Hasil untuk "Sociology (General)"

C. May

Understanding and evaluating the implementation of complex interventions in practice is an important problem for healthcare managers and policy makers, and for patients and others who must operationalize them beyond formal clinical settings. It has been argued that this work should be founded on theory that provides a foundation for understanding, designing, predicting, and evaluating dynamic implementation processes. This paper sets out core constituents of a general theory of implementation, building on Normalization Process Theory and linking it to key constructs from recent work in sociology and psychology. These are informed by ideas about agency and its expression within social systems and fields, social and cognitive mechanisms, and collective action. This approach unites a number of contending perspectives in a way that makes possible a more comprehensive explanation of the implementation and embedding of new ways of thinking, enacting and organizing practice.

Marie Labussière, Thijs Bol

Skills are considered a key determinant of workers’ labor market opportunities, especially in times of rapid technological change. However, existing research rarely conceptualizes and measures skills in their own right, instead relying on occupations as a proxy. How does this limit our understanding of the labor market structure and of wage inequality? In this article, we leverage a unique dataset of millions of online job postings in the United Kingdom to measure the skill profiles of jobs and analyze their similarity within and between occupational categories. Our data-driven approach reveals substantial discrepancies between occupational classifications and the actual skill content of jobs. We further demonstrate that job-level variation in skill content constitutes an independent source of wage inequality—one that is obscured by analyses at the occupational level. These findings challenge the conventional view of occupations as coherent bundles of skills, offering new avenues for analyzing labor market stratification.

Amr S. Mohamed, Emily Nguyen, Deepa Kundur

Amidst the growing demand for implementing advanced control and decision-making algorithms|to enhance the reliability, resilience, and stability of power systems|arises a crucial concern regarding the safety of employing machine learning techniques. While these methods can be applied to derive more optimal control decisions, they often lack safety assurances. This paper proposes a framework based on control barrier functions to facilitate safe learning and deployment of reinforcement learning agents for power system control applications, specifically in the context of automatic generation control. We develop the safety barriers and reinforcement learning framework necessary to establish trust in reinforcement learning as a safe option for automatic generation control - as foundation for future detailed verification and application studies.

Yves Daniel TSHISUNGU MUKENDI, Éric MAFUTA MASALU

Le financement basé sur la performance (FBP) est un type de mécanisme de paiement du fournisseur où une incitation financière liée à la performance est accordée aux prestataires des soins. Cela implique le fait que les structures de santé sont considérées comme des organismes autonomes qui peuvent réaliser un bénéfice au profit d’objectifs de santé publique. Les études explorant la perception et l’expérience des personnels de santé sur la mise en œuvre du PBF demeurent rare en RDC et à Kinshasa en particulier. L’étude avait pour objectif d’évaluer l’expérience et la perception de personnels de santé dans l’implémentation du PBF dans les structures sanitaires au premier trimestre 2022 à Kinshasa.

William J. Wolf, James Read, Quentin Vigneron

The geometric trinity of gravity comprises three distinct formulations of general relativity: (i) the standard formulation describing gravity in terms of spacetime curvature, (ii) the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity describing gravity in terms of spacetime torsion, and (iii) the symmetric teleparallel equivalent of general relativity (STEGR) describing gravity in terms of spacetime non-metricity. In this article, we complete a geometric trinity of non-relativistic gravity, by (a) taking the non-relativistic limit of STEGR to determine its non-relativistic analogue, and (b) demonstrating that this non-metric theory is equivalent to the Newton--Cartan theory and its teleparallel equivalent, i.e., the curvature and the torsion based non-relativistic theories that are both geometrised versions of classical Newtonian gravity.

J. L. Hernández-Pastora

In the standard Einstein's theory the exterior gravitational field of any static and axially symmetric stellar object can be described by means of a single function from which we obtain a metric into a four-dimensional space-time. In this work we present a generalization of those so called Weyl solutions to a space-time-matter metric in a five-dimensional manifold within a non-compactified Kaluza-Klein theory of gravity. The arising field equations reduce to those of vacuum Einstein's gravity when the metric function associated to the fifth dimension is considered to be constant. The calculation of the geodesics allows to identify the existence or not of different behaviours of test particles, in orbits on a constant plane, between the two metrics. In addition, static solutions on the hypersurface orthogonal to the added dimension but with time dependence in the five-dimensional metric are also obtained. The consequences on the variation of the rest mass, if the fifth dimension is identified with it, are studied.

