Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Giovanni Pighizzini

A turn in a computation of a pushdown automaton is a switch from a phase in which the height of the pushdown store increases to a phase in which it decreases. Given a pushdown or one-counter automaton, we consider, for each string in its language, the minimum number of turns made in accepting computations. We prove that it cannot be decided if this number is bounded by any constants. Furthermore, we obtain a non-recursive trade-off between pushdown and one-counter automata accepting in a finite number of turns and finite-turn pushdown automata, that are defined requiring that the constant bound is satisfied by each accepting computation. We prove that there are languages accepted in a sublinear but not constant number of turns, with respect to the input length. Furthermore, there exists an infinite proper hierarchy of complexity classes, with the number of turns bounded by different sublinear functions. In addition, there is a language requiring a number of turns which is not constant but grows slower than each of the functions defining the above hierarchy.

Aram Kosyan

The cuneiform Hittite texts of the XV-XIV centuries BC contain important information dealing with at least two different population movements happened along the Upper Euphrates region. First of these is fixed in the treaty signed between the Hittite king Tudhaliyaš II (second part of the XV century BC) and Šunaššura, king of Kizzuwatna. The second migration took place later, during the reign of Tudhaliyaš III. This second migration is of interest since in that population movement was involved a great number of people from different parts of Asia Minor. The study of several Hittite prayers compiled during the reign of Arnuwandaš I allow to assume that this second migration is definitely connected with continuous famine, hunger, plague and attacks of neighboring countries which could force the population of several regions to migrate first to Išuwa and from there to hayaša.

Arthur Melikyan

The role of the high aristocracy, the so-called pahlavs, is undeniable in the history of the Parthian state. In the second half of III century BC the assistance of the pahlavs to the Arsacid dynasty considerably contributed to the establishment of the Dahae and organization of their own state in Parthia and Hyrcania. During the following centuries the rises and crises of the political life of the Parthian statehood and even its final decline in the first quarter of the III century was due to the attitude of the Parthian pahlavs towards the Arsacid dynasty. In spite of the key role of the pahlavs, the issues of their ethnic origin, social nature, their number and the relations with the royal power are still poorly studying in historical science. We hope that this article will bring its contribution in studying the history of the Parthian pahlavs.

