Hasil untuk "Petroleum refining. Petroleum products"

T. Saleh

Abstract Sulfur-containing compounds are the most abundant compounds in crude oil. Sulfur in liquid fuel oil leads to the emission of sulfur oxides and sulfate particulate matter which not only endangers health and community property but also reduces the life of the catalysts and engines due to corrosion. Various methods, with a high level of precision and sensitivity, have been developed to analyze sulfur-containing compounds. On the other side, the removal and characterization of sulfur-containing compounds in crude oils and petroleum products is of great importance, not only for the downstream refining process, control/optimization, and environmental compliance, but also for upstream geochemical studies for exploration and production. This review summarizes the analytical strategies and some of the most important and promising technologies for the removal of sulfur from oil.

Haiming Cheng, Weitong Du, Tingfeng Yao et al.

High-sulphur petroleum coke (HSPC), a significant byproduct of petroleum refining, has limited applications except as fuel for combustion. This study aims to expand its utility by investigating its efficacy as a reductant for disposing of Zn-containing dust, thereby substituting traditional coal-based reductants. The pyrolysis results showed that the gases generated from the pyrolysis of HSPC primarily comprised hydrogen gas (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane and carbon dioxide. The reductant gases H2 and CO accounted for above 90% of the total pyrolysis gas at 1200 °C. The reduction reaction mechanism was elucidated by thermodynamic calculations and carbothermal experiments. At 800 °C, ZnFe2O4 is gradually decomposed into Fe3O4, FeO and ZnO, and Fe2O3 is completely reduced to Fe3O4. At 900–1000 °C, iron oxides are basically reduced to Fe, and ZnO is also reduced to Zn. Above 1100 °C, CaMgSiO4 as a slag phase is generated due to the combination of CaO, MgO and SiO2. At 1200 °C, the roasting product with a metallic material is obtained, and the sulphur removal rate reaches 58%. This study provides valuable insights into the clean and efficient recovery and reuse of petroleum coke–coal, offering a promising avenue for sustainable resource management.

T. Bogomolova, M. Smirnova, K. A. Nadeina et al.

The possibility of obtaining low pour point diesel fuel by dewaxing of feedstock containing hydrotreated thermolysis oil obtained from a mixture of plastic wastes is presented. It has been established that in the process of dewaxing the n-alkanes of the feedstock, regardless of the length of the carbon chain, undergo almost complete conversion, leading to the improved low-temperature and rheological properties of the hydrotreated product. It is concluded that the obtained petroleum products are characterized by a high degree of environmental purity, since they do not contain chlorine, and the concentration of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds, as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, is minimal.

Ju Yafeng, Liu Yuwan, Zhang Hui et al.

The reservoirs in Changqing Oilfield are typically low porosity and low permeability， making conventional perforation operations impossible to effectively improve the near wellbore permeability required for water injection. Based on the principle of impact dynamics， together with the distribution characteristics of perforation compaction zones， a numerical calculation model for reservoir damage by composite perforation was built， and the evaluation indexes of reservoir damage by composite perforation were proposed. The distribution characteristics of fracture zones formed by composite perforation were explained， and the influences of perforation parameters （perforation density， phase angle） and formation properties （in-situ stress， rock strength） on reservoir damage by composite perforation were revealed. The study results show that the larger the perforation density， the larger the fracture area formed near the wellbore. When the phase angle is small， there is a better effect of penetrating the compaction zone near the wellbore. When the phase angle is large， a larger penetration depth can be formed for the compaction zone at the end of the channel. When the in-situ stress and rock strength are small， the axial and radial blockage removal effects of the compaction zone are better. The calculation and analysis of case wells show that the composite perforation can realize blockage removal of compaction zone near the wellbore and the end of the channel， and effectively realize the connection between the perforation channel and the reservoir. The reason for under injection may be low reservoir permeability and severe pore filling. It is proposed to adopt a super-energy perforation-alternating injection acid fracturing combined operation mode in target wells to improve injection conditions. The study results have reference significance for the stimulation response evaluation of composite perforation and the optimization of perforation parameters.