Samuel Diaz Rodas

Introducción: la competencia en creación de contenido digital ha caído en un nivel entre básico e intermedio que aparenta imposibilidad de pasar a un nivel avanzado. El propósito del presente estudio fue implementar un laboratorio H5P para el fortalecimiento de dicha competencia en el profesorado universitario UNAH. Metodología: mediante un enfoque cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo, se identificó el nivel de autopercepción que tiene el profesorado en torno a dos dimensiones: creación de contenido digital y reelaboración y creación de objetos virtuales de aprendizaje (OVA). Asimismo, el laboratorio H5P se construyó mediante un Modelo ADDIE y la fase de diseño con Modelo de Cascada. Resultados: se obtuvieron de una muestra de 25 docentes en la cual se observa para ambas dimensiones un nivel de desarrollo básico A1. No obstante, competencias específicas como los procesadores de texto y el uso de presentaciones poseen un nivel intermedio. Discusión: por otro lado, se determinó que el Modelo ADDIE es eficaz para el proceso de estructuración y organización de contenidos. Asimismo, el diseño bajo un Modelo de Cascada resultó ser eficiente para proyectos pequeños por su simplicidad y facilidad para identificar fortalezas y debilidades en los pasos secuenciales del Laboratorio H5P. Concluciones: al considerar la herramienta H5P para la creación de OVA en el marco de fortalecer la competencia en creación de contenido digital, se puede establecer un proceso de formación específico (teórico-práctico) que ayude a alcanzar los mejores niveles competenciales en el profesorado universitario.

Robert F. Allen, Katherine Heller, Matthew A. Pons

We propose two SIR models which incorporate sociological behavior of groups of individuals. It is these differences in behaviors which impose different infection rates on the individual susceptible populations, rather than biological differences. We compute the basic reproduction number for each model, as well as analyze the sensitivity of $R_0$ to changes in sociological parameter values.

Jiaxiang Yang, Hanyuan Deng, Zikai Tang et al.

The zeroth-order general Randić index $R^{0}_{a+1}$ of an $n$-vertices oriented graph $D$ is equal to the sum of $(d^{+}_{u_i})^{a}+(d^{-}_{u_j})^{a}$ over all arcs $u_iu_j$ of $D$, where we denote by $d^{+}_{u_i}$ the out-degree of the vertex $u_i$ and $d^{-}_{u_j}$ the in-degree of the vertex $u_j$, $a$ is an arbitrary real number. In the paper, we determine the orientations of cacti with the maximum value of the zeroth-order general Randić index for $a\geq 1$.

Maya Okawa, Tomoharu Iwata

Opinion formation and propagation are crucial phenomena in social networks and have been extensively studied across several disciplines. Traditionally, theoretical models of opinion dynamics have been proposed to describe the interactions between individuals (i.e., social interaction) and their impact on the evolution of collective opinions. Although these models can incorporate sociological and psychological knowledge on the mechanisms of social interaction, they demand extensive calibration with real data to make reliable predictions, requiring much time and effort. Recently, the widespread use of social media platforms provides new paradigms to learn deep learning models from a large volume of social media data. However, these methods ignore any scientific knowledge about the mechanism of social interaction. In this work, we present the first hybrid method called Sociologically-Informed Neural Network (SINN), which integrates theoretical models and social media data by transporting the concepts of physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) from natural science (i.e., physics) into social science (i.e., sociology and social psychology). In particular, we recast theoretical models as ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Then we train a neural network that simultaneously approximates the data and conforms to the ODEs that represent the social scientific knowledge. In addition, we extend PINNs by integrating matrix factorization and a language model to incorporate rich side information (e.g., user profiles) and structural knowledge (e.g., cluster structure of the social interaction network). Moreover, we develop an end-to-end training procedure for SINN, which involves Gumbel-Softmax approximation to include stochastic mechanisms of social interaction. Extensive experiments on real-world and synthetic datasets show SINN outperforms six baseline methods in predicting opinion dynamics.

