Hasil untuk "Sewage collection and disposal systems. Sewerage"

T. Aniyikaiye, Akinola Ikudayisi

Sewage sludge (SS) management has evolved from conventional disposal practices toward resource-oriented and environmentally conscious solutions. This study investigates the thematic structure of global SS research, with a focus on green technological pathways for resource recovery and the environmental risks associated with SS utilisation. A systematic bibliometric approach was adopted using the Web of Science Core Collection, targeting publications from 2015 to 2024 that included the terms “sludge” AND (“recycl*” OR “reuse” OR “treatment” OR “reduc*” OR “management”) within their titles, abstracts, or keywords. The final dataset consisted of 12,666 eligible articles that met all screening criteria. VOSviewer (version 1.6.20) was used for science mapping, including keyword co-occurrence and cluster analysis. Six thematic clusters were identified, representing dominant research trajectories: (i) microbial processes for nutrient recovery, (ii) biological conversion to bioenergy, (iii) thermochemical transformation and material reuse, (iv) heavy metal bioavailability and ecological risk, (v) emerging contaminant (EC) fate and mitigation, and (vi) dye removal mechanisms. Results indicate a shift toward circular-economy-aligned SS management, emphasising bioconversion, hydrothermal technologies, and biochar valorisation. Research gaps relate to large-scale deployment, EC remediation, and commercialization constraints. The findings provide a structured knowledge base for guiding future research, policy formulation, and investment in sustainable sludge-to-resource systems.

Adrien Banse, Giannis Delimpaltadakis, Luca Laurenti et al.

With the increasing ubiquity of safety-critical autonomous systems operating in uncertain environments, there is a need for mathematical methods for formal verification of stochastic models. Towards formally verifying properties of stochastic systems, methods based on discrete, finite Markov approximations -- abstractions -- thereof have surged in recent years. These are found in contexts where: either a) one only has partial, discrete observations of the underlying continuous stochastic process, or b) the original system is too complex to analyze, so one partitions the continuous state-space of the original system to construct a handleable, finite-state model thereof. In both cases, the abstraction is an approximation of the discrete stochastic process that arises precisely from the discretization of the underlying continuous process. The fact that the abstraction is Markov and the discrete process is not (even though the original one is) leads to approximation errors. Towards accounting for non-Markovianity, we introduce memory-dependent abstractions for stochastic systems, capturing dynamics with memory effects. Our contribution is twofold. First, we provide a formalism for memory-dependent abstractions based on transfer operators. Second, we quantify the approximation error by upper bounding the total variation distance between the true continuous state distribution and its discrete approximation.

S. Mayny, N.A. Chernikov, N. Tvardovskaya

Reviewing the experience in construction and operation of sewerage networks in areas with deep seasonal ground freezing across different regions of the Russian Federation. Methods: analyzing the sewer pipeline laying, in-situ observations of wastewater temperature regime at sewer outlets from residential buildings. Results: designs of sewer pipelines laid in different regions are presented, as well as their dependence on the depth of seasonal ground freezing in different regions of the Russian Federation. The actual values of sewage water temperature at sewage outlets from residential buildings are established. Practical significance: In a number of regions the laying of sewerage pipes at a depth of 1.5-1.8 m led to normal and stable operation of sewerage pipelines. In terms of capital expenditures, sewer pipelines account for more than 50% of the estimated cost of the entire wastewater disposal system. Their operation claims a significant share of the costs.

Qarani Shuokr, Sabah Jwan, Sardar Bruska et al.

This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the sewage system in the city of Erbil, Iraq, focusing on the wastewater's quality, quantity, and the environmental impact of untreated wastewater disposal. The city does not have a centralized wastewater treatment plant, although a design has already been approved. The study evaluates the current system by comparing existing data with previous research and highlighting the impact of lifestyle on wastewater characteristics in the region. The study highlights the dangers of reusing untreated wastewater for irrigation, which poses significant health and environmental risks, including groundwater contamination. Data was collected through site visits to various locations in the city of Erbil. The research discussed the current and potential impacts of wastewater on watercourses. It was found that the majority of wastewater in Erbil is discharged untreated into the environment, causing significant pollution problems. The total amount of produced wastewater and irrigated area is 257,184 m3/day and 5,143,680 m2/day respectively. In addition, the study concluded with recommendations for treatment processes suitable for the specific types of wastewater in Erbil. It emphasizes the importance of establishing a wastewater treatment plant to protect the environment in the area.