Ben Hayes, Srivatsav Kunnawalkam Elayavalli, Leonel Robert

We study selflessness in the general setting of reduced free products of $C^*$-algebras. Towards this end, we develop a suitable theory of rapid decay for filtrations in arbitrary $C^*$-probability spaces. We provide several natural examples and permanence properties of this phenomenon. By using this framework in combination with von Neumann algebraic techniques involving approximate forms of orthogonality, we are able to prove selflessness for general families of reduced free product $C^*$-algebras. As an instance of our results, we prove selflessness and thus strict comparison for the canonical $C^*$-algebras generated by Voiculescu's free semicircular systems. Our results also provide new examples of purely infinite reduced free products.

M. Al-Mahish, Fahad Alzahrani, R. Elzaki et al.

This paper aims to reveal how the refining industry's inputs in Saudi Arabia affect its output and to forecast refining industry dynamics. The variables used in this paper are the refined petroleum products representing the dependent variable, with natural gas liquids, crude oil, labor, and capital acting as explanatory variables covering the period 1990–2020. The long run cointegration of the variables was observed. An error correction model utilizing the Cobb–Douglas production function framework was performed. Furthermore, this study applied the vector autoregressive model (VAR) and its diagnosis tests, including forecast-error variance decomposition (FEVD) and impulse response functions (IRFs). The results indicate that natural gas liquids and crude oil have a significant influence on the refining industry's output. Although capital and labor are significant determinants of output, they do not contribute significantly to output creation in the refining industry. This might be related to some parts of the capital and human resources being directed toward supporting activities, such as administration, technical support, maintenance, transportation, logistics and assigning third-party contractors to perform the main duties related to the production process. Additionally, the petroleum refining industry requires substantial capital resources for construction and maintenance. Thus, the actual measurement of capital input's influence on output was observed in the long run. The results reveal that the refining industry's variation is influenced by both its own characteristics and that natural gas liquid, crude oil, capital, and labor factors have a significant impact on the accuracy of industry forecasts. This study concludes that Saudi Arabia's petroleum refining industry operates under decreasing returns to scale, while the shocks in the refining industry are influenced and caused by external factors.

Goodluck Tochukwu, Njoku, Christopher Ahamefula Ucheobi et al.

Agile distribution of petroleum product is a strategy towards uninterrupted supply of quality products at affordable prices. Industry and economic productivity as well as transportation in Nigeria is largely driven by petroleum energy due to low investments in other sources of energy, yet the petroleum energy supply and distribution is marred by lingering history of scarcity, high prices, and distribution bottlenecks to end users all over the nation. The study through a descriptive survey following literature view, primary and secondary data collection sought to determine at granular level the limiting factors of agile petroleum product distribution in Nigeria. Petroleum supply, consumption and pricing are significant aspects of the study survey. Study findings shows limiting factors of distribution agility cut across pricing, supply, technology, infrastructure, accessibility and lead time, storage, management, and Human Resource issues. Significantly lack of local refining capacity and poor distribution network are notorious for supply limitations and rising price of products. Addressing the challenges would require strong political will, driven by genuine commitment and focused attention towards economic growth and improvement in the welfare of the citizens.

Farad Kamyabi, Arif Mammad-Zade

Enhancing oil recovery from clayey reservoirs is a significant challenge in petroleum industry due to complex interactions between fluids and rock surfaces, particularly clay swelling. This study presents the first empirical analysis of magnetic fields' impact on fluid flow in clayey porous media. Our core findings indicate that magnetic treatment of water increases oil recovery by an average of 15–30% in clayey media, with limited effectiveness in pure quartz media. Detailed experiments unraveled that improved recovery factor by magnetic treatment stem from both mitigated swelling and altered magnetic properties at clay surface; introducing 30% clay to porous medium decreased the recovery by 32% compared to pure quartz sand. Heating the clay to around 1000 °C to reduce its swelling property improved the recovery by only 16%, suggesting magnetic treatment is not solely attributed to clay swelling mitigation. Treating ferromagnetic films at clay surface with HCl to produce non-magnetic FeCl3 resulted in a high recovery factor, similar to the clay-free medium. Moreover, it was determined that a magnetic field intensity of 43760–51740 A/m is optimal for fluid displacement in clayey media. Notably, the intensity of 47760 A/m increased recovery to 84.5% in a 30% clay medium, compared to 49.7% without treatment. Interestingly, it was observed that the maximum flow rate was associated with zero potential difference across the medium, providing a faster method to determine the optimum magnetic field intensity. Lastly, the concept of ‘Magnetic memory’ was investigated, referring to the persistence of magnetic field's influence after its removal. Our findings indicated that pressure build-up time stability lasted 10 days post-treatment, after which water behavior reverts, and clay swelling resumes. This insight into the temporal dynamics of magnetic field application provides a deeper understanding of its long-term impacts on fluid flow in clayey reservoirs.

