Hasil untuk "River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General)"

Fatemeh Mehrpourbernety, Ramin Fazloula, Alireza Emadi et al.

Extended Abstract Background: Floods are caused by several reasons, including rainfall intensity, vegetation destruction, and encroachment of rivers. The high power of floods damages buildings, bridges, and existing structures, and also reduces the capacity of the river bed. Moreover, the excessive volume of water leads to human and financial losses and the destruction of animal habitats. Structural measures (such as dam construction) and non-structural measures (such as increased vegetation coverage, forecasting, and flood warning systems) are carried out to deal with a flood and its damage. Flood forecasting is the process of estimating the time and place of flood occurrence and the volume of water and, as an efficient and low-cost tool for flood management and damage reduction, has received a lot of attention in recent years. Rainfall-runoff modeling is one of the measures of flood management. Simulation is done using hydrological models to understand the relationship between rainfall and runoff parameters, as well as to determine the peak discharge value and the time to reach the peak discharge. One of the hydrological software packages in this field is the HEC-HMS software. By considering three components of the basin, meteorological, and control specification models, the value of losses, runoff, base flow, and routing are calculated using existing methods, and finally, optimization is performed to reduce the difference between observed and simulated hydrographs. Precipitation is one of the most important input parameters in simulating floods. Therefore, the correct estimation of its amount is considered necessary and important. Considering the number of rain gauge stations and the lack of sufficient stations in Iran, especially in mountainous areas, the use of numerical weather prediction model information and satellite rainfall data plays an important role in flood forecasting. Numerical weather prediction models predict weather conditions using mathematical models. Forecasts are divided into three short-range, medium-range, and long-range categories, and also, into regional and global models. One of these models is the numerical weather prediction model, called GFS, which predicts and provides data such as temperature, wind, and precipitation. Heavy rainfall, destruction of forests, sand and gravel harvesting, and construction in floodplains are among the causes of floods in Mazandaran Province, especially the Tajan River, in recent years. The main goal of this research was to estimate the value of peak discharge by simulating flood events and evaluating the results using the precipitation information of the GFS model in the Tajan watershed located in Sari City, Mazandaran Province. Methods: In this research, data were collected from the hydrometric stations of the Tajan watershed, including the hourly measurements of recorded floods, as well as the information required by the evaporation and rain gauge stations in this area, including precipitation obtained by the Mazandaran Regional Water Company for the 10-year period of 2011-2021. Furthermore, precipitation data were received online (from the following webpage: https://openweathermap.org) through the output of the GFS numerical weather prediction model in the mentioned period. The curve number of each subbasin was determined using land use and soil hydrological group layers in ArcGIS software, and the physiographic characteristics of the Tajan watershed were extracted using the HEC-GeoHMS extension. Then, four events 04 October 2011, 01 December 2011, 14 November 2016, and 01 December 2017 were simulated using the physiographic characteristics of the sub-basins, the precipitation data of the Tajan watershed, and the flood discharge obtained by the Mazandaran Regional Water Company in HEC-HMS software. The Soil Conservation Service curve number method was used to calculate losses, the SCS unit hydrograph method was used to calculate the runoff method, and the lag method was used for routing. Subsequently, sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the sensitivity of the curve number, lag time, and initial abstraction parameters. The optimal values of the parameters in the optimization process were determined using nine objective functions available in the HEC-HMS software, including Mean of Absolute Residuals, Mean of Squared Residuals, Peak-Weighted Root Mean Square Error, Peak-Weighted Variable Power, Percent Error in Peak Discharge, Root Mean Square Error, Sum of Absolute Residuals, Sum of Squared Residuals, and Time-Weighted RMSE. In the next step, validation was performed by event 01 December 2017 using the optimal values of the parameters. Finally, after HEC-HMS software optimization and verification, the aforementioned flood events were simulated using the data of the GFS numerical weather prediction model. Results: The results showed a strong correlation between observed and calibrated hydrographs. Besides, the best objective function was peak-weighted variable power. The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the peak discharge was more sensitive to the changes in the initial abstraction and curve number parameters. Validation was performed to verify the validity of the results obtained in the calibration process, and the results indicated no significant differences between the averages of the two groups, viz. observed and calibrated flow rates. Moreover, the simulation results using the GFS numerical weather prediction model showed no significant differences (at a 95% confidence level) between the observed and simulated hydrographs. Conclusion: According to the results, using the precipitation data of the GFS numerical weather prediction model and the HEC-HMS rainfall-runoff software makes it possible to simulate the flood with acceptable confidence in predicting the peak discharge of floods.