Devansh R. Agrawal, Hardik Parwana, Ryan K. Cosner et al.

We present a multi-rate control architecture that leverages fundamental properties of differential flatness to synthesize controllers for safety-critical nonlinear dynamical systems. We propose a two-layer architecture, where the high-level generates reference trajectories using a linear Model Predictive Controller, and the low-level tracks this reference using a feedback controller. The novelty lies in how we couple these layers, to achieve formal guarantees on recursive feasibility of the MPC problem, and safety of the nonlinear system. Furthermore, using differential flatness, we provide a constructive means to synthesize the multi-rate controller, thereby removing the need to search for suitable Lyapunov or barrier functions, or to approximately linearize/discretize nonlinear dynamics. We show the synthesized controller is a convex optimization problem, making it amenable to real-time implementations. The method is demonstrated experimentally on a ground rover and a quadruped robotic system.

Yang Li

This chapter addresses the increasing vulnerability of coastal regions to typhoons and the consequent power outages, emphasizing the critical role of power transmission systems in disaster resilience. It introduces a framework for assessing and enhancing the resilience of these systems against typhoon impacts. The approach integrates a hybrid-driven model for system failure analysis and resilience assessment, employing both data-driven and model-driven techniques. It includes a unique method to identify system vulnerabilities and optimal strategies for resilience enhancement, considering cost-effectiveness. The efficacy of this method is demonstrated through simulations on the IEEE RTS-79 system under realistic typhoon scenarios, showcasing its potential to guide planners in making informed decisions for disaster resilience.

Clécio Eustáquio Gomides, Felipe Maia Oliveira, Jaqueline dos Santos Soares et al.

In Brazil, there is low coverage of sewage collection and treatment, a condition that is even more critical in smaller cities. One reason for this is the lack of resources for investment in conventional reactors. The present study therefore compared the costs of different treatment alternatives based on the average values of construction and operation present in the literature, the values of the price per square meter for land acquisition, electricity tariffs, and final sludge disposal by considering different operating times of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This allowed inferences about the costs associated with the choice of the configuration of a municipal WWTP. Based on the scenarios studied, it was observed that the conventional systems evaluated are, in general, more costly, especially after several years of operation. However, the choice of these treatment units may be more interesting in scenarios with high cost per square metre and lower electricity rates or where there is no area availability. For smaller cities and with lower real estate pressure, the natural systems evaluated are more indicated due to the low total costs (construction and operation) and adequate pollutant-removal efficiencies. Keywords: choice of wwtp, methodology of choice sewage treatment, natural systems, treatment costs.

Charry A. Pasaribu, Markus Yando, Damoyanto P

Prevention of contamination by sewage on ships can be overcome by using an auxiliary sewage treatment plant, a sewage treatment plant is a liquid waste treatment installation which is generally intended for domestic waste in the form of feces and laundry residue containing detergents which are harmful to the environment by utilizing aerobic bacteria as waste decomposers and UV sterilizers as a neutralizer for waste parameters. However, in reality when the author and engineer 3 conducted regular tests on the processed water content of the sewage treatment plant from May 4 2021 to May 25 2021, the results of the waste parameters were not in accordance with the manual book. So, according to the test results above, the authors take 3 causes for the decline in the quality of processed water which is the background for writing this thesis, namely the operation of the aeration blower is ineffective, the UV sterilizer does not function properly and the accumulation of sludge or excessive solid residue in the separation tank section. The research method used is descriptive. The approach method used is a qualitative approach method with data collection techniques carried out by means of observation and documentation based on data analysis techniques carried out using root cause analysis (RCA) techniques carried out on the MV ship. CK ANGIE from 11 December 2020 to 24 January 2022. the operation of the aeration blower is ineffective, If the uv sterilizer does not function properly, the cause of the problem is the dirty blower air filter and dirty blower air inlet pipe and the uv sterilizer section is caused by the life of the uv lamp which has exceeded running hours and the uv jacket is dirty. And for engine cadets to pay attention to the exhaust air pressure from the aeration blower so that when the exhaust air pressure from the aeration blower starts to decrease, they can immediately report it to the engineer in charge. suggestions for maintaining the performance of the UV Sterilizer are to pay more attention to the usage period or running hours of the UV Lamp so that the effectiveness of the UV Lamp continues to function properly. And for the jacket section of the UV sterilizer to be cleaned regularly by implementing a regular planned maintenance system (PMS)..

