Hasil untuk "Physical anthropology. Somatology"

C. Pink, Jered B. Cornelison, J. Juarez

The skillset of a biological anthropologist is applicable to medico legal death investigation. Among the specialists that examine the human body in a forensic context, biological anthropologists are uniquely skilled to derive information from the scarcest of physical materials. Given the high level of skill and experience required, the forensic specialization within biological anthropology necessitates an extended course of education and training especially pertaining to the interpretation of skeletal trauma, scientific identification, and recovery methods. In addition to providing guidance for trainees and educators, published standards legitimize the specialization and facilitate the evaluation of forensic anthropology expertise by peer professionals (e.g., forensic pathologists, law enforcement, and judges). A young discipline, forensic anthropology was only acknowledged as a specialization by the American Academy of Forensic Sciences in 1972. Over the past 50 years, forensic anthropologists have worked to professionalize the discipline, including standardization of education and training requirements. Achieving consensus on these standards has, and will continue to be, a dynamic process as improved technology and research improve practice. This manuscript presents the current state of the discipline and the varied ways forensic anthropology practitioners have been educated and trained. We argue that there is a consensus on minimum education and training requirements for a forensic anthropologist, especially with respect to analytical skills. However, the discourse around professionalism and personal growth is less robust. In a position that requires intensive inter-disciplinary communication and collaboration, a lack of attention to training in professionalism writ large is a serious gap; therefore, we propose immersive postdoctoral fellowships and other similar training in the Medical Examiner/Coroner setting to gain expertise in this specialization. Supervision of a senior forensic anthropologist is necessary not only to hone analytical skills and gain experience through exposure to a variety of cases but also to teach professionalism. Over time, we expect that this model will promote the value of forensic anthropological expertise and, by extension, their integration in the offices of the Medical Examiner in the future. Thus, the Forensic Anthropology Postdoctoral Fellowship is introduced here as a model for advanced training in forensic anthropology.

Yangui Li, Chunbo Yan, Chuanshang Wang et al.

Abstract Silurian strata are well-developed in the northwest margin of Yangtze Platform. A total of 117 densely spaced argillaceous samples were taken from the Shenxuanyi Member, upper Ningqiang Formation to the lowermost Chejiaba Formation of the Majia section in northern Sichuan Province. The main aim of this study is to obtain chitinozoans to test whether Wenlock deposits are preserved here. A highly diverse and abundant chitinozoan assemblage is documented, including 21 species from six genera. This assemblage was then compared to contemporaneous chitinozoan assemblages reported from adjacent areas. This study proposes that Eisenackitina venusta (corresponds to the Pterospathodus celloni conodont Biozone) is of chronostratigraphical significance for discussing the Telychian of the Yangtze region. It is suggested that the Silurian upper red bed (lower part of the Shenxuanyi Member) in the study area is younger than the Xiushan Formation and can be correlated with the Huixingshao Formation of the Central Yangtze Platform. There are no index chitinozoan species near the Llandovery–Wenlock boundary that have been found in the upper part of the Shenxuanyi Member, and the updated chronostratigraphic framework suggests that it is Telychian-aged deposits.

H. Chaabani

The first incentive leading to this study is to search for the origin and the nature of what Levis-Strauss meant by fundamental structures and/or hidden rules that contribute to the construction of languages and cultures within the principal idea of structural anthropology. This leads to rethink the process of knowledge origin that is still a matter of controversial debates. I propose the DNA as a physical source of these hidden innate structures. Supported by evidence and substantial arguments derived from the latest scientific findings, this suggestion is developed and formulated into a new concept of the process of knowledge formation that I call ‘The dynamic mixed origin of knowledge’ or ‘The deepest remembering process’. According to it, the formation of knowledge occurs thanks to our mental abilities through a complex dynamic network of reciprocal interconnections involving (1) extrinsic inputs, (2) what is stored in our conscious and/or in our unconscious and (3) genetic factors. Furthermore, I show how this mechanism of knowledge formation represents a particular remembering process deeper than the known remembering ones. Based on this concept, I clarify some issues such as what we call usually intuition, and I regenerate the principal idea of structural anthropology in a modern vision that is not subject to the criticisms directed at the classical vision. According to this modern vision, among other things, it is considered that cultures are based on the same structural foundations emanated from our genome, but each culture wears a different dress reflecting the impact of accumulating extrinsic inputs and historic events that it was exposed to during its formative stages.