Tang Yuqiang, Feng Jin, Xia Qi et al.

In order to solve the scaling problem of downhole pump in oilfield development, the corrugated plate was used as the scaling component of pre-scaling device in front of the pump, and its scaling law was analyzed.Based on the Kern-Seaton scaling rate model, a semiempirical formula for scale deposition was derived.Then, the turbulence-chemical interaction model and DPM model were used to simulate the scaling process of CaCO₃ particles on the surface of corrugated plate in pipeline, and quantitatively analyze the influence of temperature, flow rate and particle mass concentration multiple on the scaling rate.Finally, the downhole produced fluid was prepared for laboratory scaling experiment.The results show that there is a good consistency between numerical simulation and laboratory experiment.The increase in temperature and particle mass concentration promotes the scale deposition of calcium carbonate, while the increase in flow rate inhibits the scale deposition of calcium carbonate.In the actual production process, the temperature and concentration of scale-forming ions in the well are uncontrollable.Therefore, the scaling of downhole pump can be alleviated by appropriately reduce the flow rate of produced fluid and thus increase the amount of scale buildup on the surface of the corrugated plate.The conclusions provide theoretical basis and new ideas for scale prevention and removal in oilfields.

Mohammad Rostamtabar, Mohammad Khanehbad, Asadollah Mahboubi et al.

The Fahliyan Formation, a significant carbonate reservoir in southwestern Iran encompassing the Izeh and Dezful Zones, underwent detailed petrographic investigations. These analyses revealed eight distinct microfacies associated with four different depositional settings within a homoclinal ramp model. From a diagenesis perspective, the formation has undergone various processes, including micritization, dissolution, compaction, cementation, dolomitization, stylolitization, and fracturing. These diagenetic features affected the Fahliyan Formation from early marine–meteoric to late burial diagenetic realms. Notably, dissolution developed as the most effective and widespread diagenetic feature, improving reservoir quality. Likewise, fracture and dolomitization positively impact reservoir quality, while compaction and cementation have destructive effects. Micritization and early isopachous calcite cement have a retentive role in reservoir characteristics. In addition, the Flow Zone Indicator (FZI) approach introduced three Hydraulic Flow Units (HFUs). The correlation between microfacies types and their petrophysical features indicates that the bioclastic peloid packstones and grainstones have better reservoir quality, which resulted from dissolution, and initial isopachous calcite cements. Also, Planktonic foraminifer’s bioclastic mud/ wackestone and Quartz-bearing mudstone, equivalent to HFU1, indicate lower reservoir quality due to the compaction (stylolitization) and cementation.

Shamsutdinova L.L., Nikiforova L.V., Dmitrieva T.V. et al.

Descriptions of the local stratotypes of the Lower Silurian Formations of the Bolshezemelsk area of the Timan-Pechora region are provided and their geological and geophysical sections are presented. For the Makarikha Formation, the composite section of the parametric well Sandivey 31 and the exploratory well Sandivey 41 are proposed as the local stratotype. For the Sandivey Formation, the stratotype was established in the section of the well Sandivey 7, for the Veyak Formation, the composite stratotype was established in the parametric wells Zapadno-Veyak 1 and Severo-Salyukin 1. All wells are located in the territory of the Khoreyver depression, where commercial hydrocarbon accumulations are confined to the Lower Silurian strata.