Samaneh Dehghani, Rouhollah Saiiadi nezhad

Sociolinguistics, by studying the reciprocal influence between language and society, seeks to analyze the role of language in human interactions. The novel, as a linguistic discourse encompassing a wide range of literary styles, serves as a window through which the reader can perceive social realities from a linguistic perspective. Hybridization is defined as the blending of language with various literary styles within a single literary work, allowing for an analysis that integrates diverse voices and perspectives. It also enables the study of a broad spectrum of individual and social voices. Celestial Bodies by Jokha Alharthi vividly embodies different forms of hybridization. This study aims to examine and analyze the manifestations of hybridization in this novel using a descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that hybridization appears in two main dimensions: unintentional and intentional. In the unintentional dimension, the author unconsciously incorporates borrowed vocabulary from Classical Arabic. In the intentional hybridization, Alharthi elevates the integration of her narrative language with various literary styles by employing intertextual references to the Quran and Hadith, incorporating proverbs and Omani colloquial dialect, and utilizing typographical hybridization. The author employs elements of hybridization to reflect class disparities in society, reinforce religious guidance and moral lessons, and affirm the cultural foundations of her community. This contributes to engaging the reader and enriching the novel, significantly influencing the representation of different societal voices and enabling the reader to grasp the contradictions embedded within its structure.   Keywords: Sociolinguistics, Hybridization, Celestial Bodies, Omani Novel.   Extended summary   Introduction The language constitutes the fundamental material of the novel. Language serves as a primary and prominent tool in embodying narrative and novelistic concepts, as it enables the writer to convey descriptions, emotions, concerns, thoughts, and critiques to the reader. Moreover, the novel functions as an effective medium for reflecting linguistic and literary issues and is capable of portraying social realities through language. Sociolinguistics examines the influences of society on language and vice versa, aiming to analyze the social and cultural roles of language in human interactions, individual and collective identity, social and political changes, and manifestations of power. Studying the impact of society on language, or vice versa, allows for a deeper understanding of characters, narrative realities, and the writer’s intent. It also reveals various aspects of the novel, such as social transformations and cultural exchanges. The study of novels that interlink language with social, cultural, and psychological issues holds significant importance. Research that delves deeply into linguistic interactions gains further value, as it allows for the exploration of a broad spectrum of individual and social voices. The study of the novel Celestial Bodies is of great significance, as it incorporates various forms of linguistic and literary blending. This analysis can provide insights into the author’s motivations and her purpose in utilizing these forms to reflect diverse social and cultural concepts. Examining this novel from a sociolinguistic critical perspective and investigating the relationship between language and different literary forms is crucial and highly valuable due to the importance of language and society as well as the role of language in reflecting social realities and individual and collective voices. Materials & Methods This study aims to apply the sociolinguistic approach to analyze the process of blending and hybridization between different linguistic and literary forms in Celestial Bodies by Jokha Alharthi. The goal is to highlight social and cultural diversity, reflect conflicts and differences within society, and convey valuable social messages to the audience. This research examines Celestial Bodies by Omani author Jokha Alharthi from the perspective of sociolinguistics and hybridization, employing a descriptive-analytical method. The study seeks to identify, present, and scientifically analyze the hybrid elements present in this novel. This research examines the novel Celestial Bodies by the Omani author Jokha Alharthi from the perspective of sociolinguistics and hybridization, using a descriptive-analytical approach. The study aims to identify, present, and scientifically analyze the elements of hybridization present in this novel. Research findings The author of Celestial Bodies, Jokha Alharthi, blends her narrative language with diverse literary techniques. This usage manifests in two dimensions: intentional and unintentional. In the unintentional dimension, the author utilizes borrowed words that have entered the Arabic language unconsciously. She also innovates her narrative language by unconsciously incorporating words from English or other languages. The use of these words enables her to convey her concepts and themes to the reader, enriching her narrative style. In the intentional dimension, the author employs various literary techniques to communicate the ideas she wants to express, such as Quranic and Hadith intertextuality, hybridization (in its various forms, including linguistic nesting), and the use of colloquial language, proverbs, and poetry. The author's deliberate use of hybridization elements, particularly her use of colloquial language, is evident. The use of multiple hybridization techniques in Alharthi's work and their integration with the narrative language demonstrates the author's intentionality and awareness. Through her more deliberate and conscious use of intentional hybridization, as opposed to unintentional hybridization, Alharthi sought to convey specific concepts and ideologies to her audience. Discussion & Conclusion Alharthi created a variety of main and secondary characters in her novel within the framework of linguistic division to showcase class differences through language, blending it with the languages of all social classes. In fact, hybridization in this novel appears in the relationships between the characters and their life experiences, with the author reflecting her use of different forms of literature and the language of the novel through the characters' interactions with the challenges they face. The multiple voices in the novel contribute to building a comprehensive picture of the social reality, revealing tensions and internal conflicts within the community. In fact, the author used various forms of literature within her language in this novel, successfully maintaining the narrative identity while presenting different aspects of society, such as social transformations, class distinctions, cultural exchanges, and strengthening the cultural foundations of her society. This element addresses deep social issues like poverty and exploitation, aiming to provoke the reader into critically contemplating these phenomena. It is clear that the author used colloquial Arabic to depict the village space in her novel, the linguistic division to present class differences within society, proverbs to deliver moral advice, and religious intertextuality with the Quran and Hadith to enhance religious teachings, combat ignorance and superstition, and strengthen the cultural foundations of her society. Overall, Alharthi connected various linguistic and literary tools to the language of her novel, enriching her work through the use of hybridization, such as proverbs, linguistic division, and colloquial language. This not only increased its appeal and diversity but also elevated its maturity and depiction. The author does not just narrate events but integrates literary and linguistic tools to create a text that reflects a complex social reality, highlighting contradictions, injustice, and discrimination within society, allowing the reader to reflect upon and engage with these phenomena.