FANG Peng, CHEN Guihua, LI Haifeng

The Qianjiang sub-dam of the Datengxia Water Conservancy Project is a rock-fill dam with clay core, in which the fine-grained filter material between the clay core and the rock in the dam shell is selected from the artificial medium coarse sand produced by the engineering sand and gravel system. Since the quality of the clay core is directly affected by the performance of the filter material and the filling, it is necessary to inspect the performance of the raw material before the filter material filling and conduct filling and rolling tests after passing the inspection. Based on the test results, the optimal rolling parameter combination for artificial medium coarse sand filter material was determined to be a 40 cm layer thickness and 4-time rolling. According to the review test results after construction, the medium coarse sand filter layer constructed under the recommended parameters is qualified. The leakage detection results during the operation of the Qianjiang sub-dam show that there is no abnormal leakage in the dam body.

E. Rzhepka, Tatiana Novichkova

In this article some aspects of water transportation in Russia in general and in Baikal region in particular are considered. The vast water resources of the country, including river, lake, sea and ocean opportunities are designed not only for regular cargo and passenger flights, but also have inexhaustible potential for tourist development. Cruise tourism development implies not only the creation of routes and destinations for tour companies, but also berthing facilities and engineering infrastructure. On the initiative of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation the work on creation of the tourist scheme of territorial-spatial planning of the macro-territory «Baikal» including 2 subjects — the Republic of Buryatia and Irkutsk region — has begun. Only their active interaction can lead to the ecological and effective development of cruise tourism in the region. This paper provides a comparative analysis of cruise routes in Russia, analyzed the data of the Association of Tour Operators of Russia and the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation.

Shakeel Ahmad, Haifeng Jia, Anam Ashraf et al.

Water is one of the essential natural resources for human beings. However, rising worldwide water demand and a significant decline in availability due to a lack of dynamic management and over-extraction have resulted in a complex scenario in terms of water availability. The current paper examines water resources and their management, methodologies, aims, and scope. Through the perspective of water resources and their management in Pakistan, 93 research publications were critically analyzed using a systematic review technique. The technique includes a systematic review of existing literature on water resource management, with particular emphasis on policy, governance, and environmental challenges. The study results demonstrate gaps and weaknesses in existing laws and regulations, alongside the threats to water resource management due to population expansion, urban development, climate change, and water contamination. To properly address these problems, the current study proposed a comprehensive framework for water resource management. This framework includes a national water policy that argues for sustainability and improves institutional strength. Infrastructure development, climate change adaptation, and examining social and environmental variables are all emphasized as important problems. Furthermore, it is essential to emphasize the importance of education and raising knowledge about water resource management among the general public and relevant stakeholders. By following these recommendations and the proposed OECD key principles on water governance, Pakistan may make significant progress towards achieving sustainable water management, aligning with its development objectives, and ensuring clean and safe water availability for future generations.

Rahim Abdollahzadeh kahrizi, Amir Hossein Kokabinezhad Moghaddam, Edris Merufinia