Rubentheran Sivagurunathan, L. Sivagurunathan

This article analyses the cultural importance of horseback archery as represented in the Mahabharata , investigating its function as a physical martial discipline integrated within the epic's cosmological, social and ethical contexts. Utilising anthropological concepts of embodiment, habitus and human–animal relationality, the research analyses mounted archery not solely as a martial skill but as a ritualised expression of warrior identity, caste obligation ( dharma ) and cosmic order. The analysis emphasises the profound, multisensory connection between human and horse, framing the animal as an active participant in martial performance rather than a mere tool of war. By closely reading the text and comparing it to living mounted archery traditions in Mongolia, Japan and Central Asia, the paper puts the martial scenes in the Mahabharata into a bigger anthropological context of intangible cultural heritage, the passing down of performance skills, and the way epic stories continue to shape collective memory. This study integrates literary analysis with cross‐cultural ethnography, emphasising horseback archery as a locus where myth, embodiment and human–animal interaction intersect, thereby providing novel insights into the anthropology of epic martial traditions.

Slavka Durlević, Ina Marković, Marija Durlević

Determining the most significant anthropological dimensions for success in handball is an important step in the selection process and in creating models on which the training process is based. Handball is a sport that both requires and influences the development of players' characteristics and abilities. The development of these characteristics and abilities is achieved through a well-planned, long-term, and comprehensive training process. With the modern trends in handball and increasingly better results on the public scene, handball players are required to have exceptional physical, technical, tactical, and psychological performance. Accordingly, the aim of this research was to revise the literature that defines and describes the physical preparation of handball players, as well as its main components and types that are applied during the preparatory period in the training process. Additionally, the goal was to describe the changes in the functional structure of handball players under hypoxic conditions, as well as to highlight that physical preparation is a significant factor in reducing the number and severity of injuries. Previous research emphasizes that the physical preparation of handball players is crucial for success in handball. Physical preparation represents a comprehensive, exhaustive, and well-planned training process that encompass methods aimed at developing, maintaining, and perfecting morphological characteristics, motor, and functional abilities, as well as preventing injuries in handball players.

V. Bakholdina

Introduction. The article presents the results of a comprehensive study of a sample of students from the Republic of Korea studying in Moscow. In the context of intensive international student exchanges, the problems of young people’s adaptation to life and study in another country are becoming a relevant subject of scientific research, including modern biological anthropology. Material and methods. We applied traditional anthropometric methods, as well as questionnaire and self-esteem scale by T. Dembo, S. Rubinstein. Data collection was carried out in compliance with the rules of bioethics and with further depersonalization of the collected materials. Statistical methods included descriptive statistics, correlation and factor analyses. Results and discussion. Based on anthropometry data, body mass index was calculated and graphs of its distribution meet the criteria of normality. In males, the body mass index is mainly within the normal range, while in the female sample there is a noticeable percentage of participants with low body weight according to the standards of the World Health Organization. In male sample, body mass index shows a negative relationship with satisfaction with nutrition, physical well-being and sports activities, which is consistent with the results of our study of Russian students. Body mass index in females shows a positive relationship with self-esteem. The results made it possible to evaluate the associations between physical and psychological characteristics and some social factors. Conclusion. The results of the study indicate a significant influence of social factors, and above all, self-socialization, on the physical and psychological state of young people, which must be taken into account in interactions with international students.