Nripesh Niketan, Vaatsalya Shrivastva

We present CrossTL, a universal programming language translator enabling bidirectional translation between multiple languages through a unified intermediate representation called CrossGL. Traditional approaches require separate translators for each language pair, leading to exponential complexity growth. CrossTL uses a single universal IR to facilitate translations between CUDA, HIP, Metal, DirectX HLSL, OpenGL GLSL, Vulkan SPIR-V, Rust, and Mojo, with Slang support in development. Our system consists of: language-specific lexers/parsers converting source code to ASTs, bidirectional CrossGL translation modules implementing ToCrossGLConverter classes for importing code and CodeGen classes for target generation, and comprehensive backend implementations handling full translation pipelines. We demonstrate effectiveness through comprehensive evaluation across programming domains, achieving successful compilation and execution across all supported backends. The universal IR design enables adding new languages with minimal effort, requiring only language-specific frontend/backend components. Our contributions include: (1) a unified IR capturing semantics of multiple programming paradigms, (2) a modular architecture enabling extensibility, (3) a comprehensive framework supporting GPU compute, graphics programming, and systems languages, and (4) empirical validation demonstrating practical viability of universal code translation. CrossTL represents a significant step toward language-agnostic programming, enabling write-once, deploy-everywhere development.

Kayo Tei, Haruto Mishina, Naoki Yamamoto et al.

Systematic discovery of optimization paths in quantum circuit simplification remains a challenge. Today, ZX-calculus, a computing model for quantum circuit transformation, is attracting attention for its highly abstract graph-based approach. Whereas existing tools such as PyZX and Quantomatic offer domain-specific support for quantum circuit optimization, visualization and theorem-proving, we present a complementary approach using LMNtal, a general-purpose hierarchical graph rewriting language, to establish a diagrammatic transformation and verification platform with model checking. Our methodology shows three advantages: (1) manipulation of ZX-diagrams through native graph transformation rules, enabling direct implementation of basic rules; (2) quantified pattern matching via QLMNtal extensions, greatly simplifying rule specification; and (3) interactive visualization and validation of optimization paths through state space exploration. Through case studies, we demonstrate how our framework helps understand optimization paths and design new algorithms and strategies. This suggests that the declarative language LMNtal and its toolchain could serve as a new platform to investigate quantum circuit transformation from a different perspective.

Giuseppe Castagna, Loïc Peyrot

We define and study "row polymorphism" for a type system with set-theoretic types, specifically union, intersection, and negation types. We consider record types that embed row variables and define a subtyping relation by interpreting types into sets of record values and by defining subtyping as the containment of interpretations. We define a functional calculus equipped with operations for field extension, selection, and deletion, its operational semantics, and a type system that we prove to be sound. We provide algorithms for deciding the typing and subtyping relations. This research is motivated by the current trend of defining static type system for dynamic languages and, in our case, by an ongoing effort of endowing the Elixir programming language with a gradual type system.

Ashmal Vayani, Dinura Dissanayake, Hasindri Watawana et al.

Existing Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) generally focus on only a few regions and languages. As LMMs continue to improve, it is increasingly important to ensure they understand cultural contexts, respect local sensitivities, and support low-resource languages, all while effectively integrating corresponding visual cues. In pursuit of culturally diverse global multimodal models, our proposed All Languages Matter Benchmark (ALM-bench) represents the largest and most comprehensive effort to date for evaluating LMMs across 100 languages. ALM-bench challenges existing models by testing their ability to understand and reason about culturally diverse images paired with text in various languages, including many low-resource languages traditionally underrepresented in LMM research. The benchmark offers a robust and nuanced evaluation framework featuring various question formats, including true/false, multiple choice, and open-ended questions, which are further divided into short and long-answer categories. ALM-bench design ensures a comprehensive assessment of a model's ability to handle varied levels of difficulty in visual and linguistic reasoning. To capture the rich tapestry of global cultures, ALM-bench carefully curates content from 13 distinct cultural aspects, ranging from traditions and rituals to famous personalities and celebrations. Through this, ALM-bench not only provides a rigorous testing ground for state-of-the-art open and closed-source LMMs but also highlights the importance of cultural and linguistic inclusivity, encouraging the development of models that can serve diverse global populations effectively. Our benchmark is publicly available.

Hansi Hettiarachchi, Tharindu Ranasinghe, Paul Rayson et al.