IntroductionThe increase in demand for water resources due to population growth and economic development along with water wastage and a decrease in rainfall, on the other hand, has made it significant to pay attention to water demand and make sound policies. Our country is facing the risk of a water crisis in the coming years, mainly due to its location in a dry and semi-arid climate, as well as the ever-increasing growth of water consumption. To alleviate the water crisis, international trade in agricultural products can play a significant role in redistributing water resources because traded goods contain a large amount of virtual water. Water restriction in Iran is an undeniable fact, for this purpose, trading based on virtual water can be a solution to reduce the effects of water restriction. Due to being located in a dry and semi-arid climate, Iran is facing the risk of a water crisis in the coming years. Therefore, in order to deal with it, it is necessary to be more sensitive to the types of water consumption. Among these uses is virtual water. The water used in the production process of goods is called virtual water, a part of which is kept in the product. Virtual water trade occurs when goods are imported into global markets. Virtual water trading is expected to reduce water consumption at the national and international levels due to more efficient and specialized use of water. Today, the concept of virtual water is one of the most critical issues in water resources management. Today, the problem of water shortage has become a serious concern due to climate changes and uneven distribution of rainfall in most regions and countries, including Iran, and is considered the most important obstacle to the economic development of these countries. Trade as a tool to prevent the unnecessary withdrawal of water resources, focusing on the strategy of virtual water trade, can play an essential role in achieving the economic development of countries. Materials and Methods The study area of the research is the Shiblo-Poldasht plain in the northwest of Iran. This area is located in the east of the Poldasht study area and in the north of the Qara Ziauddin study area. The aim of this research was to investigate the statistical status of the cultivated area, the production performance, and the evaluation of the productivity and virtual water of agricultural crops in the Poldasht plain. The time frame of the research is from 2011 to 2021 in an 11-years period. Accurate calculation and determination of water requirement (m3 ha-1). The amount of water required by a plant for its proper growth, taking into account the loss of evaporation and transpiration of the plant, is called the water requirement of the plant. Therefore, the water requirement of the plant depends on the amount of evaporation and transpiration of the plant. It is worth noting that due to different climates and weather conditions, plant growth conditions and as a result, the amount of water needed by plants are also different. In the present research, the various productivity indicators and virtual water of the crops of Dasht-Poldasht have been examined. Moreover, according to the objectives of the research, the physical and financial indicators of water productivity, including the performance index per unit of water volume (CDP), income per unit of water volume (BPD), and net return per unit of water volume (NBPD) have been calculated. Results and Discussion In this research, the amount of virtual water and the productivity index as well as the net and gross economic value of the major crops grown in Poldasht city in West Azarbaijan province were investigated. In this regard, first, data and information related to crops were collected through relevant organizations and institutions, and NETWAT, CROPWAT, and CLIMWAT programs and Excel programs were used to draw graphs and graphical results. Then the yield of crops was calculated by dividing the amount of crops produced by the area of ​​planting crops and the productivity index and virtual water. The results of this research show that the watermelon crop with a harvesting area of ​​5789 ha and a production rate of 237951000 kg and a production yield of 41103.99 kg ha-1 with a water requirement of 2760 m3 ha-1 has a productivity of 14.89 kg m-3 and has The highest level of productivity is also the results show that the alfalfa product is the lowest level of productivity. It is worth noting that despite the fact that the watermelon product has high production and productivity at a very low harvest level, it is also a very water-loving product that has a relatively high water requirement, and generally experts are looking for an alternative product due to the lack of water resources. Finally, it is suggested that traditional (submerged) irrigation methods should be replaced by modern pressurized irrigation methods so that in addition to increasing efficiency and productivity, we can see a reduction in water consumption and its wastage. It is also suggested that the water requirements of agricultural crops be compared with each other using the data of the Agricultural Jihad Organization and the aforementioned programs, and its effect on the amount of water consumed and its savings, as well as the net and gross values ​​of the production of crops, and the final results It is compared with the national water document to fully verify the amount of water needed. Conclusion Despite the fact that the watermelon product has high production and productivity at a very low harvest level, it is also a very water consuming product possessing a relatively high water requirement, and generally experts are looking for an alternative product, due to the lack of water resources. Finally, it is suggested that traditional flood irrigation methods should be replaced by modern pressurized irrigation methods, so that in addition to increasing efficiency and productivity, we can encounter with a reduction in water consumption and its wastage. It is also suggested that the water requirement of agricultural crops should be compared with each other using the data of the Agricultural Jihad Organization and the aforementioned programs, and its effect on the amount of water consumed and its saving, as well as the net and gross values of crop production, should be evaluated. Finally, the results have been compared with the national water document so that the amount of water needed can be fully verified.