Aaron A. Sandel, J. Scott, Jason M. Kamilar

Biological anthropology seeks to understand humans from an evolutionary perspective. Namely, what makes humans different from other animals, and how did we get this way? Many relevant traits are physical, but many others are behavioral. For example, when and why did our species develop complex cognition, enduring bonds, and intense cooperation? Given the importance of behavior, biological anthropologists have a long history of turning to our primate relatives to generate hypotheses about the evolutionary processes shaping humans. Indeed, primate behavior is foundational to our field. But not all biological anthropologists appreciate the value of primate behavior for understanding human evolution. Beyond lip service in introductory paragraphs and grant proposals, many primatologists do not make explicit how their work is relevant to human evolution. In this review, we have three main goals: (1) emphasize how comparative studies of primate behavior are crucial to biological anthropology; (2) outline how primatologists and biological anthropologists can improve their work by avoiding common problems that arise when making such comparisons; and (3) provide a primer on the concepts and methods underlying comparative analyses of traits. We provide examples to highlight these points related to cognition, sociality, and diet. We conclude with several recommendations including (1) detailed, high-quality studies of behavior that allow for appropriate comparisons within and across species; (2) using primates as a "gateway clade" and expanding our research to any relevant taxa; and (3) careful attention to the ethical implications of making comparisons to other primates given racist tropes and a history of eugenics.

Ioannis Liritzis

The non-linear trend of evolution of ancient cultures is decisively affected by climatic change, landscape changes, and more [...]

Francesc Pérez-Peris, Jonathan M. Adrain, Allison C. Daley

Abstract Cheiruridae is one of the most diverse families of trilobites known from the Ordovician with 453 species assigned. Within Cheiruridae eight subfamilies (Acanthoparyphinae, Cheirurinae, “Cyrtometopinae”, Deiphoninae, Eccoptochilinae, Heliomerinae, Pilekiinae, and Sphaerexochinae) have historically been recognised. Insights about the evolution of the family and the relationships within and between subfamilies have been published. However larger scale phylogenetic hypotheses are needed in order to explore the monophyly, the basal structure, the deep nodes and the relationships of the subfamilies. Cheirurinae, Deiphoninae and “Cyrtometopinae” have historically been defined by various morphological features (e.g., anteroposterior constriction of the thoracic pleura, pleural furrow morphology, pygidial morphology) that differentiate them from the rest of Cheiruridae. However, the phylogenetic status of “Cyrtometopinae” is unclear owing to a lack of obvious synapomorphies. Here, we present phylogenetic analyses of Cheirurinae, Deiphoninae, and “Cyrtometopinae”. The results indicate that both Cheirurinae and Deiphoninae are monophyletic. “Cyrtometopines” are resolved as a paraphyletic grade at the base of Deiphoninae and Cyrtometopinae should be considered a junior subjective synonym of Deiphoninae. The new phylogenetic hypothesis reveals that paedomorphosis plays an important role in the evolution of Deiphoninae. Within Cheirurinae two major clades are identified, the ‘Ceraurus-like’ clade and the ‘Ceraurinella-like’ clade.

Lin Guo

Introduction. The centennial development of physical anthropology in China can be divided into three periods: 1) the initial period fr om the end of the 19th century to the founding of New China in 1949, when anthropology was imported from the West and gradually localized; 2) the unstable development period from 1949 to 1976, which was faced with a major restructuring of the discipline, the epoch of Sino-Soviet friendship, and a ten-year period of turbulence of the Cultural Revolution; 3) the period of rapid development after the reform and opening up of the country at the end of the 1970s. Materials and methods. The author presents the history of anthropological exchanges between China and Russia over the past hundred years through the study of literature and photographic sources. Results. Before the founding of New China, communications of anthropology between China and Russia was represented by S.M. Shirokogorov; after the founding of New China, it was represented by N.N. Cheboksarov; during the period of Sino-Soviet friendship, China adopted the suggestions of Soviet scientists and launched journals, translated and published monographs, and dispatched international students, Dong Tichen and Cui Chengyao, to study in the Soviet Union. Conclusion. In this article, for the first time, a large number of old photographs from private collections have been released to show the life story of Dong Tichen, the first anthropologist who went to the Soviet Union to study and returned to China. After graduating from Beijing Normal University, Dong Tichen went to Moscow University to study anthropology and obtained his Ph.D. in biology in 1961. He became a lecturer in the Department of Anthropology at Fudan University, wh ere he was one of the earliest teachers of anthropology in New China. His research was pioneering and prospective, for example, his proposed taxonomic position of the Gigantopithecus was very forward-looking; he created a precedent in the study of dermatoglyphics in China and contributed to the foundations of anthropometrics. His return solidified the discipline of anthropology at Fudan University, and during his short life he trained several students who would become the mainstay of anthropology in the new China in the future. Unfortunately, he died in 1966, as a result of social unrest and change.

