Hasil untuk "Social sciences (General)"

K. Imai, L. Keele, Dustin Tingley

M. Plume

T. F. Harandi, Maryam Mohammad Taghinasab, T. Nayeri

Background and aim Social support is an important factor that can affect mental health. In recent decades, many studies have been done on the impact of social support on mental health. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect size of the relationship between social support and mental health in studies in Iran. Methods This meta-analysis was carried out in studies that were performed from 1996 through 2015. Databases included SID and Magiran, the comprehensive portal of human sciences, Noor specialized magazine databases, IRANDOC, Proquest, PubMed, Scopus, ERIC, Iranmedex and Google Scholar. The keywords used to search these websites included “mental health or general health,” and “Iran” and “social support.” In total, 64 studies had inclusion criteria meta-analysis. In order to collect data used from a meta-analysis worksheet that was made by the researcher and for data analysis software, CMA-2 was used. Results The mean of effect size of the 64 studies in the fixed-effect model and random-effect model was obtained respectively as 0.356 and 0.330, which indicated the moderate effect size of social support on mental health. The studies did not have publication bias, and enjoyed a heterogeneous effect size. The target population and social support questionnaire were moderator variables, but sex, sampling method, and mental health questionnaire were not moderator variables. Conclusion Regarding relatively high effect size of the correlation between social support and mental health, it is necessary to predispose higher social support, especially for women, the elderly, patients, workers, and students.

Anna Henschel, Guy Laban, Emily S. Cross

We provide an outlook on the definitions, laboratory research, and applications of social robots, with an aim to understand what makes a robot social—in the eyes of science and the general public. Social robots demonstrate their potential when deployed within contexts appropriate to their form and functions. Some examples include companions for the elderly and cognitively impaired individuals, robots within educational settings, and as tools to support cognitive and behavioural change interventions. Science fiction has inspired us to conceive of a future with autonomous robots helping with every aspect of our daily lives, although the robots we are familiar with through film and literature remain a vision of the distant future. While there are still miles to go before robots become a regular feature within our social spaces, rapid progress in social robotics research, aided by the social sciences, is helping to move us closer to this reality.

James T. Croasmun, L. Ostrom

Ronny Enrique Santana-Estrella, Evelyn Karina García-Carranza, Nohelia Nathalie Armas-Bustos

Este estudio analiza la influencia de las estrategias de comunicación en la inclusión de estudiantes con necesidades educativas específicas, centrándose en aquellos con discapacidad visual, en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación Social de la Universidad de Guayaquil. El propósito es identificar las barreras comunicacionales y las prácticas efectivas que favorecen entornos de aprendizaje equitativos en el aula. Se aplicó un enfoque cualitativo, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a estudiantes con discapacidad visual y a diez docentes que han participado en experiencias inclusivas. Los datos fueron procesados a través de un análisis temático, identificando patrones relacionados con la comunicación, la accesibilidad y la interacción pedagógica. Los hallazgos muestran que las estrategias de comunicación inclusivas como el uso de recursos tecnológicos, materiales adaptados, lenguaje inclusivo y la empatía de la relación con docente y el estudiante contribuyen al fortalecimiento de la participación y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes con discapacidad visual.  No obstante, se evidencian limitaciones asociadas a la escasa capacitación docente en este ámbito, la falta de lineamientos institucionales claros y la insuficiente integración de criterios de accesibilidad en los programas académicos. El estudio confirma que las estrategias comunicacionales desempeñan un papel central en la inclusión en la educación superior. Se recomienda mejorar la implementación de políticas institucionales, y el uso sistemático de tecnologías adaptativas. Más allá de la accesibilidad, los resultados resaltan la importancia de construir una cultura universitaria justa, participativa y sensible.  

Jingruo Chen, TungYen Wang, Marie Williams et al.

