Hasil untuk "Social legislation"

L. Thygesen, Camilla Daasnes, I. Thaulow et al.

E. Aquino, I. Silveira, J. Pescarini et al.

The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged researchers and policy makers to identify public safety measures forpreventing the collapse of healthcare systems and reducingdeaths. This narrative review summarizes the available evidence on the impact of social distancing measures on the epidemic and discusses the implementation of these measures in Brazil. Articles on the effect of social distancing on COVID-19 were selected from the PubMed, medRXiv and bioRvix databases. Federal and state legislation was analyzed to summarize the strategies implemented in Brazil. Social distancing measures adopted by the population appear effective, particularly when implemented in conjunction with the isolation of cases and quarantining of contacts. Therefore, social distancing measures, and social protection policies to guarantee the sustainability of these measures, should be implemented. To control COVID-19 in Brazil, it is also crucial that epidemiological monitoring is strengthened at all three levels of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). This includes evaluating and usingsupplementary indicators to monitor the progression of the pandemic and the effect of the control measures, increasing testing capacity, and making disaggregated notificationsand testing resultstransparentand broadly available.

A. Carroll

C. Folke, T. Hahn, P. Olsson et al.

N. Yuval-Davis, G. Wemyss, K. Cassidy

Asan Vernyuy Wirba

This paper examines corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the role government can play in promoting CSR. Corporations are an integral part of the large economy of any given society or country whereby these corporations operate. The government’s role is critical in promoting CSR activities or agendas because CSR is voluntary without mandatory legislation. The method used in this paper is a normative literature review and secondary data procedures. The research results show the need for developed and developing countries to share CSR’s best practices and build human institutions capable of enhancing CSR agendas by creating awareness, soft laws, partnering, and mandating business enterprises to be transparent in solving society’s problems wherever they operate. Governments in some developed nations have taken a far-reaching agenda in promoting CSR, especially the UK, European Union, the USA, and other developing countries in East Asia. However, developing countries are lagging behind in developing CSR agendas but should not simply copy from developed countries but adopt CSR’s agenda susceptive to their multiple nations’ sustainable and equitable developments. The result also shows that the lack of good governance and transparency in abundant natural resources in developing countries in the south has led to corrupt elites diverting CSR activities funds for their self-interest and not their local communities. Some developing countries still see CSR as an act of philanthropy, not as means for sustainable and equitable development for economic growth, hence the lack of transparency surrounding CSR by the various government and their elites.

K. L. Tomashevski

Objective: to identify the influence of conceptual scientific ideas of S. S. Alekseev on the development of the labor law doctrine.Methods: dialectical method of cognition, as well as a set of general scientific (system analysis, synthesis, classification, generalization, induction, deduction) and specific-legal (formal-legal, comparative-legal) methods.Results: the genesis of S. S. Alekseev’s views on the system and structure of law, their perception and consideration in the system of labor law was investigated. The author shows three conceptual approaches to building the labor law system and substantiates the division of the special part of labor law into three sub-branches: individual, collective and procedural labor law. S. S. Alekseev’s views on the principles of law are analyzed, including their classification into basic, inter-sectoral, and sectoral principles of law and principles of legal institutions.Scientific novelty: the analysis of the influence and perception of S. S. Alekseev’s ideas at the sectoral level (primarily in the science of labor law) has not been the topic of scientific research so far. The work shows the significance of the ideas of natural law and their perception in positive law, including labor law, as well as the embodiment of S. S. Alekseev's ideas on human-centrism and humanism in the national labor law. The author substantiates the conclusion about the influence of S. S. Alekseev’s views on the formulation of labor law, enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, including freedom of labor, social justice and some other guiding legal principles of this sector.Practical significance: is expressed in the fact that the ideas about the labor law system can be used in the subsequent systematization, including in the new codification of labor legislation. The ideas about the labor law principles can be applied for the improvement of Article 2 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and be taken into account by courts and other law enforcement agencies in overcoming gaps in law and resolving legal conflicts and other defects in law.

Mohammad Reza Danesh Shahraki, Seyyed Mojtaba Va’ezi

AbstractThis research examines Al-Farabi's theory of government in light of the concept of "civil science." Al-Farabi considers civil science to be a knowledge that is responsible for explaining the principles, goals, and regulations of human society, with the ultimate aim being the attainment of true happiness. In this framework, the government has an instrumental role that guides society from theoretical principles to practical goals. Al-Farabi's methodology in civil science is based on the "arc of ascent," emphasizing the voluntary and conscious actions of humans, and is realized through social cooperation. From his perspective, the realization of the virtuous city requires two fundamental pillars: cooperation and leadership; its continuity depends on the establishment of a virtuous government. Al-Farabi, emphasizing the connection between reason and revelation, sees the government as responsible for four main areas: guidance and protection of public values, execution, legislation, and judgment. He regards the legitimacy of the ruler as a divine matter, contingent upon popular acceptance, and based on this, considers only the ruler who possesses all theoretical, intellectual, moral, and practical virtues as worthy of absolute power. The results of the research indicate that Al-Farabi's theory of government is not only based on the foundations of Islamic philosophy and Greek heritage but also provides a coherent model for understanding the relationship between ethics, politics, and religion in the Islamic political system, with a focus on happiness and social cooperation.