XIN WEI, ZHIQIANG ZHOU

Floian, Early Ordovician trilobites are systematically described and revised based on new material from the middle part of the Duoquanshan Formation of the Shihuigou area, northern Qinghai Province, northwest China. The fauna that lived on the shallow-water carbonate platform comprises three species belonging to two families, i.e., Tsaidamaspis diarmatus, Zhiyia tsinghaiensis, and Liexiaspis sp. indeterminate. It exhibits a strong endemicity to the Olongbluk terrane. The new isoteline genus Zhiyia is established on the basis of the material from the Olongbluk terrane and South China palaeoplate, and is characterized by its: (i) almost obsolete cephalic and pygidial axial furrows; (ii) flattened anterior border and narrow (sag., exsag.) occipital ring; (iii) bilobed hypostome with a shallow median notch and a small triangular median projection; (iv) subsemicircular pygidium with wide pygidial axis and border. Faunal evidence indicates that the palaeogeographic position of the Olongbluk terrane may have been situated closer to the South China palaeoplate rather than the North China palaeoplate during the Floian.

Marcelo Saúl de la Fuente

Las dos instituciones más relevantes dedicadas a la promoción de las ciencias naturales en el sur de la provincia de Mendoza son el Museo de Historia Natural de San Rafael (MHNSR) (Departamento de San Rafael) y el Museo Regional de Malargüe “Jorge Luna” (MRM) (Departamento de Malargüe). La primera institución fue fundada en el año 1955 mientras que la segunda se erigió en el año 1973 y ambas se incorporaron a la órbita municipal en los primeros años de la década del ‘70 del siglo pasado. Estos museos han tenido un diferente desarrollo y proyección en lo que respecta a su actividad científica. Esto también se reflejó en el desarrollo de la paleoherpotología en el MHNSR con la incorporación de investigadores y becarios del CONICET acontecida a partir del año 2002. En el año 2006 se originó el Centro Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Cultural, institución que desarrolló actividades paleontológicas en Malargüe principalmente entre los años 2006 y 2015. Con la reciente creación del Instituto de Evolución, Ecología Histórica y Ambiente, unidad ejecutora de doble dependencia CONICET y Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, los paleontólogos continuaron su desempeño en esta unidad sin dejar el MHNSR, donde se alojan las colecciones paleontológicas. En el MRM, las colecciones se encuentran tanto en el antiguo molino del casco de la estancia “La Orteguina”, edificación colindante, y en la sala de exposición de paleontología de dicho museo. Estas instituciones resguardan pequeñas colecciones de reptiles fósiles.

Magdalena Bis

The reviewed publication, published in 2019 by the British publishing house Archaeopress, is a collection of texts based on papers and posters presented at the international conference under the same title held in Prague in April 2018. This meeting brought together archaeologists from many European countries – including Croatia, Czechia, Germany, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Italy, and Hungary – who conduct research on the early-modern period and the pertaining material culture. Both this event and the book in question were a response to the needs of the academic community, due to the ongoing development of historical archaeology in Europe and an increase in research on artefacts and other evidence recovered during fieldwork related to this. The time-frame of the post-medieval period differs slightly across particular European countries, encompassing artefacts from between the 15th and 18th centuries.

D. Franklin, S. Blau

Abstract The ways in which biological data specific to the human skeleton are acquired have, and continue, to evolve in response to ethical concerns and fundamental technological developments. The traditional reliance on the study of physical skeletal remains that is deeply rooted in the history of physical and forensic anthropology is increasingly being supplemented by data acquired from virtual modalities, including (but not limited to) digital X-rays and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). This chapter provides a succinct introduction to the physical and virtual sources of biological data utilized in forensic anthropological research by considering the current use of extant repositories of human skeletal remains. The specific modality employed, whether physical and/or virtual, is associated with inherent complexities and limitations that determine whether the derived data are judicially admissible and/or optimized for implementation into routine forensic practice; these are also accordingly described and discussed.