I. G. Ismaiylova, L. D. Ratkovich, YU. A. Bovina et al.

The article is devoted to the issues of substantiation of design solutions in the field of water management and hydraulic engineering construction using simulated water management models. The problems of creating databases using various models of natural processes, including climate forecasting systems and a model of atmospheric dynamics, are touched upon. The list of tasks that are solved with the use of MIKE class models, capable on the one hand to solve the problems of modeling natural processes, on the other – to carry out simulation modeling of natural technical systems, including water management, is considered. Software packages can be used to develop rules for managing individual reservoirs and their cascades. It is noted that when creating water management systems, determining their parameters and mode of operation, it is advisable to develop simulation models for expert water management analysis. This allows you to evaluate the functionality of the systems and avoid signifi cant errors at more detailed stages of design and operation. As an example, the water management system of the Zapadny Manych, a tributary of the Don, is given. The problems of the object and the range of tasks to be investigated are formulated. The system functions due to the regular water supply of part of the Don and Kuban rivers flow to it. The transfer resources are spent on irrigation, hydropower and demineralization of Lake Manych Gudilo, which is a wetland of the Rostov region of international importance. In the work, the system is schematized and a hydrological and water management analysis of the development of irrigated lands and hydropower potential is carried out using simulation modeling of the water balance with optimization elements. The directions of further research on the water supply system of the Zapadny Manych River basin are formulated.

Roghayeh Ghasempour, Kiyoumars Roushangar, V. S. Ozgur Kirca et al.

Beside in situ observations, satellite-based products can provide an ideal data source for spatiotemporal monitoring of drought. In this study, the spatiotemporal pattern of drought was investigated for the northwest part of Iran using ground- and satellite-based datasets. First, the Standardized Precipitation Index series were calculated via precipitation data of 29 sites located in the selected area and the CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation satellite. The Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT) was used for obtaining the temporal features of time series, and further decomposition was performed using Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) to have more stationary time series. Then, multiscale zoning was done based on subseries energy values via two clustering methods, namely the self-organizing map and K-means. The results showed that the MODWT–EEMD–K-means method successfully identified homogenous drought areas. On the other hand, correlation between the satellite sensor data (i.e. the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, the Vegetation Condition Index, the Vegetation Healthy Index, and the Temperature Condition Index) was evaluated. The possible links between central stations of clusters and satellite-based indices were assessed via the wavelet coherence method. The results revealed that all applied satellite-based indices had significant statistical correlations with the ground-based drought index within a certain period. HIGHLIGHTS Discussing the spatiotemporal variations of drought using in situ observations and satellite-based datasets.; Applying the hybrid MODWT–EEMD–K-means method for catching similar zones.; Discussing the possible links between the SPIs of the central stations of clusters and satellite-based drought indices via the wavelet coherence (WTC) method.; Evaluating drought conditions using the satellite-derived NDVI and LST products.;