AI-generated images are increasingly prevalent on social media, raising concerns about trust and authenticity. This study investigates how different levels of label detail (basic, moderate, maximum) and content stakes (high vs. low) influence user engagement with and perceptions of AI-generated images through a within-subjects experimental study with 105 participants. Our findings reveal that increasing label detail enhances user perceptions of label transparency but does not affect user engagement. However, content stakes significantly impact user engagement and perceptions, with users demonstrating higher engagement and trust in low-stakes images. These results suggest that social media platforms can adopt detailed labels to improve transparency without compromising user engagement, offering insights for effective labeling strategies for AI-generated content.

Runhao Jiang, Renchi Yang, Wenqing Lin

Social recommendation, which seeks to leverage social ties among users to alleviate the sparsity issue of user-item interactions, has emerged as a popular technique for elevating personalized services in recommender systems. Despite being effective, existing social recommendation models are mainly devised for recommending regular items such as blogs, images, and products, and largely fail for community recommendations due to overlooking the unique characteristics of communities. Distinctly, communities are constituted by individuals, who present high dynamicity and relate to rich structural patterns in social networks. To our knowledge, limited research has been devoted to comprehensively exploiting this information for recommending communities. To bridge this gap, this paper presents CASO, a novel and effective model specially designed for social community recommendation. Under the hood, CASO harnesses three carefully-crafted encoders for user embedding, wherein two of them extract community-related global and local structures from the social network via social modularity maximization and social closeness aggregation, while the third one captures user preferences using collaborative filtering with observed user-community affiliations. To further eliminate feature redundancy therein, we introduce a mutual exclusion between social and collaborative signals. Finally, CASO includes a community detection loss in the model optimization, thereby producing community-aware embeddings for communities. Our extensive experiments evaluating CASO against nine strong baselines on six real-world social networks demonstrate its consistent and remarkable superiority over the state of the art in terms of community recommendation performance.

B.V. Nikolaev, N.A. Pavlova

Background. Domestic diplomacy and international legal science played a leading role in the formation of the institution of peaceful resolution of international disputes. It was Russia that initiated two Hague Peace Conferences in 1899 and 1907. However, this issue has not received sufficient attention from domestic and foreign researchers, the latter, however, actively studied the role of the United States, Great Britain, France and other countries in terms of the development of the institution of peaceful resolution of international disputes. In this regard, the study of the content and results of the Second Peace Conference and its historical significance seems relevant and scientifically significant. The purpose of the work is to identify the main directions and achievements of the Hague Peace Conference of 1907 in the context of the development of the institution of peaceful resolution of international disputes. Materials and methods. These objectives are achieved by analyzing the official materials of the 1907 Hague Peace Conference, official acts of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, assessments of the conference's achievements given by its participants themselves, as well as international treaties and scientific literature. Results. The work analyzes the work and results of the 1907 forum from the point of view of the development of the institution of peaceful resolution of international disputes. Conclu-sions. The study allows us to draw a conclusion about the special role of Russian diplomacy and international legal science in the codification of the institution of peaceful resolution of international disputes and the progressive development of international law in general.

Magdalena Anita Gajewska

Michael Safo Oduro, Eniola Fasola, Prince Peprah et al.

