Hasil untuk "Political Science"

C. Bail, Lisa P. Argyle, Taylor W. Brown et al.

Significance Social media sites are often blamed for exacerbating political polarization by creating “echo chambers” that prevent people from being exposed to information that contradicts their preexisting beliefs. We conducted a field experiment that offered a large group of Democrats and Republicans financial compensation to follow bots that retweeted messages by elected officials and opinion leaders with opposing political views. Republican participants expressed substantially more conservative views after following a liberal Twitter bot, whereas Democrats’ attitudes became slightly more liberal after following a conservative Twitter bot—although this effect was not statistically significant. Despite several limitations, this study has important implications for the emerging field of computational social science and ongoing efforts to reduce political polarization online. There is mounting concern that social media sites contribute to political polarization by creating “echo chambers” that insulate people from opposing views about current events. We surveyed a large sample of Democrats and Republicans who visit Twitter at least three times each week about a range of social policy issues. One week later, we randomly assigned respondents to a treatment condition in which they were offered financial incentives to follow a Twitter bot for 1 month that exposed them to messages from those with opposing political ideologies (e.g., elected officials, opinion leaders, media organizations, and nonprofit groups). Respondents were resurveyed at the end of the month to measure the effect of this treatment, and at regular intervals throughout the study period to monitor treatment compliance. We find that Republicans who followed a liberal Twitter bot became substantially more conservative posttreatment. Democrats exhibited slight increases in liberal attitudes after following a conservative Twitter bot, although these effects are not statistically significant. Notwithstanding important limitations of our study, these findings have significant implications for the interdisciplinary literature on political polarization and the emerging field of computational social science.

Justin Grimmer, Brandon M Stewart

S. Huntington

This now-classic examination of the development of viable political institutions in emerging nations is a major and enduring contribution to modern political analysis. In a new Foreword, Francis Fukuyama assesses Huntington's achievement, examining the context of the book's original publication as well as its lasting importance. "This pioneering volume, examining as it does the relation between development and stability, is an interesting and exciting addition to the literature."--American Political Science Review "'Must' reading for all those interested in comparative politics or in the study of development."--Dankwart A. Rustow, Journal of International Affairs

H. Simon

J. Dryzek

T. Persson, G. Tabellini

S. V. Evera

S. Levin, Helen V. Milner, Charles Perrings

A number of trends in national and international politics greatly affect our capacity to achieve the cooperation that will be necessary to address the challenges facing society over the coming decades. These involve the interplay among partisanship and party loyalties within countries, populism, and polarization within and among nations. The trends are widespread and seem to be reshaping politics across the globe. They are inherently systems-level phenomena, involving interactions among multiple component parts and the emergence of broaderscale features; yet, they have been inadequately explored from that perspective. To make progress in understanding these issues, political-science research stands to benefit from insights from other disciplines, including evolutionary biology, systems science, and the disciplines concerned with the fair and efficient provision of public goods of all kinds, but especially those affecting the shared environment and public health. These other disciplines, in turn, stand to gain equally from the perspective developed in political science. In viewing political systems as complex adaptive systems, we can gain a new understanding of the forces that shape current trends, and how that knowledge might affect governance strategies going forward. Extreme polarization is a dangerous phenomenon that requires greater scientific attention to address effectively. This Special Feature of PNAS draws on this relatively new interdisciplinary field, featuring original joint research from collaborating political scientists and complex systems theorists. Each paper is a true partnership among the different disciplines and illustrates the benefits of closer ties between complex systems and social science. The papers explore the emergence of patterns and structures in societies and the linkages among individual behaviors and societal benefits across scales of space, time, and organizational complexity. The COVID-19 pandemic provides the most recent examples of how patterns of polarization in societies interact with our abilities to solve societal challenges. The main goal of the Special Feature is to deepen our understanding of the dynamics of political polarization and related trends, and especially the interplay among these processes at multiple scales, from the local to the international. The papers cover many different aspects of this issue and do so from different systems-level perspectives, providing a broad view of the problem. The papers explore the impact of information flow networks, the diverse nature of national governance systems, the role of the media, and the dynamics of party sorting. They pose a number of key questions. Do the dynamics of such systems follow a natural progression of polarization and collapse, similar to Schumpeter’s economic theories (1)? How do migration, globalization, and new technologies, such as the internet, affect the trends? Does an extension of Duverger’s Law (2) foreshadow a natural tendency toward polarization in nations with two-party systems, like that in the United States, undercutting Madison’s dream (3)? Duverger’s Law argues that a system like that of the United States, based on a plurality rule on a single ballot, will lead to a two-party system, while Madison hoped for a system that would “break and control the violence of faction” (3). The Special Feature arose from a series of workshops in which the issues were aired, collaborations were developed, and earlier versions of the papers received constructive feedback. It became clear from those discussions that even the definition of polarization has manifold aspects, that some degree of polarization is likely healthy in sharpening issue differences in any society, and that there have been historical fluctuations in polarization at all levels, within and among nations and peoples. What is clear, though, is that it is essential to understand the causes and consequences of polarization if we are to deal with regional, national, and global problems that we will face in the coming years. The Special Feature includes 11 individual articles, incorporating both novel research and Perspectives. In addition, Jenna Bednar (4) provides a Perspective embedding the contributions within the