Yubo Cai, Gleb Pogudin

Quadratization refers to a transformation of an arbitrary system of polynomial ordinary differential equations to a system with at most quadratic right-hand side. Such a transformation unveils new variables and model structures that facilitate model analysis, simulation, and control and offers a convenient parameterization for data-driven approaches. Quadratization techniques have found applications in diverse fields, including systems theory, fluid mechanics, chemical reaction modeling, and mathematical analysis. In this study, we focus on quadratizations that preserve the stability properties of the original model, specifically dissipativity at given equilibria. This preservation is desirable in many applications of quadratization including reachability analysis and synthetic biology. We establish the existence of dissipativity-preserving quadratizations, develop an algorithm for their computation, and demonstrate it in several case studies.

Maryam Almutairi, Patrick L. Redmond, S. Cromie et al.

Zhen-Yu Zhang, Guo-Xiang Shao, Chun-Ming Qiu et al.

Abnormalities of the sewage pipe network will affect the normal operation of the whole city. Therefore, it is important to detect the abnormalities early. This paper propose an early abnormal-detection method. The abnormalities are detected by using the conventional algorithms, such as isolation forest algorithm, two innovations are given: (1) The current and historical data measured by the sensors placed in the sewage pipe network (such as ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter) are taken as the overall dataset, and then the general dataset is detected by using the conventional anomaly detection method to diagnose the anomaly of the data. The anomaly refers to the sample different from the others samples in the whole dataset. Because the definition of anomaly is not through the algorithm, but the whole dataset, the construction of the whole dataset is the key to propose the early abnormal-detection algorithms. (2) A bagging strategy for a variety of conventional anomaly detection algorithms is proposed to achieve the early detection of anomalies with the high precision and recall. The results show that this method can achieve the early anomaly detection with the highest precision of 98.21%, the recall rate 63.58% and F1-score of 0.774.

Bingzhuo Zhong, Majid Zamani, Marco Caccamo

Current cyber-physical systems (CPS) are expected to accomplish complex tasks. To achieve this goal, high performance, but unverified controllers (e.g. deep neural network, black-box controllers from third parties) are applied, which makes it very challenging to keep the overall CPS safe. By sandboxing these controllers, we are not only able to use them but also to enforce safety properties over the controlled physical systems at the same time. However, current available solutions for sandboxing controllers are just applicable to deterministic (a.k.a. non-stochastic) systems, possibly affected by bounded disturbances. In this paper, for the first time we propose a novel solution for sandboxing unverified complex controllers for CPS operating in noisy environments (a.k.a. stochastic CPS). Moreover, we also provide probabilistic guarantees on their safety. Here, the unverified control input is observed at each time instant and checked whether it violates the maximal tolerable probability of reaching the unsafe set. If this probability exceeds a given threshold, the unverified control input will be rejected, and the advisory input provided by the optimal safety controller will be used to maintain the probabilistic safety guarantee. The proposed approach is illustrated empirically and the results indicate that the expected safety probability is guaranteed.

Masaki Waga, Étienne André, Ichiro Hasuo

Monitoring of hybrid systems attracts both scientific and practical attention. However, monitoring algorithms suffer from the methodological difficulty of only observing sampled discrete-time signals, while real behaviors are continuous-time signals. To mitigate this problem of sampling uncertainties, we introduce a model-bounded monitoring scheme, where we use prior knowledge about the target system to prune interpolation candidates. Technically, we express such prior knowledge by linear hybrid automata (LHAs) -- the LHAs are called bounding models. We introduce a novel notion of monitored language of LHAs, and we reduce the monitoring problem to the membership problem of the monitored language. We present two partial algorithms -- one is via reduction to reachability in LHAs and the other is a direct one using polyhedra -- and show that these methods, and thus the proposed model-bounded monitoring scheme, are efficient and practically relevant.

Lars Thomsen, Pedro N. Carvalho, Juliano Souza Dos Passos et al.

