Hasil untuk "Norway"

I. K. Larsen, M. Småstuen, T. Johannesen et al.

R. M. Nilsen, S. Vollset, H. Gjessing et al.

L. Irgens

G. O. Sars

Daniel Oesch

During the 1990s, the working class has become the core clientele of right-wing populist parties in Western Europe. This article empirically examines the motives of workers for supporting a right-wing populist party. Based on data from the European Social Survey for Austria, Belgium, France, Norway, and Switzerland, three different sets of explanations are tested: (1) hypotheses stressing economic determinants, that is, the fear of wage pressure and competition over welfare benefits; (2) hypotheses emphasizing cultural determinants, that is, the perception of immigration as a threat to national identity; and (3) hypotheses focusing on social alienation, that is, dissatisfaction with the way the country's democracy works and the nonintegration into intermediary networks (trade unions). We find questions of community and identity to be clearly more important than economic grievances. Hence, in Austria and Switzerland, the electoral success of right-wing populist parties among workers seems primarily due to cultural protectionism: the defense of national identity against outsiders. In Belgium, France, and Norway, cultural protectionism is complemented by deep-seated discontent with the way the countries' democracies work.

Å. Ringard, A. Sagan, Ingrid Sperre Saunes et al.

Fiona Preston-Whyte , Toshka Barnardo , Danica Marlin et al.

Data gaps limit solutions and policy development for environmental issues. Citizen science offers a possible solution to reduce data gaps at a limited cost while enhancing environmental education (EE). While highly effective in the latter, citizen science campaigns rarely produce reliable, comparable, and meaningful data. This often results from fragmented awareness, varying data collection methods, and little training prior to data collection. This article explores how Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) can be used to train citizen scientists, increase the value of citizen science data, and ensure that resources invested in citizen science initiatives are used more efficiently. We use a beach macrolitter monitoring course developed by Sustainable Seas Trust (SST) (NGO/NPO) and GRID-Arendal (a research foundation) as a case study in Africa, since the marine litter issue has widespread public support, and beaches are pleasant locations that attract potential citizen scientists. Beach macrolitter surveys utilise everyday equipment, and monitoring methods are simple if individuals are supported with appropriate training. This is especially relevant in Africa, where plastic pollution is forecasted to increase faster than other regions, and resources for research can be limited. This article gives a modified problemsolution model (mPSM) perspective, considering the challenges and solutions of MOOC development by two organisations working in the same space with limited resources. Challenges to inclusivity for online training in Africa included language barriers and limited technological access. Using Africa as a case study, we show that by combining professional abilities, inclusive digital education can be achieved using data-light MOOCs, offline engagement and other inclusive strategies to overcome the challenges of m- (mobile) and e- (electronic) learning. This kind of EE can be a powerful tool in developing reliable data while enhancing citizens’ agency in working towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Randi Hovden Borge, Håkon A Johannessen, Knut Inge Fostervold et al.

OBJECTIVES: Several studies have found higher sickness absence in shared and open workspaces than in private offices, but little is known about why these differences occur. We propose and test job control as a potential mechanism underlying observed differences in the risk of physician-certified sickness absence between private offices and shared and open workspaces. METHODS: We conducted a counterfactual mediation analysis using observational survey data from a nationally representative sample of Norwegian employees merged with prospective data from national registries (N=5512). The registry data included information about whether participants had any physician-certified sickness absence the year following the survey. Models were adjusted for age, sex, education level, occupation group, executive/leadership responsibility, and time spent on office work. RESULTS: We found significantly higher sickness absence risk in conventional [risk ratio (RR) 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01‒1.25] and non-territorial (RR 1.20, 95% 1.04‒1.37) open-plan and non-territorial shared-room offices (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.13‒1.48) compared to private offices. Natural indirect effects due to job control were statistically significant in all contrasts and accounted for 19–34% of total effects depending on contrast. CONCLUSIONS: Findings were in line with hypothesized relationships and suggest that job control may be a mechanism underlying observed differences in sickness absence across office concepts. Future studies should continue to explore potential mechanisms linking shared and open workspaces to higher sickness absence and other unfavorable outcomes in the workplace, particularly with study designs that provide stronger basis for causal inference.