Abstract Background There is a dearth of studies focused on the impact of self-rated health on life satisfaction among large-bodied adolescents, as well as the moderating role of physical activity in this relationship. Large-bodied adolescents refers to young people (usually aged 10–19 years) whose body size falls within the overweight or obese range as defined by the World Health Organisation’s Growth Reference, based on age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) percentiles. This study aimed to address the gap in research by examining the association between self-rated health and life satisfaction in a diverse sample of large-bodied adolescents from 39 countries and regions in Europe and North America. The moderating role of physical activity in the association was also examined. Methods The study analysed data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey, involving a sample of 24,839 large-bodied adolescents. Three sequential binary mixed effects logit models were fitted: the first assessing self-rated health alone, the second adjusting for multiple covariates, and the third incorporating an interaction term between physical activity and self-rated health. The analysis was performed using R Software (v4.1.2), with significance determined at a level of 0.05. Results The results show that adolescents who rated their health as “poor” were a little more than six times (AOR = 6.32, 95%CI: 5.30–7.54, p < 0.001) as likely to report lower life satisfaction compared to those who rated their health as “excellent”. Those who rated their health as “good” had 1.71 times higher odds (AOR = 1.71, 95%CI: 1.44–2.04, p < 0.001) of reporting lower life satisfaction compared to those who rated their health as “excellent”. The analysis further indicated that physical activity plays a partial moderating role in the relationship between self-rated health and life satisfaction. Participants who considered themselves “somewhat active” reported higher life satisfaction compared to their “inactive” peers (AOR = 0.58, p = 0.031, 95% CI: 0.36–0.95). Conclusions The study supports the hypothesis that poorer self-rated health is associated with lower life satisfaction among large-bodied adolescents. It further suggests that increased physical activity can ‘partly’ buffer the negative effects of poor self-rated health on life satisfaction. These findings emphasise the importance of interventions promoting physical activity and positive self-care to improve general well-being in large-bodied adolescents.

Belinda Lopéz-Galán, Tiziana de-Magistris

Abstract This study analyses the influence of geographical origin and taste on honey consumer behavior. First, we explore the influence of geographical origin on consumers’ hedonic evaluation of honey. We then assess the influence of geographical origin and taste on their willingness to pay (WTP) for honey. We conducted a field experiment at a real supermarket. The participants were exposed to two treatments (blind and informed treatment). The findings showed that knowledge about the geographical origin of honey influences consumers’ hedonic evaluations and that the WTP for honey is more strongly influenced by geographical origin than by taste.

Dagm Alemayehu Tegegn

Abstract The history of science and technology is the study of how people have comprehended the natural world or applied science and technology throughout history. This academic discipline also looks into the contexts and consequences of scientific methods on culture, economy, and politics. The purpose of this review article is to evaluate the role of science and technology in reconstructing human social history, specifically the impact of technological change on society. As such, secondary literatures are thoroughly researched to recount the discourse of the history of science and technology. The study concludes that science and technology have made an impact on the phenomenon of human social history and society in general. As a result, the industrial revolution, information communication technology and transportation technology, agricultural technology transformation, warfare technology progression, and changes in social values and social institutions are among the most significant changes. Revolutionary and evolutionary advancements in science and technology shaped the reconstruction of society’s history from various periods in continues pattern.

Serina Chang, Alicja Chaszczewicz, Emma Wang et al.

Generating social networks is essential for many applications, such as epidemic modeling and social simulations. The emergence of generative AI, especially large language models (LLMs), offers new possibilities for social network generation: LLMs can generate networks without additional training or need to define network parameters, and users can flexibly define individuals in the network using natural language. However, this potential raises two critical questions: 1) are the social networks generated by LLMs realistic, and 2) what are risks of bias, given the importance of demographics in forming social ties? To answer these questions, we develop three prompting methods for network generation and compare the generated networks to a suite of real social networks. We find that more realistic networks are generated with "local" methods, where the LLM constructs relations for one persona at a time, compared to "global" methods that construct the entire network at once. We also find that the generated networks match real networks on many characteristics, including density, clustering, connectivity, and degree distribution. However, we find that LLMs emphasize political homophily over all other types of homophily and significantly overestimate political homophily compared to real social networks.

Ziqing Zhu, Guan Yuan, Tao Zhou et al.