The beneficial use of sewage sludge for valorization of carbon and nutrients is of increasing interest while micropollutants in sludge are of concern to the environment and human health. This study investigates the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of sewage sludge in a continuous flow pilot scale reactor at conditions expected to reflect future industrial installations. The processing is evaluated in terms of energy efficiency, bio-crude yields and quality. The raw sludge and post-HTL process water and solid residues were analyzed extensively for micropollutants via HPLC-MS/MS for target pharmaceuticals including antibiotics, blood pressure medicine, antidepressants, analgesics, x-ray contrast media, angiotensin II receptor blockers, immunosuppressant drugs and biocides including triazines, triazoles, carbamates, a carboxamide, an organophosphate and a cationic surfactant. The results show that a positive energy return on investment was achieved for all three HTL processing temperatures of 300, 325 and 350 °C with the most beneficial temperature identified as 325 °C. The analysis of the HTL by-products, process water and solids, indicates that HTL is indeed a suitable technology for the destruction of micropollutants. However, due to the large matrix effect of the HTL process water it can only be stated with certainty that 9 out of 30 pharmaceuticals and 5 out of 7 biocides products were destroyed successfully (over 98% removal). One compound, the antidepressant citalopram, was shown to be moderately recalcitrant at 300 °C with 87% removal and was only destroyed at temperatures $\geq$325 °C ($>$99% removal). Overall, the results suggest that HTL is a suitable technology for energy efficient and value added sewage sludge treatment enabling destruction of micropollutants.

Alexander Sakhnovich

We construct so called Darboux matrices and fundamental solutions in the important case of the generalised Hamiltonian (or canonical) systems depending rationally on the spectral parameter. A wide class of explicit solutions is obtained in this way. Interesting results for dynamical systems depending on several variables and their explicit solutions follow. For these purposes we use our version of Bäcklund-Darboux transformation and square roots of the corresponding generalised matrix eigenvalues. Some new auxiliary results on the roots of matrices are included as well. An appendix is added to make the paper self-sufficient.

D. O'Reilly, B. Yee, A. House

The Gorgon gas plant produces 15.6 Million Tonnes per Annum (MTPA) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) from the Gorgon and Jansz-Io subsea gas fields. First LNG production commenced on the Barrow Island, Australia facility in 2016. One of the first systems commissioned was the wastewater treatment, collection and disposal system, a critical support utility for production operations. The Produced Water Disposal (PWD) facility is unique on Barrow Island due the location's national nature reserve status, and all treated waste must be disposed downhole. The objective of this paper is to review key lessons from design, startup and steady state operations. Perspectives will be given on facility/well management and production operations of PWD at the Gorgon plant. Wastewater on Barrow Island is generated from several sources: Condensed water originating from hydrocarbon gas (separated at gas dehydration and Mono-Ethylene Glycol (MEG) regeneration facilities), drainage and runoff water from the plant, treated sewage effluent and other ad hoc liquid waste. These sources are collected and treated before the final product is pumped into two available onshore disposal wells. One of the challenges initially faced was that the disposal water quality did not meet the design specification required to maintain well performance. This problem reduced as the plant reached steady state operations and the team gained a better understanding of well performance over time. Other current challenges include hydrocarbon carryover and water polishing, so Engineering and Operations work together closely to ensure reliable water disposal and hence LNG production. This case study will explore the success and lessons learnt in Gorgon PWD through a summary of field data, facility descriptions and experiences. An overview of the design will be given along with photographs of key components. The required design performance will be compared against actual operating data. In the new energy landscape, the Upstream Operators' social license to operate centers around our environmental performance. In our work we demonstrate that it is possible to treat and dispose of waste liquids responsibly while generating cashflow through LNG production.

Zohre Nejatijahromi, Hamid Reza Nassery, Mohammad Nakhaei et al.