Ai Xingyu, Xing Yuhan, Cai Xiaolei et al.

The characteristics of oil droplet flow and separation in shallow annular multi-layer counter-flow channels have been inadequately investigated.In this paper,the flow and separation of dispersed oil droplets in shallow annular counter-flow channels and the velocity distribution in shallow multi-layer flow channel were analyzed by using computational fluid dynamics(CFD)methods.The results indicate that the plate length required for the oil droplet floating upward in the shallow annular counter-flow channel to the surface of the inclined plate is 96 mm,less than the theoretical plate length(122 mm).The inter-layer velocity distribution in the shallow channel has a great impact on the separation efficiency,and the velocity at the inlet of the lower channel peaks at 0.008 05 m/s.The oil droplet may encounters a cross flow when it floats upward in the shallow annular multi-layer channel,which will impede greatly the separation efficiency in the channel.The sliding distance is a key factor influencing the separation efficiency.When the plate length is 350 mm and the grain size of oil droplet is 50 μm,the sliding distance accounts for 38.35% of the plate length.The research findings provide theoretical support for the innovative design and optimization of compact produced water treatment equipment based on the theory of shallow settling and enhanced separation.

Thedoros S. Papazachariou

We study the K-moduli space of products of Fano varieties in relation to the product of K-moduli spaces of the product components. We show that there exists a well-defined morphism from the product of K-moduli stacks of Fano varieties to the K-moduli stack of their product. Furthermore, we show that this morphism is an isomorphism if any two varieties with different irreducible components are non-isomorphic, and a torsor if they are. Our results rely on the theory of stacks and previous work by Zhuang. We use our main result to obtain an explicit description of the K-moduli stack/ space of Fano threefolds with Picard rank greater than 6, along with a wall-crossing description, and a detailed polyhedral wall-crossing description for K-moduli of log Fano pairs.

CHEN Hongzhi, LU Junqiang, JU Xiaodong et al.

Acoustic-type logging instruments generate high voltages in the order of thousands of volts. Electromagnetic interferences are thus induced by high-voltage pulses that affect the logging tool and make it inoperable owing to damaged components in severe cases. In particular, weak acoustoelectric signals, vulnerability to electro magnetic interference, and other characteristics require higher electro magnetic compatibility of the acoustoelectric logging detector. The system’s complexity makes it difficult to find and analyze the root cause of the interference. This paper revolves around the three elements of electromagnetic compatibility. The electrode measurement circuit is a sensitive source. Through interference analysis and testing, the high voltage pulse source is determined to be the source of interference. We focus on analyzing the formation mechanism of electromagnetic interference coupling paths. The electromagnetic interference characteristics of the detector are systematically analyzed and verified by combining the qualitative electric coupling mechanism, the quantitative Gaussian electric field law and the electric coupling experimental study. This paper reduces the main interference causes and characteristics of the detector and reveals that the electrical coupling of high voltage pulses is the main interference cause of the acoustoelectric logging detector. The method to eliminate the coupling path is proposed.

Ales Wodecki, Pavel Rytir, Vyacheslav Kungurtsev et al.

Multi-product pipelines are a highly efficient means of transporting liquids. Traditionally used to transport petroleum, its products and derivatives, they are now being repurposed to transport liquified natural gas admixed with hydrogen of various colors. We propose a novel mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation, which optimizes efficiency while satisfying a wide range of real-world constraints developed to meet the needs of the Czech national pipeline operator CEPRO. We provide tests on well-known synthetic (path-graph) networks and demonstrate the formulation's scaling properties using open-source and commercial MILP solvers.

Cyrille Vessaire, Jean-Philippe Chancelier, Michel de Lara et al.

In this paper, we propose a mathematical formulation for the management of an oil production network as a multistage optimization problem. The reservoir is modeled as a controlled dynamical system by using material balance equations. We use a dynamic programming algorithm to solve the optimization problem. Two numerical applications illustrate our work: the first one consists in optimizing the production of a gas reservoir, whereas the second one tackles an oil reservoir with water injection.