Merja Kauppinen, Juli-Anna Aerila

Purpose: This study explores interactive poetry therapy as a method for empathetic reading in holistic, emotional literature education. Design: Five experienced teachers participated in a descriptive case study by attending interactive empathetic reading sessions during in-service education. The participants, inspired by an extract from a novel, wrote personal stories and presented them for group discussions. Methodology: The data, consisting of audio recordings of the dialogues and the researchers’ associated notes, were analysed via thematic content analysis. Three main themes, which are presented under the headings: Story level; narrative meanings; Individual level; emotions relating to storytelling moments; and Communal level; issues of welfare and self-care. Findings: The results indicated that the writers’ personal stories and the group dialogues based on them prompted the participants to reflect on their own experiences and emotions, and prompted them to examine ethically challenging issues in the teaching profession. Originality: The study of empathetic reading in teachers’ in-service education provide more understanding of possibilities for teachers to increase their knowledge of the value of stories and narratives.

Jan Alexander, Jan Olav Aaseth, Lutz Schomburg et al.

Low-selenium status was associated with impaired renal function, which improved after selenium and coenzyme Q₁₀ supplementation in an RCT. Here, we evaluated serum glutathione peroxidase-3 (GPx3) and its relation to serum selenium, selenoprotein P (SELENOP), renal function, mortality, and the impact of supplementation, which are all important, especially in elderly individuals. In total, 383 study participants (197 receiving selenium yeast and coenzyme Q₁₀ and 186 on a placebo) were evaluated. We applied benchmark dose modelling to determine GPx3 saturation, ANCOVA, Kaplan–Meier, and multivariate Cox proportional regression analyses for mortality evaluations. Selenium and GPx3 activity were modestly correlated. In comparison with SELENOP, GPx3 levelled off at a much lower value, 100 vs. 150 µg Se/L. GPx3 was associated with renal function, but not SELENOP. Supplementation increased glomerular function by ≈23% with an increase in GPx3. Being low in GPx3 displayed twice the risks of mortality in both placebos and active treatments. At serum selenium <100 µg/L, GPx3 activity was dependent on both selenium status and renal function. As renal function is reduced in the elderly, GPx3 is not an appropriate marker of selenium status. Low GPx3 was associated with an increased risk of mortality dependent of selenium status and independent of renal function.

Ester Gil-Beltrán, Cristian Coo, Isabella Meneghel et al.

IntroductionThis work is a dual study employing a cross-sectional approach and a diary method to investigate how physical exercise can become a habit. Guided by the Upward Spiral Theory of Lifestyle Change, we examined the role of prioritizing positivity and engaging in physical exercise with others as advantageous resources and their impact on the relational loop of physical exercise behavior, emotions, and engagement.MethodsThe first study involved a sample of 553 participants, and the second study included 146 participants, all of whom were employed and regularly engaged in physical exercise. We utilized structural equation modeling and multilevel analysis for the respective studies.ResultsThe results of the first study indicate that individuals exercise more when they experience higher levels of engagement and positive emotions, particularly when exercising with others and prioritizing positivity. The findings of the second study reveal that prioritizing positivity acts as a precursor to positive emotions during physical exercise, which in turn reinforces the relational loop between emotions and exercise behavior.DiscussionBoth studies conclude that individuals who prioritize positivity experience better psychological wellbeing and higher engagement in physical exercise.

Martina J. Lund, Dag Alnæs, Ann-Marie G. de Lange et al.

R. William Bouchard Jr., Leonard C. Ferrington, Jr.

Annual water temperature variation strongly influences larval growth of aquatic insects in streams located in temperate regions or at high elevations, which produces cohorts with highly synchronized emergence periods and short average annual durations of emergence. Studies of Chironomidae in tropical streams indicate that species in these habitats have longer average durations of emergence due to reduced annual variation in water temperature. We used emergence trap data collected over one year from Quebrada Prieta (El Verde Field Station, Puerto Rico) to test the prediction that chironomids of an insular rainforest stream should have longer average annual durations of emergence than chironomids in both temperate streams and mainland streams in continental tropical regions. Taxa richness was relatively low with twenty-eight Chironomidae taxa collected from Quebrada Prieta. Emergence patterns of the most common taxa demonstrated some seasonally with the highest emergence generally occurring during the dry season (January through April). The estimated average emergence duration of Chironomidae in Quebrada Prieta was 205 days/species/year, which was greater than estimates of average durations for chironomids of three streams in Pennsylvania, USA (70 days/species/year), 6 streams in Minnesota, USA (89 days/species/year), and four streams in Guanacaste National Park in northwestern Costa Rica (116 days/species/year). The emergence duration for the chironomid community in Quebrada Prieta was most similar to another tropical, mountain stream in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (255 days/species/year). Although many taxa emerged throughout the one-year sampling period, some taxa in Quebrada Prieta had distinct emergence peaks. This demonstrates that although environmental conditions are stable enough to allow for emergence throughout the year for many species, there is some seasonality in the development of chironomid taxa in this tropical stream. These results are consistent with predictions that invertebrates in tropical streams will have longer, less synchronous emergence periods than species in temperate regions with high annual fluctuations in temperature. However, this research is also similar to several other studies that have identified seasonal emergence peaks in tropical chironomids which demonstrates a need to better understand the exogenous cues that affect these patterns.