Irena Šutinienė

In this article, the focus is on the memory of repressions in the Kazakhstan Lithuanian diaspora, a large part of which consists of the descendants of Lithuanians who were subject to repression. Based on data from a survey of semi-structured interviews, the interpretations, evaluations, and practices for the memorialisation and commemoration of the memory of the repressions among the representatives of the diaspora are analysed. The connections of this memory with Kazakhstan’s dominant collective memory discourses and the Lithuanian narrative of the memory of repressions are discussed. The analysis reveals how discourses of the memory of the repressions in the country impact the memory of the descendant of the migrants.

Ван Хэюн, Д.В. Татаринов

The 21st century is the “era of international organizations”. the SCO is facing a realistic dilemma of “insufficient rule orientation”, “imperfect international law system” and “uneven level of rule of law among its members”. International law has its own structural dilemma of uncertainty, which lies in structure, language and doctrine, and overturns the existing international law system. Within the framework of the SCO, the traditional normal way can’t quickly and effectively establish legislation. The argumentative paradigm is rooted in the “intersubjectivity” of the international community, reshaping the effectiveness and source scope of international law, and using this paradigm can quickly and effectively build a set of international law system for SCO. This paradigm needs value guidance in line with universal rationality. The “community with a shared future for mankind” proposed by the Chairman Xi Jinping is expected to achieve the multi-dimensional goals of common prosperity, universal security, openness and win-win results, equality and inclusiveness, and joint construction, which can provide a value orientation for the development of SCO international law. This paper focuses on the SCO, tries to elaborate the problems faced by the SCO from the perspective of international law, and puts forward the research paradigm of improving the construction of SCO international law and the value orientation of “community with a shared future for mankind” on the basis of its system, in order to further clarify the direction of efforts to build the SCO legal system. Under the guidance of the theory of community with a shared future for mankind, the SCO’s practice of argumentative international law can improve the legal system construction within the organization on the basis of maintaining regional peace, and then contribute to the SCO’s participation in world governance and the promotion of the rise of Asia. Keywords: norms, indeterminacy, argumentalism, community with a shared future, SCO

Sebastián C. Parnes

Paul R. Abramson, John H. Aldrich

Róbert Király

Book review

Desinta Roichanun Nisa, Iradhad Taqwa Sihidi

The construction of an oil refinery in Tuban Regency, a National Strategic Project (PSN), has been rejected by the Tuban community. This study aims to explain the efforts made by PT Pertamina and the government in resolving the land acquisition conflict regarding the construction of an oil refinery in Jenu, Tuban Regency. The researchers used the descriptive qualitative method, collected data using interviews and documentation, and analyzed the collected, reduced and presented data. The results showed that the parties resolved the conflict through litigation, mediation, and negotiation. The process resulted in the provision of employment for locals, scholarships for outstanding students in five affected villages, development of fishermen's cooperatives in Mentoso Village, food and social assistance for farmers, opportunities for locals to continue working on the acquired land before the construction, and several Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs around the premises. After the resolution, out of 1219 parcels, 1222 were acquired with a total land area of 814 hectares from 961 owners. This research only focuses on the agreements between the parties. Further studies are advised to observe PT Pertamina's and the community's consistency in adhering to the agreements.