Nitrate (NO3−) pollution of surface and ground water is a major problem in water quality on the planet. The scientific method of the relations between δ15N-NO3− and δ18O-NO3− to identified the dominant sources of nitrate in groundwater, despite the overlap of nitrate isotopic ranges and the occurrence of nitrate isotopic fractionation, have been used in numerous studies. NH4+ fertilizer, treated wastewater, sewage and manure, Shour River, NO3 in precipitation and soil organic N, are potential sources of nitrate pollution in the study area. To identify different nitrate sources and to estimate their proportional contribution in the groundwater of the Varamin aquifer, a dual isotope (δ15N-NO3− and δ18O-NO3−) method and a Bayesian isotope mixing model for 38 samples in November 2016 have been applied. Based on hierarchical cluster analysis, 38 groundwater samples are classified into three clusters (groups one to three) in terms of hydrochemical properties., the mean values of δ15N–NO3− in groups 1, 2 and 3 are +7.0± 2.1‰, +10.2 ±1.1‰ and +16.1±2.1‰, respectively. The mean of δ18O–NO3− values of the groundwater in groups 1, 2 and 3 are +2.3± 1.9‰, +0.6 ± 0.8‰ and +6.2 ± 1.4‰ , respectively. SIAR model results indicate that the highest contribution in the nitrate pollution of the Varamin aquifer are related to“NH4+ fertilizer” and “manure and sewage” while “soil N” and “NO3− in precipitation” have the lowest influence.

Kyle D. Julian, Mykel J. Kochenderfer

The decision logic for the ACAS X family of aircraft collision avoidance systems is represented as a large numeric table. Due to storage constraints of certified avionics hardware, neural networks have been suggested as a way to significantly compress the data while still preserving performance in terms of safety. However, neural networks are complex continuous functions with outputs that are difficult to predict. Because simulations evaluate only a finite number of encounters, simulations are not sufficient to guarantee that the neural network will perform correctly in all possible situations. We propose a method to provide safety guarantees when using a neural network collision avoidance system. The neural network outputs are bounded using neural network verification tools like Reluplex and Reluval, and a reachability method determines all possible ways aircraft encounters will resolve using neural network advisories and assuming bounded aircraft dynamics. Experiments with systems inspired by ACAS X show that neural networks giving either horizontal or vertical maneuvers can be proven safe. We explore how relaxing the bounds on aircraft dynamics can lead to potentially unsafe encounters and demonstrate how neural network controllers can be modified to guarantee safety through online costs or lowering alerting cost. The reachability method is flexible and can incorporate uncertainties such as pilot delay and sensor error. These results suggest a method for certifying neural network collision avoidance systems for use in real aircraft.

Naushita Sharma, Bakul Rao

مسعود کیهانیان, جورج چوبانوگلوس

<strong>همان‌طور که ایران در زمینه برنامه‌ریزی منابع آب با هدف توسعه‌ پایدار به پیش می‌رود، استفاده‌ مجدد از آب، از جمله برای مصارف خانگی، در میزان موفقیت و به‌کارگیری برنامه‌های کلی مدیریت منابع آب نقش مهمی ایفا </strong><strong>می‌</strong><strong>کند. به‌عنوان بخشی از این تلاش، مجله آب و فاضلاب ایران درخواست و اقدام به چاپ مقالاتی در زمینه استفاده مجدد از آب نمود. این مقاله در پاسخ به این درخواست تهیه شده و در سه بخش ارائه می‌شود و به طور ویژه به موضوع استفاده مجدد از آب و کاربردهای بالقوه آن برای مصارف خانگی در ایران می‌پردازد. در بخش اول این مقاله، اطلاعات لازم برای درک و ارزیابی پتانسیل به‌کار‌گیری استفاده مجدد از آب برای مصارف خانگی در ایران ارائه می‌شود. عناوین مورد بحث در این مقاله شامل موارد زیر است: </strong><strong>۱) </strong><strong>ملاحظاتی در رابطه با دلایل استفاده‌ مجدد آب برای مصارف خانگی در ایران، </strong><strong>۲) </strong><strong>اطلاعات زمینه‌ای در مورد استفاده مجدد آب برای مصارف خانگی، و </strong><strong>۳) </strong><strong>ارزیابی آب بازیافت‌شده برای مصارف خانگی در مقایسه با دیگر منابع آبی. اطلاعات ارائه‌شده در این مقاله برای فهم مسائل و چالش‌های ارائه ‌شده در مقالات بعدی ضروری است. مسائل فنی و مقررات مربوط به سلامتی عمومی و محیط‌زیستی در ارتباط با استفاده مجدد آب برای مصارف خانگی در بخش دوم ارائه می‌شود. در مورد راه‌های پیشبرد این اهداف و مقابله با چالش‌ها، از جمله ارتباطات و تبلیغات عمومی در ارتقای دانش مردم، در بخش سوم بحث می‌‌شود.</strong>