Bodil Halvars, Ingela Elfström, Johanna Unga et al.

I föreliggande artikel belyses utifrån en studie av förskollärares gruppreflektioner inom ett nätverk hur ett förskoledidaktiskt perspektiv på undervisning växer fram inom ett avgränsat kunskapsområde. Särskilt fokuseras hur förskollärarna lyssnar in och fångar upp barns frågor och engagemang inom naturvetenskap och hållbar utveckling. Studiens empiri innehåller tolv inspelade och transkriberade fokusgruppssamtal genomförda vid tre träffar i nätverket. I samtalen framkommer hur förskollärarna utgår från barnens inspel (frågor, framväxande teorier, ageranden) som underlag för planering och genomförande av en undervisning kring naturvetenskapliga fenomen och processer samt hållbarhetsfrågor, där estetik, lek och utforskande ses som viktiga delar i relation till ämnesinnehållsliga frågor. Med utgångspunkt från begreppet lärande som ett relationellt potentialitetsfält, som formulerats i relation till Deleuzes filosofi (se Dahlberg & Elfström, 2014), framträder i analysen av samtalen även att barns och förskollärares frågor sammanfaller, går isär och att det sker parallella processer. Det framkommer också vilken betydelse förskollärarnas ämneskunskaper har för ett fortsatt utforskande när utgångspunkten är barnens frågor  ENGLISH ABSTRACT Listening to children’s questions – a didactic challenge This article is based on a study of preschool teachers’ didactic group discussions within a network. It follows how a preschool didactic perspective on teaching emerges within a specific subject matter concerning natural science and sustainable development, with extra focus on how preschool teachers listen to and follow up children’s questions and engagement in the subject. The study is empirically based on twelve conversations in focus groups, from three meetings in the network, which were recorded and then transcribed. The conversations show how the preschool teachers take children’s input (questions, emerging theories, hypotheses, actions) as guidance for planning and carrying out the teaching of phenomena in natural science and processes where esthetics, play and exploration are seen as important parts in relation to subject related issues. With the concept learning as a relational field of potentiality (Dahlberg & Elfström, 2014) as a starting point, the study also sheds light on how and when the questions of children and preschool teachers overlap, diverge, when there are parallel processes, when and how preschool teachers latch on to children’s questions, and how participants knowledge of the subject matter affects the process.

U. Nanni, U. Nanni, D. Scherler et al.

<p>Accurate measurements of ice flow are essential to predict future changes in glaciers and ice caps. Glacier displacement can in principle be measured on the large scale by cross-correlation of satellite images. At weekly to monthly scales, the expected displacement is often of the same order as the noise for the commonly used satellite images, complicating the retrieval of accurate glacier velocity. Assessments of velocity changes on short timescales and over complex areas such as mountain ranges are therefore still lacking but are essential to better understand how glacier dynamics are driven by internal and external factors. In this study, we take advantage of the wide availability and redundancy of satellite imagery over the western Pamirs to retrieve glacier velocity changes over 10 d intervals for 7 years and for a wide range of glacier geometry and dynamics. Our results reveal strong seasonal trends. In spring/summer, we observe velocity increases of up to 300 % compared to a slow winter period. These accelerations clearly migrate upglacier throughout the melt season, which we link to changes in subglacial hydrology efficiency. In autumn, we observe glacier accelerations that have rarely been observed before. These episodes are primarily confined to the upper ablation zone with a clear downglacier migration. We suggest that they result from glacier instabilities caused by sudden subglacial pressurization in response to (1) supraglacial pond drainage and/or (2) gradual closure of the hydrological system. Our 10 d resolved measurements allow us to characterize the short-term response of glaciers to changing meteorological and climatic conditions.</p>

Alice Y. T. Feng, C. Himsworth

Sarah Bro Trasmundi, Sarah Bro Trasmundi, Juan Toro et al.