Iraj Vayskarami, Kianfar Payamani, Maryam Sadat Jaafarzadeh

Introduction One of the main goals of spatial analysis of precipitation at area is to reach the standard project storm (SPS) for that area, through which can be reached the standard project flood (SPF). This analysis includes the characteristics of rainfall depth at a certain area and for a specific duration. Relation between depth and rainfall area which called depth-area-duration (DAD), is shown usually by set of curves that each shows different duration of rainfall. Using these curves, a reduction factor is determined for specific area and is applied to adjust the average point rainfall related to frequency of this project. The present study carried out under topic of investigation and map of depth- area- duration in Lorestan, in an area over 28559/5 Km2 in west part of country.Materials and Methods Weak coefficient of correlation is shown meaningfulness of the relation between rainfall and altitude in different time base. this is resulted from different reasons such as extension of area, lack of transmittal and number of suitable weather stations and different extension and tension of mountain than rain flaw. Considering above points cause those other methods of drawing precipitation maps include interpolation or geostatistical methods including, spline, IDW, kriging and Co-kriging were used.Results and Discussion Weak coefficient of correlation is shown meaningfulness of the relation between rainfall and altitude in different time base. this is resulted from different reasons such as extension of area, lack of transmittal and number of suitable weather stations and different extension and tension of mountain than rain flaw. Considering above points cause those other methods of drawing precipitation maps include interpolation or geostatistical methods including, spline, IDW, kriging and Co-kriging were used.Conclusion The results show that to preparing precipitation maps of selecting storms, simple co- kriging (SCK) is a suitable method to calculate the amount of rainfall of selecting storms in lorestan province. So the above way is used for preparing precipitation maps. Resulted from investigation of surface reduction factor of rain fall shows that in time duration 12 and 48 hrs with the increase of each 5000 surface reduction factor reduces for 0.1 in 24 hrs duration within 18000 Km2. This coefficient has a slow decreasing trend and then that is similar to 12 and 48 hrs rainfalls. Assessing the daily rainfall statistics of some of rain gauge stations in somewhere of the province by the Meteorological Organization and the Ministry of Energy, shows that sometimes there is a significant difference between the perception rates recorded by these organizations. Therefore, in order to eliminate the existing defects, it is suggested that the stations occupied by these organizations and their monitoring status be periodically evaluated by the experts of the relevant organizations and possible defects be prevented.

Musiba Masamba Musiba, Mwemezi J. Rwiza

This study used the hydrochemical properties of water to reveal the causes of water quality degradation. The results showed that most samples located downstream of the mine tailings dam were slightly acidic with pH as low as 4.6. Samples with high levels of Na+, Cl−, and could not be isotopically linked to the local geochemistry, but the anthropogenic activities and evaporation were probably responsible for the observed water chemistry. The Piper diagram indicated cations were dominated by Ca and Mg, while anions were dominated by bicarbonates and sulphates. Pb and Hg levels (mean 70.29 and 17.95 μg/L, respectively) were all higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) and Tanzanian drinking water guidelines. Mining activities probably contributed to the observed low pH values and elevated concentration of cyanides, heavy metals, and metalloids. Stable isotope results indicated a vulnerability of the water to recent contamination that could be attributed to anthropogenic activities. Moreover, isotopic studies indicated a flow pattern from the eastern to the western side of the mine study site. Lowland samples were more 3H-enriched than highland ones. The present study concludes that groundwater recharge from recent local precipitation may have an impact on the sources studied. HIGHLIGHTS Slightly acidic groundwater in Tanzania.; Levels of Pb and Hg higher than Tanzanian WHO standards.; Vulnerability of groundwater to recent contamination.; Contamination could be linked to local anthropogenic activities.; Contamination increased from east to west, towards Lake Victoria.;

YIN Jian, ZHANG Bin, QIU Yuanhong

To explore the law of landscape change in the Yangtze River in Anhui Province,based on the land use data of Anhui section of Yangtze River Basin in 1995,2005 and 2015,this paper analyzes the landscape pattern and its changes of 1995—2005 and 2005—2015,predicts the landscape pattern of land in 2025 by the MCE-CA-Markov constrained by land type suitability,and analyzes the impact of human activities on changes in landscape patterns.The results show that:From 1995 to 2015,the cultivated land was the dominant landscape type in the region.It is predicted that the cultivated land will still occupy the dominant position in 2025,and the construction land will increase.There is an obvious correlation between the decrease of cultivated land area and the increase of construction land area.From 1995 to 2015,the regional landscape showed balanced development,and the connectivity between the landscapes decreased.In 2025,the balance of the landscape will decrease,and the degree of irregularity and fragmentation of the landscape will increase.Through the analysis of landscape development intensity,it is found that the development intensity of landscape as a whole is increasing,that of cultivated land is decreasing,and that of construction land is increasing.Human activities are the main driving force of landscape change.