Amir Baghban, Majid Yousefikhoshbakht

Compared to other transportation modes, road, railroad and vessel, multiproduct pipelines are the safest and most economical way of conveying petroleum products over long distances day and night. During the last two decades, the operational multiproduct pipeline scheduling has gained increasing attention, where most of the contributions are based on continuous time representation. In this paper, we present a new discrete-time mixed integer linear programming model for the shortterm scheduling of multiproduct pipelines featuring multiple refineries and distribution centers. The model optimally determines the sequence and planning of product injections at input nodes, the sequence of product deliveries to output nodes, and traces the size and the products location along the pipeline at any time. The proposed model also allows to execute simultaneous injections at the input nodes and to tackle simultaneous injections and deliveries at an intermediate node that can act as both the input and output node. Solutions to two benchmark example problems illustrate that the proposed model presents significant reductions in the pipeline operational cost.

XU Jianping, YUAN Yuanda, XIE Qing et al.

Traditionally, laboratory testing and measurement are considered to be the most reliable characterization methods. However, in many cases, due to the unclear understanding of the sensitivity to the range of reservoir properties and local changes of heterogeneous reservoir properties, and based on the oversimplified assumptions, the feature prediction obtained by this deterministic strategy is highly uncertain. In recent years, molecular dynamics （MD） simulation has received extensive attention in the study of reservoir rock, fluid properties and their interactions, as well as at the atomic level. In MD simulation, interesting properties are extracted from the time evolution analysis of atomic position and velocity through the numerical solution of Newton's equations for all atomic motions in the system. This technology can help to carry out the computer experiments which can be used to do the experiments that may not be able to complete, with high cost or very dangerous. In this paper, we review the MD simulation technology and its application in the study of oil displacement mechanism and properties of oil displacement agent, and expounds the theoretical concept and program of MD, especially in the analysis of polymer flooding. It will provide useful guidelines to characterize reservoir rocks and fluids and their behaviors in various reservoirs, help to better optimize the operation of design and production plan, and provide a theoretical basis for the development of polymer flooding technology in oilfields.

Majid Mohammadi, Mehdi Sedighi, Meysam Hemati

Asphaltenes removal enhances the quality of the oil and facilitates the processing. In the present work, a NiO/AlPO-5 nanocomposite using green TMG was synthesized as a particular adsorbent for asphaltenes removal. NiO/AlPO-5 was characterized using FTIR, BET, TEM, and XRD techniques. The Response Surface Method was used to optimize three important independent operating parameters, including D/C0 [(g)adsorbent/(mg/L)initial] (X1), initial pH (X2) and temperature (X3), to remove asphaltenes by the NiO/AlPO-5 nanocomposites in a model oil solution. Applying a CCD, a quadratic mathematical model formula was obtained to calculate asphaltene removal. The results revealed that the model showed valid agreement with the experimental results, with R2 = 0.94. The optimum values for D/C0, pH as well as temperature would be 0.08 [g/(mg/L)], 3.39 and 298 K, respectively. It was revealed that the optimal asphaltenes removal was 83.73% at the optimum point. The isothermal models of Langmuir and Freundlich represented the asphaltenes adsorption on the new adsorbent with acceptable accuracy.

Chen Huaxing, Liu Yigang, Bai Jianhua et al.

Bohai Oilfield is rich in heavy oil resources, and the thermal recovery technologies such as multi-heat fluid stimulation and steam stimulation are effective. However, two strings for injection and production are required, resulting in higher thermal recovery development costs. In view of this, through the research on the lifting optimization, pipe string design, downhole key tools design, wellhead special equipment design, and selection of the surface supporting technology, an injection-production integration process for heavy oil thermal recovery well in offshore oilfield has been formed, realizing a breakthrough of integrated injection-production heavy oil thermal recovery process for offshore oilfields from 0 to 1. The field test results show that:the tools used in this technology have good temperature resistance. The working cylinder has a good match with the mechanical safety valve with flexible opening. The working cylinder runs smoothly. The inner pump cylinder stinger seal pressure resistance is 20 MPa, which meets the technical requirements. The total cost of the integrated process is 60% lower than that of the current process, which helps to achieve large-scale thermal recovery development of offshore heavy oil fields.