Runhao Jiang, Renchi Yang, Wenqing Lin

Social recommendation, which seeks to leverage social ties among users to alleviate the sparsity issue of user-item interactions, has emerged as a popular technique for elevating personalized services in recommender systems. Despite being effective, existing social recommendation models are mainly devised for recommending regular items such as blogs, images, and products, and largely fail for community recommendations due to overlooking the unique characteristics of communities. Distinctly, communities are constituted by individuals, who present high dynamicity and relate to rich structural patterns in social networks. To our knowledge, limited research has been devoted to comprehensively exploiting this information for recommending communities. To bridge this gap, this paper presents CASO, a novel and effective model specially designed for social community recommendation. Under the hood, CASO harnesses three carefully-crafted encoders for user embedding, wherein two of them extract community-related global and local structures from the social network via social modularity maximization and social closeness aggregation, while the third one captures user preferences using collaborative filtering with observed user-community affiliations. To further eliminate feature redundancy therein, we introduce a mutual exclusion between social and collaborative signals. Finally, CASO includes a community detection loss in the model optimization, thereby producing community-aware embeddings for communities. Our extensive experiments evaluating CASO against nine strong baselines on six real-world social networks demonstrate its consistent and remarkable superiority over the state of the art in terms of community recommendation performance.

Lindsay Y. Dhanani, Rebecca R. Totton

Introduction Over the last 3 years, there has been a proliferation of legislation aimed at restricting the rights of transgender Americans, including their access to gender-affirming health care. While the health implications of not having access to gender-affirming care are well documented, there may be additional indirect harms associated with proposing this type of legislation, such as those associated with being exposed to negative messages about transgender people or having to contend with friends and family who support the legislation. Methods This study was conducted between September and November 2021 and used a mixed-methods design to examine the implications of consuming news related to the recently proposed legislation as well as perceiving that people in one’s social network support such legislation on the health and well-being of transgender youth and young adults ( n  = 113). Results Results showed that news consumption was associated with increased rumination and physical health symptoms and that perceived support for the legislation was associated with greater rumination, depressive symptoms, physical health symptoms, and fear of disclosing one’s identity. Themes from the open-ended questions further underscored that the current legislation has impacted transgender youth and young adults’ access to general health care; increased experiences of discrimination and other maltreatment; and resulted in some respondents engaging in unhealthy coping responses. Conclusions and Policy Implications Policy makers should consider these adverse consequences when responding to current, and crafting future, legislation directed at transgender Americans.

Mohmmed Mufadi Al-Maagbeh, Khaled Khalaf Abed Rabbo Aldrou, Osama Al-Naimat et al.

The main objective of the study was to analyze the historical evolution of administrative law in Jordan from 1970 to the present. The research methodology involved the use of historical analysis and hermeneutics method. The historical analysis revealed significant developments in the development of administrative law in Jordan from 1970 to the present. In particular, the period from 1970 to 2000 was broadly characterized by intense reforms aimed at modernizing public administration and legislation to promote social justice and economic growth. With the advent of digital technologies, from 2000 to 2024 there was a significant impact of artificial intelligence on administrative processes, generating new opportunities to optimize public management and improve the quality of services provided to citizens. In the global context, administrative law has also gone through a difficult path of adaptation to new challenges such as globalization and rapid technological change. It is concluded that, through constant adaptation and dialectical innovation, administrative law continues to provide effective and fair governance that meets the needs of modern society.

Oleksii Ostapenko, Mariia Blikhar, Iryna Khomyshyn et al.