Zhuo Liu, Jina Yin

Precipitation occurs in two basic forms defined as liquid state and solid state. Different from rain-fed watershed, modeling snow processes is of vital importance in snow-dominated watersheds. The seasonal snowpack is a natural water reservoir, which stores snow water in winter and releases it in spring and summer. The warmer climate in recent decades has led to earlier snowmelt, a decline in snowpack, and change in the seasonality of river flows. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) could be applied in the snow-influenced watershed because of its ability to simultaneously predict the streamflow generated from rainfall and from the melting of snow. The choice of parameters, reference data, and calibration strategy could significantly affect the SWAT model calibration outcome and further affect the prediction accuracy. In this study, SWAT models are implemented in four upland watersheds in the Tulare Lake Basin (TLB) located across the Southern Sierra Nevada Mountains. Three calibration scenarios considering different calibration parameters and reference datasets are applied to investigate the impact of the Parallel Energy Balance Model (ParBal) snow reconstruction data and snow parameters on the streamflow and snow water-equivalent (SWE) prediction accuracy. In addition, the watershed parameters and lapse rate parameters-led equifinality is also evaluated. The results indicate that calibration of the SWAT model with respect to both streamflow and SWE reference data could improve the model SWE prediction reliability in general. Comparatively, the streamflow predictions are not significantly affected by differently lumped calibration schemes. The default snow parameter values capture the extreme high flows better than the other two calibration scenarios, whereas there is no remarkable difference among the three calibration schemes for capturing the extreme low flows. The watershed and lapse rate parameters-induced equifinality affects the flow prediction more (Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) varies between 0.2–0.3) than the SWE prediction (NSE varies less than 0.1). This study points out the remote-sensing-based SWE reconstruction product as a promising alternative choice for model calibration in ungauged snow-influenced watersheds. The streamflow-reconstructed SWE bi-objective calibrated model could improve the prediction reliability of surface water supply change for the downstream agricultural region under the changing climate.

C. Ortloff

The pre-Columbian World Heritage site of Tiwanaku (AD 600–1100) located in highland altiplano Bolivia is shown to have a unique urban water supply system with many advanced hydraulic and hydrological features. By use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling of the city water system, new revelations as to the complexity of the water system are brought forward. The water system consists of a perimeter drainage channel surrounding the ceremonial center of the city. A network of surface canals and subterranean channels connected to the perimeter drainage channel are supplied by multiple canals from a rainfall collection reservoir. The perimeter drainage channel provides rapid draining of rainy season rainfall runoff together with aquifer drainage of intercepted rainfall; water collected in the perimeter drainage channel is then directed to the Tiwanaku River then on to Lake Titicaca. During the dry season aquifer drainage continues into the perimeter drainage channel; additional water is directed into the drainage channel from a recently discovered, reservoir connected M channel. Two subterranean channels beneath the ceremonial center were supplied by M channel water delivered into the perimeter drainage channel that served to remove waste from the ceremonial center structures conveyed to the nearby Tiwanaku River. From control of the water supply to/from the perimeter drainage channel during wet and dry seasonal changes, stabilization of the deep groundwater level was achieved—this resulted in the stabilization of monumental ceremonial structure’s foundations, a continuous water supply to inner city agricultural zones, water pools for urban use and health benefits for the city population through moisture level reduction in city ceremonial and secular urban housing structures.

REN Mengzhi, LIU Dengfeng, YANG Yuanyuan et al.

Events of reservoir with loss of regulation capacity include failure of reservoir tostore water or discharge water due to abnormal operation of discharge structures. Emergencyscheduling of reservoir with loss of regulation capacity can effectively reduce the adverseimpact. This paper establishes an evaluation index system for extreme events such as completefailure of reservoir to store or discharge water, with the criteria layer including reservoirsafety, water supply, power generation and ecology and the index layer including the durationratio of reservoir over-check water level, ratio of maximum change range of reservoir water level,ratio of water supply guarantee, vulnerability of water supply, maximum water shortage rate,minimum output ratio, loss of power generation benefits, ratio of time to meet ecological flow andthe satisfaction degree of ecological flow; assigns the weight to each index by analytic hierarchyprocess (AHP); and evaluates the different schemes for reservoirs in Xijiang River Basin underfour loss of regulation capacity scenarios with the fuzzy optimization model, non-negative matrixfactorization algorithm and AGA-based projection pursuit clustering model. The results show thatthere is a slight difference in the advantages and disadvantages of the schemes evaluated bydifferent methods, and the recommended schemes under different scenarios are given by integratingthe three methods.