Andy S. Gale, Crispin T.S. Little, Joel E. Johnson et al.

Valves of a thoracican cirripede belonging to a new species of the Neolepadidae, Ashinkailepas indica Gale sp. nov. are described from a Late Pleistocene cold seep (52.6 ka), cored in the Krishna-Godavari Basin, offshore from the eastern coast of India. This constitutes the first fossil record of the genus, and its first occurrence in the Indian Ocean. Other fossil records of the Neolepadidae (here elevated to full family status) are discussed, and it is concluded that only Stipilepas molerensis from the Eocene of Denmark, is correctly referred to the family. Cladistic analysis of the Neolepadidae supports a basal position for Ashinkailepas, as deduced independently from molecular studies, and the Lower Cretaceous brachylepadid genus Pedupycnolepas is identified as sister taxon to Neolepadidae. Neolepadids are not Mesozoic relics as claimed, preserved in association with the highly specialised environments of cold seeps and hydrothermal vents, but are rather an early Cenozoic offshoot from the clade which also gave rise to the sessile cirripedes.

Alberto J. C. Micheletti, Graeme D. Ruxton, Andy Gardner

Recent years have seen great interest in the suggestion that between-group aggression and within-group altruism have coevolved. However, these efforts have neglected the possibility that warfare – via its impact on demography – might influence human social behaviours more widely, not just those directly connected to success in war. Moreover, the potential for sex differences in the demography of warfare to translate into sex differences in social behaviour more generally has remained unexplored. Here, we develop a kin-selection model of altruism performed by men and women for the benefit of their groupmates in a population experiencing intergroup conflict. We find that warfare can promote altruistic, helping behaviours as the additional reproductive opportunities winners obtain in defeated groups decrease harmful competition between kin. Furthermore, we find that sex can be a crucial modulator of altruism, with there being a tendency for the sex that competes more intensely with relatives to behave more altruistically and for the sex that competes more intensely with non-relatives in defeated groups to receive more altruism. In addition, there is also a tendency for the less-dispersing sex to both give and receive more altruism. We discuss implications for our understanding of observed sex differences in cooperation in human societies.

Dragan Bacovic

Uvod Jaspe je štampani i elektronski časopis koji, uz korišćenje savremenih metoda, ima za cilj predstavljanje naučnih saznanja o antropologiji i fi zičkom vaspitanju stručnoj i naučnoj javnosti. Od oktobra 2017. do danas objavljeno je sedam izdanja časopisa. JASPE karakteriše otvoren pristup, brzo vrijeme objavljivanja, recenziranje od strane iskusnih naučnih istraživača, zajednički forum i komentarisanje članaka, medijsku pokrivenost u zemlji i svijetu, te vidljivost i uticaj u naučnim bazama radova. Jaspe izlazi četiri puta godišnje: u januaru, aprilu, julu i oktobru. Kao multidisciplinarni časopis, objavljuje originalne naučne radove, pregledne članke, kratke izvještaje, recenzije, kao i pozive i nagrade u oblasti antropologije sporta i fi zičkog vaspitanja. Prekriva svih pet aspekata iz oblasti antropologije i sporta: kulturne, globalne, biološke, jezičke i medicinske. JASPE izdaje “Montenegrosport”, u saradnji sa Fakultetom za sport i fi zičko vaspitanje Univerziteta Crne Gore i Crnogorskom sportskom akademijom. Glavni urednik je Bojan Mašanović sa Univerziteta Crne Gore, dok urednička mjesta po oblastima pokrivaju: Miomir Maroš sa Univerziteta Crne Gore (kulturna antropologija), Kubilay Ocal sa Mugla Univerziteta iz Turske (Globalna antropologija), Dušan Stupar sa Ecudons Univerziteta iz Srbije (Fizička antropologija), Tatjana Jovović sa Univerziteta Crne Gore (Lingvistička antropologija) i Nina Đukanović sa Univerziteta u Beogradu (Medicinska antropologija).

