problem in East Asia. Analysis of air quality network observations in the North China Plain and the Seoul Metropolitan Area shows that it is mainly anthropogenic and has decreased by 21% over 2015-2019. This anthropogenic coarse PM is generally not included in air quality models but scavenges nitric acid to suppress the formation of fine particulate (PM2.5) nitrate, a major contributor to PM2.5 pollution. Including it in the GEOS-Chem model decreases simulated PM2.5 nitrate to improve agreement with observations. Decreasing anthropogenic coarse PM over 2015-2019 directly increases PM2.5 nitrate in summer, offsetting the effect of other emission controls, while in winter it increases the sensitivity of PM2.5 nitrate to ammonia and sulfur dioxide emissions. Our work implies the need for stronger ammonia and nitrogen oxides emission controls to improve PM2.5 air quality as coarse PM continues to decrease.