Yannis Theocharis, Andreas Jungherr

ABSTRACT The challenge of disentangling political communication processes and their effects has grown with the complexity of the new political information environment. But so have scientists’ toolsets and capacities to better study and understand them. We map the challenges and opportunities of developing, synthesizing, and applying data collection and analysis techniques relying primarily on computational methods and tools to answer substantive theory-driven questions in the field of political communication. We foreground the theoretical, empirical, and institutional opportunities and challenges of Computational Communication Science (CCS) that are relevant to the political communication community. We also assess understandings of CCS and highlight challenges associated with data and resource requirements, as well as those connected with the theory and semantics of digital signals. With an eye to existing practices, we elaborate on the key role of infrastructures, academic institutions, ethics, and training in computational methods. Finally, we present the six full articles and two forum contributions of this special issue illustrating methodological innovation, as well as the theoretical, practical, and institutional relevance and challenges for realizing the potential of computational methods in political communication.

Tia c. Madkins, Maxine McKinney de Royston

Failure to improve achievement in K-12 science for racially minoritized students and students living in poverty continues to challenge the inclusionary rhetoric of science for all. Science education researchers, teacher educators, and educators must consider the racialized and classed inequalities that continue to limit students' opportunities to learn. To achieve this, we must be able to conceptualize sociopolitical pedagogical approaches and learn from empirical examples of science teachers who consciously attend to their students' realities in empowering rather than deficit-oriented ways. We argue for the importance of utilizing culturally relevant pedagogy (CRP) and attending to and theorizing an educator's sociopolitical consciousness and enactments of political clarity in science instruction. Our analysis highlights how an African American male science teacher responds to his middle school students' realities and identities as African American youth and children growing up contexts with limited economic resources. Through classroom observations and interviews with the teacher, we nuance our understanding of sociopolitical consciousness, the third tenet of CRP, as reliant upon a teacher's political clarity and examine how, through instruction, science teachers can position students and their realities as consonant with knowing and doing science and being scientists.

Masoomeh Mostofi, Mahdi Mehrizi, Mojgan Sarshar

Different views of Muslim scholars concerning jihad arises from, and is grounded in, the Quran and hadiths transmitted from the Prophet or Imams. In this paper, we study and analyze hadiths related to jihad as collected in Biḥār al-anwār. We do so in order to explain the legal logic governing these hadiths, the principles on which war is based according to these hadiths, and the place of human beings in them. This article shows that the spirit of these hadiths is pacifist, and, in case war takes place, there are restrictive rules governing the war. There are conflicting hadiths, of course. But they do not confirm a warmongering attitude towards war in Islam.

Jean-Pierre Gaudin, Frédéric Vairel

E. de Leeuw, C. Clavier, É. Breton

The establishment of policy is key to the implementation of actions for health. We review the nature of policy and the definition and directions of health policy. In doing so, we explicitly cast a health political science gaze on setting parameters for researching policy change for health. A brief overview of core theories of the policy process for health promotion is presented, and illustrated with empirical evidence.The key arguments are that (a) policy is not an intervention, but drives intervention development and implementation; (b) understanding policy processes and their pertinent theories is pivotal for the potential to influence policy change; (c) those theories and associated empirical work need to recognise the wicked, multi-level, and incremental nature of elements in the process; and, therefore, (d) the public health, health promotion, and education research toolbox should more explicitly embrace health political science insights.The rigorous application of insights from and theories of the policy process will enhance our understanding of not just how, but also why health policy is structured and implemented the way it is.

R. Keohane