A. S. Shilyaeva, S. V. Kurapov, M. E. Zabolotnikov et al.

Introduction. The article considers the modern Russian Cossacks as a complex social object in the trinity of interpersonal, intragroup and intrapersonal communications. The ethno markers of the Cossacks that influence the perception of “friend or foe” are determined; the problem of the concept of the network capital of the Cossacks is formulated.Methodology and sources. The section formulates the construction of network capital from the point of view of structuring social relations in the network approach, and from the point of view of the culture of interactive communication in the network space. The main approaches to the definition and measurement of network capital are shown, its specificity for the social group of Cossack youth is revealed. The network model of the Cossacks and Cossack youth is described as a whole and its part. The role of state-forming values in the Cossack environment is shown. The largest network Cossack youth organizations from different regions of Russia are presented.Results and discussion. The article describes the methodology for researching network capital, organized at the All-Russian Gathering of Cossack Youth in the fall of 2021 in the city of Krasnoyarsk. On the basis of four groups of values of the Cossack youth, namely social, personal, values of the Cossacks and values of the direct contact environment, a network analysis of positive and negative relationships, as well as relationships in subgroups of values, is carried out. As a comparative analysis, the results of measuring the network capital of students of the IT faculty of the evening department are used, which show a clear professional orientation and belonging to a generalized supranational community of IT specialists and a low team-building potential. The authors conclude that the construction of “network capital” is more often used in an empirical sense to obtain information about the mechanisms of access to resources or some kind of influence through network relations.Conclusion. In general, the theory of “network capital” is in the process of its formation and requires further scientific understanding. In the ongoing process of institutionalization of the Cossacks, contradictions often arise between the traditions and values of modern society, which the Cossack youth seeks to resolve in a compromise way. It is concluded that the network capital of the Cossack youth is in the stage of its active accumulation and continuous transformations.

Максим Леонидович Ни

В статье делается попытка переопределения термина «сообщество» применительно к исследованиям площадок группового общения транснациональных мигрантов в интернете. Сегодня платформы виртуальных социальных сетей позволяют создавать группы общения, объединяющие людей с общими интересами, но не обязательно знакомых друг с другом. В исследовательской литературе для анализа такого рода феноменов широкое распространение получило понятие «сообщество». Однако насколько такое решение является правомерным? Всегда ли онлайн-группы являются сообществами? Какие механизмы обеспечивают их активность? Для ответа на данные вопросы автор проводит концептуальный анализ различных антропологических и социологических моделей сообщества в контексте их приложения к онлайн-среде. На основании проведенного анализа формулируется определение сообщества как состояния максимальной солидаризации группы, возникающей в фокусированных коллективных ритуалах взаимодействия. В качестве теоретико-методологического основания статьи выступает теория ритуалов взаимодействия Рэндалла Коллинза, которая позволяет определить цепочки успешных ритуалов как ключевой механизм, лежащий в основе устойчивой групповой активности. Успешные ритуалы способствуют производству и/или воспроизводству символов идентичности группы и эмоциональной энергии (готовности вступать в схожие взаимодействия). Выработанный способ концептуализации применяется к исследованию двух русскоязычных Facebook-групп (деятельность социальной сети запрещена на территории РФ), объединяющих трудовых мигрантов из стран СНГ в Южной Корее и из стран Средней Азии в России. Проведенный анализ демонстрирует, что воспроизводство активности онлайн-групп в значительной степени опирается на эмоционально насыщенные символы, даже если основная часть сообщений сосредоточена вокруг сугубо инструментальных целей (таких как поиск вакансий). Тем не менее различия в культурном капитале могут препятствовать возникновению групповой солидарности, даже если участники номинально разделяют общие эмоции по отношению к одному и тому же объекту внимания. Благодарность. Мы благодарим Полину Антонову, Анастасию Бабикову, Елизавету Кучерову, Анастасию Лаптеву, Дарью Юдину, а также Наталью Трегубову за ценные комментарии к первым вариантам статьи и за помощь в сборе данных.