Today, it is appropriate to talk about cooperation between Ukraine and EU member states in matters that are functional for their legal systems. The first is the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens; providing asylum to refugees from other countries; adaptation of legislation on the regulation of relations in the field of migration, both legal and illegal; fight against illegal employment; and others. It was found that the administrative law of Ukraine is developing in complex political-economic and social-legal conditions. Therefore, the use of European experience in the field of administrative and legal regulation of social relations in Ukraine should not imply mindless copying, which can negatively affect society and the state. The topic of the research should be the creation of national methodological recommendations on quality indicators of individual branches of law in accordance with the quality standards of legislation and law of the countries of the European Union. The introduction of European approaches to the regulation of social relations at the administrative and legal level in Ukraine must be balanced and adapted so that there is no negative impact on the development of society and the process of state formation. At the same time, the comparative legal study and rational use of foreign experience in the development of administrative law allows to significantly expand the so-called "legal field", enriching it with the experience of foreign countries. The current conditions for the development of administrative law in Ukraine depend on globalization, which affects all spheres of life, affecting the development of unified legal values and democratic principles of European administrative law, and the national administrative law system of individual European countries. In fact, there are two parties of subjects endowed with the corresponding rights and obligations in the field of administrative-legal relations.

Al Saqib Majumder

Conventional economic and socio-behavioural models assume perfect symmetric access to information and rational behaviour among interacting agents in a social system. However, real-world events and observations appear to contradict such assumptions, leading to the possibility of other, more complex interaction rules existing between such agents. We investigate this possibility by creating two different models for a doctor-patient system. One retains the established assumptions, while the other incorporates principles of reflexivity theory and cognitive social structures. In addition, we utilize a microbial genetic algorithm to optimize the behaviour of the physician and patient agents in both models. The differences in results for the two models suggest that social systems may not always exhibit the behaviour or even accomplish the purpose for which they were designed and that modelling the social and cognitive influences in a social system may capture various ways a social agent balances complementary and competing information signals in making choices.

Lynnette Hui Xian Ng, Kathleen M. Carley

Bots have been in the spotlight for many social media studies, for they have been observed to be participating in the manipulation of information and opinions on social media. These studies analyzed the activity and influence of bots in a variety of contexts: elections, protests, health communication and so forth. Prior to this analyses is the identification of bot accounts to segregate the class of social media users. In this work, we propose an ensemble method for bot detection, designing a multi-platform bot detection architecture to handle several problems along the bot detection pipeline: incomplete data input, minimal feature engineering, optimized classifiers for each data field, and also eliminate the need for a threshold value for classification determination. With these design decisions, we generalize our bot detection framework across Twitter, Reddit and Instagram. We also perform feature importance analysis, observing that the entropy of names and number of interactions (retweets/shares) are important factors in bot determination. Finally, we apply our multi-platform bot detector to the US 2020 presidential elections to identify and analyze bot activity across multiple social media platforms, showcasing the difference in online discourse of bots from different platforms.

S. Horne, Mallaigh McGinley, Nedim Yel et al.

Informed by structural stigma theory, this article presents the results of two studies that explored mental health experiences of transgender, nonbinary, and gender-diverse (TNG) individuals and cisgender lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) individuals (N = 523) prior to and following a state referendum to remove gender-based protections. In the Preelection Study, a path model explored relationships among individual factors (i.e., TNG identity, history of gender-based victimization), interpersonal variables (i.e., Referendum familiarity, exposure to Referendum-related messages, sexual orientation, and gender identity-specific social support), and mental health factors (i.e., Referendum-related anxiety and depressive symptomatology). Referendum-related anxiety mediated the relationships between TNG identity, gender-based victimization, sexual orientation and gender identity social support, and depressive symptomatology, explaining 40% of the variance in depressive symptomatology. Postelection, a subsample of participants (N = 117) was used to test a model of differences from pre- to postelection. Neither TNG identity nor victimization predicted Postelection mental health, however, Referendum-related anxiety and depressive symptomatology were significantly lower following the ballot vote that retained gender-based rights. Clinical implications suggest sexual and gender minorities may report increased anxiety in the face of anti-lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) legislation, which may be associated with heightened symptoms of depression. TNG people and LGBTQ people with histories of gender-based victimization may be more at risk for mental health concerns related to anti-TNG legislation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

J. Turban, Katherine L. Kraschel, I. Cohen

Caring for Transgender Youth Transgender adolescents are those whose gender identity (ie, their psychological sense of their own gender) is incongruent with their sex assigned at birth.1 According to a 2017 study from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1.8% of 118 803 surveyed adolescents in the United States identified as transgender.2 In this same study, approximately 35% of transgender adolescents reported having attempted suicide, highlighting the importance of the mental health concerns affecting this population.2 Affirmation of an adolescent’s transgender identity is associated with favorable mental health outcomes.1,3,4 Major medical organizations have outlined best practices for supporting transgender adolescents.1,3,4 These include facilitation of a social transition (ie, taking on the name, pronouns, and other elements of gender expression that match the adolescent’s gender identity), consideration of pubertal suppression (ie, gonadotropinreleasing hormone analogues that temporarily and reversibly pause puberty to prevent the development of secondary sex characteristics that often cause psychological distress for transgender youth), and consideration of gender-affirming hormones (ie, medications including estradiol and testosterone that induce physical feminization or masculinization, respectively, that align with the adolescent’s gender identity). Although research has not established that these interventions cause infertility, guidelines recommend that adolescents be offered fertility preservation options prior to treatment with gender-affirming hormones, given the theoretical risk that these medications may impair fertility.1,3,4 Although gender-affirming genital surgery is generally not recommended until adulthood, these guidelines note that some transmasculine adolescents may benefit from masculinizing chest surgery to lessen chest dysphoria.1,3,4