The first Workshop on Language Models for Low-Resource Languages (LoResLM 2025) was held in conjunction with the 31st International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2025) in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. This workshop mainly aimed to provide a forum for researchers to share and discuss their ongoing work on language models (LMs) focusing on low-resource languages, following the recent advancements in neural language models and their linguistic biases towards high-resource languages. LoResLM 2025 attracted notable interest from the natural language processing (NLP) community, resulting in 35 accepted papers from 52 submissions. These contributions cover a broad range of low-resource languages from eight language families and 13 diverse research areas, paving the way for future possibilities and promoting linguistic inclusivity in NLP.

Andrew Blinn, Xiang Li, June Hyung Kim et al.

Large language models (LLMs) have reshaped the landscape of program synthesis. However, contemporary LLM-based code completion systems often hallucinate broken code because they lack appropriate context, particularly when working with definitions not in the training data nor near the cursor. This paper demonstrates that tight integration with the type and binding structure of a language, as exposed by its language server, can address this contextualization problem in a token-efficient manner. In short, we contend that AIs need IDEs, too! In particular, we integrate LLM code generation into the Hazel live program sketching environment. The Hazel Language Server identifies the type and typing context of the hole being filled, even in the presence of errors, ensuring that a meaningful program sketch is always available. This allows prompting with codebase-wide contextual information not lexically local to the cursor, nor necessarily in the same file, but that is likely to be semantically local to the developer's goal. Completions synthesized by the LLM are then iteratively refined via further dialog with the language server. To evaluate these techniques, we introduce MVUBench, a dataset of model-view-update (MVU) web applications. These applications serve as challenge problems due to their reliance on application-specific data structures. We find that contextualization with type definitions is particularly impactful. After introducing our ideas in the context of Hazel we duplicate our techniques and port MVUBench to TypeScript in order to validate the applicability of these methods to higher-resource languages. Finally, we outline ChatLSP, a conservative extension to the Language Server Protocol (LSP) that language servers can implement to expose capabilities that AI code completion systems of various designs can use to incorporate static context when generating prompts for an LLM.

Gustavo Polleti

In this paper we discuss a first attempt to build a language learning game for brazilian indigenous languages and the challenges around it. We present a design for the tool with gamification aspects. Then we describe a process to automatically generate language exercises and questions from a dependency treebank and a lexical database for Tupian languages. We discuss the limitations of our prototype highlighting ethical and practical implementation concerns. Finally, we conclude that new data gathering processes should be established in partnership with indigenous communities and oriented for educational purposes.

Mariangela Cerullo, Paolo Izzo

This paper presents the results of an intensive research on the phenomenon of split intransitivity in Campanian varieties. In the first part it presents the phenomenon according to the different theoretical approaches considered, in order to analyse the considerable amount of data presented in the following sections. The second part is devoted to the central Campanian varieties, in which the data from the metropolitan area of Naples, Salerno and the hinterland are exposed. The peculiarity of the Acerno variety, which is more isolated than the others, leads to present the data of this variety separately. The last part presents the data from the south of the region, the Cilento, divided into two different areas, which are very different from a sociolinguistic point of view. For each dialectal area, an attempt is made to identify the internal parameters that characterise the variation in the choice of the auxiliary and, where necessary, the authors recourse to sociolinguistic variation or contact among different varieties that may have had an influence on the phenomenon.

Batmang Batmang, Akla Akla, Hasfikin Hasfikin et al.

This research's primary concern and purpose is how Arabic language teaching is used for tourism purposes at the NHI Bandung Tourism Polytechnic (Poltekpar). The research method used in the study is descriptive, using a dialogical qualitative interview design. The results showed that the content of Arabic language materials taught had been adjusted to the scope of work of each division or type of work in hospitality. With two main themes: 1) general Arabic for beginners, which includes introductions, recognizing guests, being at home, when do we go, what day is it today, going to work, what to do on vacation, where is the bank, when to call, what is your favorite color, what is the weather, it is time to travel and go to the doctor 2) Arabic for tourism covers travel plans, overseas travel, at the airport (arrival), calling a taxi, booking a hotel, going to the hotel, registering (hotel), room facilities, breakfast time, resolving complaints, visiting destinations, shopping, leaving the hotel, emergencies and dropping off guests at the airport.