Оleksandra Deineko

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the Ukrainian society social cohesion challenges in the pandemic conditions of digitally mediated interactions. Based on the results of qualitative sociological research, as well as a secondary analysis of the results of other sociological studies and statistics data, the author explores the phenomenon of social cohesion in the unity of three social levels of its presence - macro, meso and micro. The study has shown the dialectical nature of social cohesion and the opposite tendencies of its reproduction at different social levels – inner circle, professional communities and society as a whole. In the macro-social perspective, the pandemic has become a «common challenge», intensifying social consolidation at the level of civil society institutions; on the other hand, it has created a new axis of social inequality, deepening local differences and awareness of the different degree of «protection» from crisis conditions. It is concluded that the digitally mediated everyday interactions, characterized by a lack of social actors' co-presence in space and time, contributes to the spread of systemic integration in those social systems for which it was previously uncharacteristic. This, in turn, leads to the «frozen» functioning of social systems. In contemporary digital age, social actors are increasingly beginning to experience «digital loneliness» due to the loss of coexistence in physical time and space and the weakening of binding social capital, making familiar identification patterns less stable and definite. The «shift» of the concentration of interactions from different social circles to the level of the inner circle – the family one sets a double scenario of its reproduction either as a space of cohesive values, the highest level of trust, participation and social security, or as an environment for everyday conflicts. The article emphasizes the urgency of further conceptualization of a new type of capital – digital, which in conditions of systemic integration of social systems «puts into action» the activation of other types of capital.

Daniel Torres-Salinas, Wenceslao Arroyo-Machado, Nicolás Robinson-García

In recent years, new indicators known as altmetrics have been introduced to measure the impact of scientific activity. These indicators are obtained through the mentions realised from different social media, existing several aggregators of these data that collect several of them in the same database, being Altmetric.com the most popular. However, in spite of the popularization of these metrics, several limitations in their use have been manifested. For this reason, rhe objective of this work is twofold: (1) to show the possibilities of altimetric techniques applied to the Spanish social sciences in general and sociology in particular; (2) to critically analyse the results to observe the limitations of these indicators; (3) to check whether they can really add useful information that can be used to describe a scientific field and (4) to see the reasons why altmetrics cannot be applied in these fields.

Jarosław Sobkowiak

e concept of the subjectivity of a person presented in this article has shown that man as a subject appears in constant references and relations in which his existence is embedded. On the one hand, it escapes the determinism of nature, on the other hand, it reveals a certain crack between its nature and action. is leads to the conclusion that even if a person is characterised by individuality, it is not a separate existence. It seems justified to return to the question of what makes a person, in spite of both external and internal variability; they remain the same or otherwise what builds and what destroys the subjectivity of the person? e question thus posed reveals the first threat to human subjectivity which is the fact of the existence of evil. For it is not only something external to man but also something that makes man both the “place” of the appearance of evil and responsible for evilB8. While staying in Ricoeur’s philosophy characterised by a dialectical movement one can already see in the language discussing evil a threat to certain “deposits of hope” present in his thoughtB<. For the religious language to which Ricoeur ultimately reduces the problem of evil is the language of hope and eschatology. Freedom also takes on a new meaning in this context. It is no longer just something that has been enslaved but above all something that is a “desire for the possible.” A possible freedom is the Resurrection. In this perspective, even evil and suffering can find their ultimate meaning, and the subjective character of morality does not threaten to fall into subjectivism. Moreover, it is in the name of such subjectivism that morality demands for the subject this “otherness,” the hope that comes from the Resurrection.