Benjamin Strahl, A. V. van Breda, Varda Mann-Feder et al.

Abstract Care-leavers – those transitioning from alternative care towards young adulthood – are widely recognized as a vulnerable population, yet child protection legislation seldom applies to them because they have reached adulthood. Despite this, little internationally comparative research on care-leaving policy and legislation has been conducted. This paper maps multinational policy and legislation and its impact on the services to care-leavers and the challenges they experience. An online survey was conducted with key informants in 36 countries and analysed by a multinational team of care-leaving scholars. Findings reveal that few countries have well-developed care-leaving legislation. Most countries provide little aftercare beyond the age of 18, even when legislation provides for it. Within the context of suboptimal social policy and limited aftercare services, findings also reveal high vulnerability among care-leavers. Recommendations for policy development, global dialogue, further research and advocacy are proposed.

Cheuk Hang Au, Kevin K. W. Ho, Dickson K. W. Chiu

Fake news and misinformation have become a major social issue. And yet, many researchers concern primarily about political misinformation, leaving healthcare misinformation less emphasized. Nevertheless, healthcare misinformation may create consequences such as delayed diagnosis or treatment of patients or even public health crisis. We conducted an online experiment to test the role of financial incentives and legislation on disseminating online healthcare misinformation. Our findings revealed that financial incentives have a positive but diminishing impact on the likelihood of sharing online healthcare information regardless of validity. However, financial incentives have a stronger impact on attracting readers to share healthcare misinformation that they perceived to be fake. Surprisingly, legislation may deter the sharing of healthcare information that users perceive to be true but cannot deter them from sharing the healthcare misinformation they perceive to be fake. We also provided some practical implications for formulating measures of battling against healthcare misinformation for policymakers.

Ramofly Bicalho, Pedro Clei Sanches Macedo, Suelen Pereira Estevam

The main objective of this article is to present some reflections on the challenges of teacher education in the Escola da Terra Program, considering the pedagogical experiences developed at UFRRJ - Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, in the interface with public policies for rural education. We developed a bibliographical and documentary research, using among the research sources, legislation, ordinances and decrees, as well as theoretical references on rural education and the Escola da Terra Program. We conclude that the collective production of knowledge, in partnership with course participants, teaching staff, tutors, communities and social movements fighting for land, contributed to the appreciation of the stories, memories, desires and identity recognition of the individuals, individual and collective, of the field, in its close relationship with rural schools. We found that this articulation is one of the main challenges to be faced by the rural education movement in Brazil.

E.I. Shornikov

Background. As it turns out it’s not an easy task to promote the concept of “Peasant revolution in Russia, 1902–1922” in order it could gain a worthy place in the Rus-sian literature on agrarian history. Meanwhile, this theoretical approach has a great explana-tory power being applied to most important political events in Russia of that historical pe-riod. The purpose of the article is to confirm this ability by analyzing the social conflict that occurred in Tambov province at the initial stage of the Revolution. Materials and methods. The article draws the attention of historians to the works of the researchers which delibe-rately and purposely apply the methodology of Peasant Studies when observing social con-flicts at the initial and subsequent stages of the peasant revolution in Russia. The analysis of the conflict between peasants and landlords recorded in the collection of documents of peasant movement in Russia 1901–1904 is presented in the frames of this methodology: from the point of view of peasants themselves and their traditional understanding of justice and truth. Results. It is argued that the primary cause of the peasant unrest was not the class struggle of peasants against landlords, but the struggle of the communities against the evo-lution of many landlords towards compliance with formal legislation and submission to market laws and regularities. The peasants did not just defend the right to graze their cattle on the land of the landowner or to use the forest which the both parties considered to be theirs. They struggled for preserving the old order, for the primacy of customary law over official law. Conclusions. The reasons for the riots which tended to turn into real terror, at least if we talk about the events of the very beginning of the twentieth century, should be sought in the field of the conflict between “formal” law, written legislation of the post-reform period, and customary law of the peasants, their “moral economy” and “subsistence ethics”.