Marin Corluka, Herzegovina, Milica Bjelica

Uvod Journal of Anthropology of Sport and Physical Education, časopis za antropologiju sporta i fi zičkog vaspitanja (JASPE) je štampani i elektronski naučni časopis koji ima za cilj predstavljanje naučnih spoznaja stručnoj i naučnoj javnosti, uz korišćenje savremenih metoda. Od oktobra 2017. do danas objavljeno je pet izdanja časopisa. JASPE karakteriše: otvoreni pristup i slobodno dostupan online, brzo vrijeme objavljivanja, recenziranje od strane iskusnih naučnih istraživača, zajednički forum i komentarisanje članaka, medijsku pokrivenost u zemlji i svijetu, te vidljivost i uticaj u naučnim bazama samih radova, nakon objavljivanja. JASPE izlazi četiri puta godišnje, u januaru, aprilu, julu i oktobru svake godine, a objavljuje originalne naučne radove, pregledne članke, uvodnike, kratke izvještaje, recenziju fer recenziju, kao i pozive i nagrade u oblasti antropologije sporta i fi zičkog vaspitanja. Pokriva sve aspekte antropologije sporta i fi zičkog obrazovanja iz pet glavnih oblasti antropologije: kulturne, globalne, biološke, jezičke i medicinske. JASPE izdaje “Montenegrosport” u saradnji sa Fakultetom za sport i fi ziko vaspitanje i sport Univerziteta Crne Gore i Crnogorskom sportskom akademijom. Glavni urednik je dr Bojan Mašanović sa Univerziteta Crne Gore, dok urednička mjesta po oblastima pokrivaju dr Miomir Maroš sa Univerziteta Crne Gore (kulturna antropologija), dr Kubilay Ocal sa Mugla univerziteta iz Turske (globalna antropologija), dr Dušan Stupar sa Educons univerziteta iz Srbije (fi zička antropologija), dr Tatjana Jovović sa Univerziteta Crne Gore (lingvistička antropologija) i Nina Đukanović sa Univerziteta u Beogradu (medicinska antropologija). U uređivački odbor časopisa izabrani su dr Fitim Arifi sa AAB College (Kosovo), dr Hassan Sedeghi sa Univerziteta Putra Malayisa (Malezija), dr Ivana Čerkez Zovko sa Univerziteta u Mostaru (Bosna i Hercegovina), dr Izet Bajramović sa Univerziteta u Sarajevu (Bosna i Hercegovina), dr Juel Jarani sa Univerziteta sporta u Tirani (Albanija), dr Luiz Fernando Rojo sa Univerziteta Federal Fluminense (Brazil), dr Marin Ćorluka sa Univerziteta u Mostaru (Bosna i Hercegovina), dr Radenko Matić sa Univerziteta u Novom Sadu (Srbija), dr Sami Sermaxhaj sa Universi College (Kosovo), dr Taher AfsharAbstract

Carolina Loch, Grant Townsend, Christopher Dean

N/A

Hubert Lepionka

The aim of the article is to present and characterize the collection of flint axes made of Cretaceous flint from the interfluve of the Bug River and Neman that morphologically resemble the forms from the Neolithic cultures of the Polish Lowland (the Funnel Beaker Culture, Globular Amphorae Culture and Corded Ware Cultures). This group of objects consists of 10 items found in the Podlasie region. The presented axes are a small part of a large collection (50 flint axes) exhibited in the Museum of Podlasie in Bialystok. A new term for local Cretaceous flint has been introduced for the purpose of this study. Until now, this type of flint was known as Northeastern Flint, and although research to define this term has been done, it has never been fully finalized. Because of that, the author of this study has coined a new and more suitable term: Cretaceous flint from the interfluve of the Bug River and Neman. This includes a group of Cretaceous flints from the Podlasie area and contains all the local variations of it: Mielnik flint, Rybniki flint, flint from the Cretaceous beds and marls and Krasne Siolo flint