أحمد شداد سمان

يهدف البحث إلى الكشف عن حضور المرجعية الفلسفية في صورتها الوجودية وآلية تمثلها في الخطاب الشعري في المملكة العربية السعودية. ولتحقيق هذا الهدف تم تقسيم البحث إلى مقدمة، وتمهيد، ومبحثين، المبحث الأول: مستوى الرؤية، والمبحث الثاني: مستوى اللغة، وقد توصل إلى أن حضور المرجعية الفلسفية كان حضورا مهيمنا في خطاب الشعراء في المملكة العربية السعودية، عبر مستويين: الأول مستوى الرؤية، والآخر مستوى اللغة. فعلى مستوى الرؤية تبنت الذات الشاعرة رؤية الحرية والتمرد والرفض لما هو سائد، واستطاعت أن تصوغ هذه الرؤية المتمردة صياغة فنية على مستوى اللغة، من خلال المعجم حيث هيمنت الألفاظ الفلسفية على معجم الشعراء، ومن خلال بنية التراكيب، حيث مارس الشعراء نوعا من الحرية والعبث في تراكيبهم، فمنحوا الإضافة والصفة وظيفة مناقضة ومفارقة لوظيفتيها في المرجعية اللغوية؛ فانتقل دورهما من الإيضاح إلى التعمية ومن التلاؤم إلى التضاد مستفيدين في ذلك من هذه المرجعية التي منحتهم حرية التعامل مع اللغة فعملوا على خرق القواعد والمقاييس المعدة مسبقا.

Alberto Ciaffaglione, Carlos Olarte

Logical frameworks and meta-languages form a common substrate for representing, implementing and reasoning about a wide variety of deductive systems of interest in logic and computer science. Their design, implementation and their use in reasoning tasks, ranging from the correctness of software to the properties of formal systems, have been the focus of considerable research over the last two decades. This workshop brings together designers, implementors and practitioners to discuss various aspects impinging on the structure and utility of logical frameworks, including the treatment of variable binding, inductive and co-inductive reasoning techniques and the expressiveness and lucidity of the reasoning process.

Giuseppe Castagna, Mickaël Laurent, Kim Nguyen

We present a type system that combines, in a controlled way, first-order polymorphism with intersectiontypes, union types, and subtyping, and prove its safety. We then define a type reconstruction algorithm that issound and terminating. This yields a system in which unannotated functions are given polymorphic types(thanks to Hindley-Milner) that can express the overloaded behavior of the functions they type (thanks tothe intersection introduction rule) and that are deduced by applying advanced techniques of type narrowing(thanks to the union elimination rule). This makes the system a prime candidate to type dynamic languages.

Fuat Daş

Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Mütenebbî, X. yüzyılda yaşamış Arap şiirinin en güçlü simalarından biridir. O, sanatsal değeri yüksek şiirler kaleme almış, hem yaşadığı dönemde hem de sonraki dönemlerde birçok şairi derinden etkilemiştir. Daha hayattayken etrafını hayranları kuşatmış ve dönemin hükümdarları onun gibi güçlü bir şairi saraylarında görmek için ona karşı oldukça cömert davranmışlardır. Öyle ki hayatı boyunca birçok hükümdarın sarayında bulunmuş, onlara methiyeler söylemiş ve ihsanlarına mazhar olmuştur. Bu hükümdarlardan biri de kendisine valilik vaadinde bulunan ve yaklaşık olarak dört yıl himayesinde kaldığı İhşîdî hükümdarı Ebü’l-Misk Kâfûr’dur. Aslen Habeşli siyahî bir köle olan Kâfûr’un himayesine girmek şairin onurunu incitmiş olsa da kalbinin derinliklerinde yatan itibar elde etme arzusu onuruna üstün gelmiş ve böylece Mısır’a giderek onun himayesine girmiştir. Kâfûr’a yönelik sanatsal değeri yüksek methiyeler söylemiş; lakin bu methiyelerinde samimi ve içten duygular yansıtmamış, kalbinin hissettikleriyle sözcüklere dökülen mısralar daima birbiriyle çelişmiştir. Öyle ki bu methiyeler sadece çıkar amaçlı söylenmiştir. Çünkü Kâfûr’un kendisine verdiği vaat gerçekleşmeyince methiyelerinde yücelttiği, bütün hükümdarlardan üstün gördüğü hâmisini en ağır sözlerle, aşağılayıcı ifadelerle yermiştir. Mütenebbî’nin Kâfûr için söylediği hem methiyeleri hem de hicviyeleri divanının nadide ürünleridir. Çünkü bu şiirler, sanatının en olgun olduğu bir dönemde kaleme alınmıştır. Ayrıca bu şiirler şairin; umut, arzu, hayal kırıklığı, hüzün, özlem, nefret ve kin gibi Kâfûr’un himayesinde bulunduğu süre boyunca yaşadığı karmaşık duygularını yansıtmış ve yaşamından izler taşımıştır. Bu çalışmada; Mütenebbî’nin bir methiyesi ve bir hicviyesi özelinde Kâfûr’la ilgili kaleme aldığı şiirler incelenmiştir.