Seth Abrutyn

Abstract Though anomie is one of sociology’s most unique conceptual contributions, its progenitor, Emile Durkheim, was notably ambiguous about its meaning. Consequently, its use in contemporary sociology has varied wildly. In part, the confusion surrounding anomie stems from Durkheim’s insistence that it is caused by deregulation, which has resisted operationalization. Nevertheless, careful consideration of the “four faces” of anomie most prominent in the sociological canon—that is, (1) the anomic division of labor, (2) anomic suicide, (3) Mertonian strain, and (4) the micro-level symbolic-cultural versions—reveals that disruption and disintegration, rather than deregulation, are the common threads woven through each. Drawing from this insight, a new theoretical conceptualization for anomie is offered that defines it as (a) a social psychological force operating at both the (b) individual- or “meso”/corporate unit-level of social reality that results from (c) chronic or acute disruptions that, in turn, generate (d) real or imagined disintegrative pressures. Furthermore, disruptions are not only predicated on the real or imagined loss of social ties (dissolution), but also on the real or imagined loss of attachment to a coherent social reality (disjunction) and/or physical space (dislocation). This recalibration allows anomie to enter into deeper dialogue with a wide range of other phenomena that may in fact share some overlapping elements with anomie related to the pain of potentially losing cherished social relationships and the motivation toward self-harm, anti-social and even pro-social behaviors to escape this social pain. Résumé L’anomie a beau être l’une des contributions conceptuelles les plus caractéristiques de la sociologie, son créateur, Émile Durkheim, est resté notablement ambigu quant à sa signification. Par conséquent, son usage dans la sociologie contemporaine a évolué considérablement. La confusion entourant l’anomie découle pour partie de l’insistance de Durkheim sur le fait qu’elle serait causée par le dérèglement, ce qui n’a pu être véritablement opérationnalisé. Néanmoins, l’étude attentive des « quatre visages » de l’anomie qui occupent une place prépondérante dans la tradition sociologique – c’est-à-dire (1) la division anomique du travail, (2) le suicide anomique, (3) la tension Mertonienne et (4) les différentes versions symboliques et culturelles de niveau micro – révèle que la perturbation et l’absence d’intégration, plutôt que le dérèglement, constituent le fil conducteur de chacune d’elles. En s’inspirant de cette idée, cet article propose une nouvelle conceptualisation de l’anomie comme : (a) une force psycho-sociale agissant au niveau (b) de l’individu ou au niveau plus méso d’une unité collective de réalité sociale, et qui résulte (c) de perturbations chroniques ou aiguës qui, à leur tour, génèrent (d) des pressions désintégratrices réelles ou imaginaires. En outre, les perturbations ne sont pas uniquement liées à la perte réelle ou imaginaire de liens sociaux (dissolution), mais également à la perte réelle ou imaginaire d’attachement à une réalité sociale cohérente (disjonction) et/ou à un espace physique (dislocation). Ce recalibrage conceptuel permet à la notion d’anomie d’entretenir un dialogue plus approfondi avec un large éventail d’autres phénomènes, avec lesquels elle partage parfois certains éléments, liés à la douleur de perdre des relations sociales chères ou encore à la motivation, pour échapper à cette souffrance sociale, de se nuire à soi-même ou d’adopter des comportements antisociaux et même parfois pro-sociaux. Zusammenfassung Obgleich die Anomie zu einem der charakteristischsten konzeptuellen Beiträge der Soziologie zählt, war ihr Gründervater, Emile Durkheim, in Sachen Bedeutung mehr als doppeldeutig. Infolgedessen wird sie in der zeitgenössischen Soziologie ganz unterschiedlich genutzt. Die der Anomie anhaftende Konfusion geht zum Teil auf die Beharrlichkeit Durkheims zurück, der ihre Entstehung in der Deregulierung sieht, was nicht wirklich operativ bewiesen werden konnte. Nichtsdestotrotz zeigt eine aufmerksame Betrachtung der im soziologischen Kanon sehr bekannten “vier Seiten” der Anomie –1. die anomische Teilung der Arbeit, 2. der anomische Selbstmord, 3. die mertonische Spannung und 4. die verschiedenen symbolischen und kulturellen Varianten der Mikroebene – dass Störungen und mangelnde Integration, mehr als Deregulierung, den Leitfaden jeder einzelnen darstellen. Ausgehend von dieser Idee schlägt der Beitrag eine neue Konzeptualisierung der Anomie vor: a) eine psycho-soziale Kraft agiert b) auf dem Niveau des Individuums oder mehr auf der Mesoebene der sozialen Realität einer kollektiven Einheit, woraus sich c) chronische oder zugespitzte Störungen ergeben, die schließlich d) einen reellen oder erdachten desintegrierenden Druck ausüben. Darüberhinaus sind die Störungen nicht nur auf den reellen oder erdachten Verlust sozialer Netze (Auflösung), sondern auch auf den reellen oder erdachten Verlust von Verbindungen zu einer kohärenten sozialen Realität (Trennung) und/oder einem physischen Raum (Zerfall) zurückzuführen. Dieses konzeptuelle Austarieren ermöglicht es dem Anomiebegriff, einen tiefer gehenden Dialog mit einem breiten Spektrum anderer Phänomene einzugehen, die in Verbindung zu dem schmerzlichen Verlust der so wichtigen sozialen Beziehungen stehen oder zu der Motivation diesem sozialen Leiden zu entgehen, sich selbst zu schaden oder unsoziale und manchmal sogar pro-soziale Verhaltensweisen anzunehmen.