The community plays a crucial role in understanding user behavior and network characteristics in social networks. Some users can use multiple social networks at once for a variety of objectives. These users are called overlapping users who bridge different social networks. Detecting communities across multiple social networks is vital for interaction mining, information diffusion, and behavior migration analysis among networks. This paper presents a community detection method based on nonnegative matrix tri-factorization for multiple heterogeneous social networks, which formulates a common consensus matrix to represent the global fused community. Specifically, the proposed method involves creating adjacency matrices based on network structure and content similarity, followed by alignment matrices which distinguish overlapping users in different social networks. With the generated alignment matrices, the method could enhance the fusion degree of the global community by detecting overlapping user communities across networks. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated with new metrics on Twitter, Instagram, and Tumblr datasets. The results of the experiments demonstrate its superior performance in terms of community quality and community fusion.

Al Saqib Majumder

Conventional economic and socio-behavioural models assume perfect symmetric access to information and rational behaviour among interacting agents in a social system. However, real-world events and observations appear to contradict such assumptions, leading to the possibility of other, more complex interaction rules existing between such agents. We investigate this possibility by creating two different models for a doctor-patient system. One retains the established assumptions, while the other incorporates principles of reflexivity theory and cognitive social structures. In addition, we utilize a microbial genetic algorithm to optimize the behaviour of the physician and patient agents in both models. The differences in results for the two models suggest that social systems may not always exhibit the behaviour or even accomplish the purpose for which they were designed and that modelling the social and cognitive influences in a social system may capture various ways a social agent balances complementary and competing information signals in making choices.

Lynnette Hui Xian Ng, Kathleen M. Carley

Bots have been in the spotlight for many social media studies, for they have been observed to be participating in the manipulation of information and opinions on social media. These studies analyzed the activity and influence of bots in a variety of contexts: elections, protests, health communication and so forth. Prior to this analyses is the identification of bot accounts to segregate the class of social media users. In this work, we propose an ensemble method for bot detection, designing a multi-platform bot detection architecture to handle several problems along the bot detection pipeline: incomplete data input, minimal feature engineering, optimized classifiers for each data field, and also eliminate the need for a threshold value for classification determination. With these design decisions, we generalize our bot detection framework across Twitter, Reddit and Instagram. We also perform feature importance analysis, observing that the entropy of names and number of interactions (retweets/shares) are important factors in bot determination. Finally, we apply our multi-platform bot detector to the US 2020 presidential elections to identify and analyze bot activity across multiple social media platforms, showcasing the difference in online discourse of bots from different platforms.

Michel Waly DIOUF

Cet article examine la réutilisation des coquillages fossiles et décrit en même temps les anomalies ou les déformations observées sur les individus. La démarche adoptée repose en effet sur une combinaison de plusieurs activités allant de la recherche documentaire à l’examen du mobilier coquillier, en passant par les enquêtes ethnographiques, la prospection et les fouilles archéologiques. Nos fouilles effectuées sur le site de Balloum, près du village de Moundé (basSaloum) ont mis au jour des spécimens coquilliers déformés ou réutilisés le plus souvent en des objets de parures ou d’ustensiles. Mots-clés : ,

Kristina Spasić, Bojana Novićević Čečević, Ljilja Antić

The new industrial era has brought new opportunities and chances for the entire business development. Smart machines, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, the Internet of Things, big data are taking over many jobs and roles, thus leaving room for the development of new skills and abilities. The rapid technological development in terms of automation and digitization has made machines replace human work. In this sense, it is a matter of time when technology will replace traditional accountants. (Management) accountants who want to adapt and survive in the digital world have to improve their offer and change the focus from data calculation to interpretation of results and business management. Thus, by applying new digital information technology tools, management accounting can provide quality information for determining the costs of products and services, performance measurement, planning and control, strategic and operational decision-making and the like. The general objective of this paper is to review the potential impact of digital information technologies on the usefulness of cost accounting systems and organizational performance in healthcare institutions in the Republic of Serbia with the help of statistical analysis of the relationship between the selected variables. The results of the analysis show that digital technologies have a great impact on the usefulness of the cost accounting system. Also, the largest number of respondents pointed out that improved IT systems have a positive effect on increasing organizational performance.