LU Bifeng, DENG Hui, HAO Hao et al.

The high rock slope on the right bank of a hydropower station on Lancang river, which isto be built, is excavated for nearly 400 m.According to the on-site geological survey, the rockmass of the slope is hard and brittle dacite with strong unloading, and small and medium-sizedfaults developed in the slope.In addition, there are two ductile shear zones that dipping towardto the inside slope in the right bank slope,and mylonization occurs in the shear zone, which leadsto the very complex geological conditions and rock mass structure of the right bank slope. Inorder to study the mechanism and rule of deformation response of high rock slope excavation underthis condition, this paper selects the right-bank dam axis slope of hydropower station as theresearch object, and simulates the excavation process of the slope by the UDEC (universal distinctelement code). The results show that:(1) The excavation results in large deformation of theshallow rock mass in the ductile shear zone, which affects the stability of the slope; (2) Thedeformation caused by excavation is mainly controlled by the unloading fissure and overflowsurface that dipping toward to the outside slope, and the geological-mechanical deformation andfailure mode is mainly slipping and fracturing; (3) The slope mainly occurs lateral displacementafter excavation, and its cumulative displacement mode is transmission to high elevation andaccumulation at the trailing edge; (4) The slope excavation and the resulting deformation energyare kept in sync, and finally affected by the elastic recovery lag of rock mass, and the residualdeformation is small near the end of excavation.

Daniela Martins, Maria Luiza Teofilo Gandini, Nadiane Smaha Kruk et al.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to present disaggregation coefficients for intense daily rainfalls for E2-046 rainfall station, located at Caraguatatuba, São Paulo state. The data obtained through rain gauge refer to a continuous period (31 years of series) and had a strong correlation with the measurements of the rain gauge, validating the pluviographs reading, which attributed greater reliability to the results. The average coefficient “24 hours”/“1-day” found for the study region was 1.075, which differs significantly from the values found in literature. The relative deviation considering other durations, and consequently other precipitation coefficients in relation to the mean values of the disaggregation values of the E2-046 station reached 22.06% (18 hours/“24 hours”). The relative deviation of rainfall disaggregation coefficients of the station studied in relation to the mean coefficients for the cities of São Paulo State to small durations was quite high, reaching almost 50% (10 minutes /“24 hours”). This reinforces the need of using local disaggregation coefficients.

Mirna Aparecida Neves Neves, Renato Ferreira Miranda, Mariana da Silva Trigo et al.

Grande parte do território Espírito Santense ocorre sobre o Sistema Aquífero Cristalino, onde a percolação da água subterrânea está condicionada, dentre outros fatores, a padrões de faturamento de difícil previsibilidade que afetam rochas graníticas e gnáissicas. O conhecimento do fluxo subterrâneo e dos processos de recarga nestes terrenos é ainda limitado, embora seja crescente a necessidade de prospecção destes mananciais. Este trabalho apresenta dados isotópicos da água da chuva e subterrânea, levantados como parte de um projeto em rede (HIDROFRAT) que tem, como uma de suas metas, o monitoramento da concentração de isótopos de Oxigênio (18O) e Hidrogênio ( 2H) na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Itapemirim (BHRI), situada no sul capixaba. Apresenta-se aqui a reta meteórica local obtida, descrita pela equação y = 8,58 x + 19,05, além das variações encontradas na área, ligadas aos efeitos de pluviosidade e continentalidade. A assinatura isotópica das águas subterrâneas é similar à das águas pluviais, indicando alta velocidade de recarga, porém, com taxas variadas ao longo da bacia. Algumas hipóteses estão sendo aventadas para explicar as variações isotópicas observadas, dentre elas a influência dos tipos litológicos e a presença de descontinuidades que favorecem localmente a recarga.

Xiangzhong Li, Hong Yang, Yuan Yao et al.

S. Bishop, Jekabs P. Vittands