Yu Liu

This study investigated the language attitudes of undergraduates, masters and doctoral students at Shanghai International Studies University (SISU) regarding British English, American English, Chinese English and Mandarin through a questionnaire, interview and verbal guise technique. This study included 400 students, including 260 undergraduates, 120 master’s students, and 20 doctoral students. The questionnaire and interview refer to Chen’s language attitudes of Chinese in Singapore and its impact on language ability and language use and measures students’ language attitudes regarding British English, American English, Chinese English, and Mandarin using 10 scales of language characteristics. The verbal guise technique refers to the work by Gao. The material included four language variants, British English, American English, Chinese English, and Mandarin. This study employed quantitative statistics and analyzed the emotional identity, social status, and utility of the questionnaire results using Excel. The factor analysis used SPSS statistical software and combined 12 evaluation items for undergraduate, master’s degree and doctoral students. We concluded that the questionnaire, interview, and matching guise technique could research language variant attitudes from the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects, respectively. The results revealed that students with different degrees (undergraduate, master’s and doctoral) at SISU display similarities and differences in their views of different languages or language variants.

K. Tsuchida, D. Andrianov

According to the results of the online academic conference "Waka poetry around the world: Viewing reception and transformation of Japanese culture through multilingual translation", an analysis of the Ukrainian translation of the 469th waka poem from the poetic anthology "Kokin Wakashū" (the Collection of Japanese Poetry Ancient and Modern) by I. P. Bondarenko was carried out. It is this translation that is the subject of the presented study. The goal, which was to reveal the peculiarities of the Ukrainian version of the mentioned poem, was achieved due to its comparison with Chinese, English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, and Spanish translations. It was found that the Ukrainian translation of the waka poem No. 469 from the anthology "Kokin Wakashū" is characterized by common features that are typical for a number of translations into European languages. In particular, the syllabic structure of the original (a waka poem is composed of 5-7-5-7-7 syllables) has not been preserved in the Ukrainian translation, as well as in the other translations, and these translations themselves are written in five lines. Such common features also include lexical-semantic transformations caused by the difficulties of translating Japanese realia into European languages. For example, such nominations from the original work as "hototogisu" and "ayame" in many multilingual translation versions, including the studied Ukrainian one, are translated with the help of the words "cuckoo" and "iris", respectively, instead of their exact analogues – "lesser cuckoo" and "iris sanguinea". At the same time, there are foreign language versions with observance of the original syllabic verse and an accurate translation of the mentioned realia. Along with the common features, some features that make the translation of the 469th waka verse into Ukrainian unique were also revealed. Among those the translation of the original "satsuki" (the fifth month according to the old calendar and approximately June according to the modern one) as the season of the growth of herbs through the Ukrainian equivalent to "May" (the fifth month according to the modern calendar) literally meaning the "month of herbs", as well as the combination of the first and the second part of the poem through an emotional connection can be named.

Laura Bafile

The article concerns some developments of Element Theory that extend X-bar theory to the realm of phonology in order to represent the internal structure of segments. While maintaining some fundamental assumptions of Element Theory concerning the nature of melodic primes, these models propose a radically different conception of the segment and of larger phonological domains compared to autosegmentalist approaches. The article discusses some issues emerging from the adoption of X-bar theory and notation with regard to the representation of lenition phenomena, and suggests that the complex hierarchical structure that according to these theories corresponds to a segment poses problems of descriptive adequacy and raises a general question about learnability.