Arka P. Reksowardojo, Gennaro Senatore, Ian F. C. Smith

Adaptive structures have the ability to modify their shape and internal forces through sensing and actuation in order to maintain optimal performance under changing actions. Previous studies have shown that substantial whole-life energy savings with respect to traditional passive designs can be achieved through well-conceived adaptive design strategies. The whole-life energy comprises an embodied part in the material and an operational part for structural adaptation. Structural adaptation through controlled large shape changes allows a significant stress redistribution so that the design is not governed by extreme loads with long return periods. This way, material utilization is maximized and embodied energy is reduced. A design process based on shape optimization has been formulated to obtain shapes that are optimal for each load case. A geometrically non-linear force method is employed to control the structure into required shapes. This paper presents the experimental testing of a small-scale prototype adaptive structure produced by this design process. The structure is a simply supported planar truss. Shape adaptation is achieved through controlled length changes of turnbuckles that strategically replace some of the structural elements. The stress is monitored by strain sensors fitted on some of the truss elements. The nodal coordinates are monitored by an optical tracking system. Numerical predictions and measurements have a minimum Pearson correlation of 0.86 which indicates good accordance. Although scaling effects have to be further investigated, experimental testing on a small-scale prototype has been useful to assess the feasibility of the design and control methods outlined in this work. Results show that stress homogenization through controlled large shape changes is feasible.

В. В. Нагайцев

Статья посвящена социологическому анализу состояния конфликтологической грамотности населения в одном из регионов Российской Федерации – Алтайском крае и обоснованию необходимости ее повышения в настоящее время. В работе приводятся данные социологического исследования, проведенного автором в регионе методом стандартизированного интервью по месту жительства респондентов. Установлен достаточно высокий уровень неграмотности населения региона в плане использования ими определенных способов разрешения своих конфликтов. Автором выясняются основные причины подобного явления, намечены пути его преодоления. В работе сделан вывод о важности повышения конфликтологической грамотности населения регионального социума.

Ubirajara Santiago de Carvalho Pinto

O artigo analisa os envolvimentos escolares e os sentidos de injustiça à volta da escola a partir de uma pesquisa de terreno nas ocupações das escolas públicas secundárias do Rio de Janeiro no primeiro semestre de 2016. Para tanto, procura-se explicitar o vocabulário de motivos das ocupações das escolas e discutir a complexidade da demanda pelo bem educacional à luz dos múltiplos envolvimentos na escola e seus significados plurais.

Ziliang Wang, Miao He, Chao Fang et al.

In this paper, by proposing a generalized $specific~volume$, we restudy the $P-V$ criticality of charged AdS black holes in the extended phase space. The results show that most of the previous conclusions can be generalized without change, but the ratio $\tildeρ_c$ should be $3 \tildeα/16$ in general case. Further research on the thermodynamical phase transition of black hole leads us to a natural interpretation of our assumption, and more black hole properties can be generalized. Finally, we study the number density for charged AdS black hole in higher dimensions, the results show the necessity of our assumption.