This paper applies an embodied perspective to the study of reading and has a two-fold aim: (i) to discuss how reading is best understood in terms of cultural-cognitive performance that involves living bodies who actively engage with reading materials, and (ii) to spark a dialogue with neighboring disciplines, such as multimodality studies and movement studies, which likewise pivot on how practices and performances involve moving bodies: life is something we do. An embodied cognitive perspective considers how performance is constrained by and draws on expertise such as lived experience as well as the material affordances available in the situation. Such a perspective is crucial for reading research as this domain has been, and largely still is, dominated by the view that reading is a silent, disembodied activity that takes place in the reader's brain by means of neural mechanisms. However, recent studies of reading practices are starting to develop new explanations emphasizing the multimodal engagement in reading as crucial for managing the activity. While this perspective is still empirically underexplored, we seek to highlight how reading is managed by readers' dynamic, embodied engagement with the material. We call this engagement cognitive pacemaking, an action-perception phenomenon we argue should be considered as the key mechanism for controlling attention. We present here a framework to understand reading in terms of pacemaking by emphasizing attentional shifts constituted by embodied modulations of lived temporality. Methodologically, we combine a close reading of a classic literary text, with the focus on attentional modulation with a qualitative study of university students reading different short texts. We highlight how meaning emerges not primarily from linguistic decoding and comprehension, but also from cognitive-cultural, multimodal engagement with the text. Finally, we conclude that empirical reading research should focus on how embodied reading differs across contexts, genres, media and personalities to better scaffold and design reading settings in accordance with those aspects.

Sabine Ruths, Inger Haukenes, Øystein Hetlevik et al.

Abstract Background Depression is highly prevalent, but knowledge is scarce as to whether increased public awareness and strengthened government focus on mental health have changed how general practitioners (GPs) help their depressed patients. This study aimed to examine national time trends in GP depression care and whether trends varied regarding patient gender, age, and comorbidity. Methods Nationwide registry-based cohort study, Norway. The study population comprised all residents aged 20 years or older with new depression diagnoses recorded in general practice, 2009–2015. We linked reimbursement claims data from all consultations in general practice for depression with information on demographics and antidepressant medication. The outcome was type(s) of GP depression care during 12 months from the date of diagnosis: (long) consultation, talking therapy, antidepressant drug treatment, sickness absence certification, and referral to secondary mental health care. Covariates were patient gender, age, and comorbidity. The data are presented as frequencies and tested with generalized linear models. Results We included 365,947 new depression diagnoses. Mean patient age was 44 years (SD = 16), 61.9 % were women, 41.2 % had comorbidity. From 2009 to 2015, proportions of patients receiving talking therapy (42.3–63.4 %), long consultations (56.4–71.8 %), and referral to secondary care (16.6–21.6 %) increased, while those receiving drug treatment (31.3–25.9 %) and sick-listing (58.1–50 %) decreased. The trends were different for gender (women had a greater increase in talking therapy and a smaller decrease in sick-listing, compared to men), age (working-aged patients had a smaller increase in talking therapy, a greater increase in long consultations, and a smaller decrease in antidepressant drug use, compared to older patients) and comorbidity (patients with mental comorbidity had a smaller increase in talking therapy and a greater increase in long consultations, compared to those with no comorbidity and somatic comorbidity). Conclusions The observed time trends in GP depression care towards increased provision of psychological treatment and less drug treatment and sick-listing were in the desired direction according to Norwegian health care policy. However, the large and persistent differences in treatment rates between working-aged and older patients needs further investigation.

Fatemeh Keshavarz, Marius Kadek, Bernardo Barbiellini et al.

We discuss the characteristic factors that determine the electrochemical potentials in a metal-organic framework used as cathode for Li-ion batteries via density functional theory-based simulations. Our focus is on MIL-101(Fe) cathode material. Our study gives insight into the role of local atomic environment and structural deformations in generating electrochemical potential.

Oliver Gundersen Bjørnstad, Lennart Bentsen

Introduction: Norway has one of the highest prevalence of neck pain in the world. Two thirds of Norway's working population have sedentary office work, and office workers are the occupational group with the highest incidence of work-related neck pain. The importance of preventive measures is often emphasized, but knowledge of risk factors paints a complex picture. This article discusses one of the interventions that is often believed to be preventive; exercise at the workplace, and its effectiveness and benefit in a wider context. Main section: The majority of research in this area has focused on the effect of exercise for neck symptoms, while few studies investigate primary preventive measures. Furthermore, there are large variations within the research regarding type of intervention, work environment and symptoms. Though evidence of effectiveness is scarce, ergonomic or activity-based measures at the workplace have long been considered a key in reducing new episodes / prevalence of neck pain. However, psychosocial and organizational factors have significant implications for work-related neck pain. These questions the effectiveness of measures that solely focus on physical factors and don’t consider a broader view of the working health and environment. End section: There are several challenges and gaps in our knowledge of what might be the most effective measures in preventing work-related neck pain in sedentary occupational groups. Activity-based interventions in the workplace can have an effect for some, but should not be a stand-alone measure. Careful mapping of the specific work environment may be necessary to meet a complex challenge and to optimize the interventions.